Vinnish: Difference between revisions

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Intonation
Intonation
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==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="30" | Vinnish Alphabet
|-
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz || Ææ || Øø || Åå
|}
The Vinnish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of four extra letters, Ð, Æ, Ø, and Å. The alphabet was codified with the translation of the Bible into Vinnish by scholar Johan Goðmundsson around the time of the Protestant Reformation in Vinland. Until then, Vinnish was largely unwritten, with the exception of a few runestones written in Medieval Runes, as well as several documents in churches written in ad hoc orthographies based on the Latin script.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Orthography===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
The pronunciation of each letter is as follows. Vinnish words are almost always stressed on the first syllable. In non-diphthong syllables stress is shown by lengthening the vowel.
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Example'''
!'''IPA'''
!'''Translation'''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''a'''
|[aː] when stressed
|t'''a'''ke
|[ˈtʰ'''aː'''kə]
|to take
|-
|[a] when unstressed
|vinsk'''a'''p
|[viːnʃk'''a'''p]
|friendship (n)
|-
|[ə] word-finally (only loanwords)
|past'''a'''
|[ˈpʰaːʂt'''ə''']
|pasta; noodles (c)
|-
|'''au'''
|[oʊ]
|ð'''au'''
|[ˈð'''oʊ''']
|they (referring to neuter nouns)
|-
|'''b'''
|[b] (in some dialects, [p])
|'''b'''ogi
|[ˈ'''b'''oːgi]
|bow (c)
|-
|'''bl'''
|[pl]
|'''bl'''år
|[ˈ'''pl'''ɔːr]
|blue
|-
|'''br'''
|[pr]
|'''br'''oðar
|[ˈ'''pr'''oːðər]
|brother (c)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''c'''
|same as “k” (loanwords only)
|'''C'''anade
|[ˈkʰaːnadə]
|Canada
|-
|[s] before i/e (loanwords only)
|'''c'''enter
|[ˈ'''s'''eːntr̩]
|center; central office (n)
|-
|'''ch'''
|same as “k” (loanwords only)
|'''ch'''ronologi
|[ˈkroːnologi]
|chronology (c)
|-
|'''d'''
|[d] (in some dialects, [t])
|'''d'''ager
|[ˈ'''d'''aːgr̩]
|day (c)
|-
|'''dr'''
|[tr]
|'''dr'''epe
|[ˈ'''tr'''eːpə]
|to kill
|-
|'''ð'''
|[ð]
|sta'''ð'''er
|[ˈʂtaː'''ð'''r̩]
|town, city (c)
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''e'''
|[eː] when stressed
|sk'''e'''re
|[ʂk'''eː'''rə]
|to cut, to part
|-
|[e] when unstressed
|Vinl'''e'''ndenger
|[ˈviːnl'''e'''ndeŋkr̩]
|Vinnish (person)
|-
|[ə] word-finally
|Els'''e'''
|[ˈeːls'''ə''']
|a proper name; Elsa
|-
|'''ei'''
|[ei]
|ð'''ei'''r
|[ˈð'''ei'''r]
|they (common pl)
|-
|'''er'''
| rowspan="2" |syllabic word-finally
|mað'''er'''
|[ˈmaːð'''r̩''']
|man, person (c)
|-
|'''el'''
|komb'''el'''
|[ˈkʰoːmb'''l̩''']
|grave, monument (n)
|-
|'''em'''
|[əm] word-finally
|skåp'''em'''
|[ˈʂkɔːp'''əm''']
|“we do”
|-
|'''en'''
|[ən] word-finally
|vat'''en'''
|[ˈvaːt'''ən''']
|water (n)
|-
|'''es'''
|[əs] word-finally in mediopassive verbs
|hør'''es'''
|[ˈhøːr'''əs''']
|mediopassive infinitive of “høre”
|-
|'''et'''
|[ət] word-finally in definite articles and neuter adjectives
|barn'''et'''
|[ˈbaːrn'''ət''']
|the child (n)
|-
|'''eu'''
|[øy]
|'''Eu'''rope
|[ˈ'''øy'''ropə]
|Europe (c)
|-
|'''f'''
|[f]
|'''f'''å
|[ˈ'''f'''ɔː]
|to obtain, to get
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''g'''
|[g] (in some dialects, [k])
|'''g'''øre
|[ˈ'''g'''øːrə]
|to make
|-
|[ʂ] before i/e in certain loanwords
|'''g'''eographi
|[ˈ'''ʂ'''eːokrafi]
|geography
|-
|[ɣ] word-finally, post-vocalically before a consonant
|e'''g'''
|[ˈeː'''ɣ''']
|I (first person pronoun)
|-
|'''gr'''
|[kr]
|'''gr'''år
|[ˈ'''kr'''ɔːr]
|gray; gloomy
|-
|'''gl'''
|[kl]
|'''gl'''åpe
|[ˈ'''kl'''ɔːpə]
|to stare (+d); to focus on (+a)
|-
|'''gv'''
|[kv]
|'''gv'''er
|[ˈ'''kv'''eːr]
|who
|-
|'''h'''
|[h]
|'''h'''ester
|[ˈ'''h'''eːstr̩]
|horse (c)
|-
|'''hl'''
|[l̥] for older speakers; otherwise same as “l”
|'''hl'''aupe
|[ˈ'''l̥'''oʊpə]
|to jump
|-
|'''hr'''
|[r̥]~[ɹ̥] for older speakers; otherwise same as “r”
|'''hr'''inger
|[ˈ'''r̥'''iːŋkr̩]
|ring (c)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''i'''
|[iː] when stressed
|f'''i'''lgi
| rowspan="2" |[ˈf'''iː'''lg'''i''']
| rowspan="2" |friend; pal (c)
|-
|[i] when unstressed
|filg'''i'''
|-
|'''j'''
|[j]
|'''j'''eter
|[ˈ'''j'''eːtr̩]
|hot (adj.)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''k'''
|[kʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters
|'''k'''one
|[ˈ'''kʰ'''oːnə]
|woman (c)
|-
|[k] in clusters and at the end of a word
|'''k'''ristni
|[ˈ'''k'''riːʂtni]
|Christianity (c)
|-
|'''l'''
|[l]
|'''l'''anger
|[ˈ'''l'''aːŋkr̩]
|long, tall (adj)
|-
|'''m'''
|[m]
|'''m'''ame
|[ˈ'''m'''aːmə]
|mom; mama (c)
|-
|'''n'''
|[n]
|'''n'''eme
|[ˈ'''n'''eːmə]
|to take; to grab
|-
|'''ng'''
|[ŋk]
|ga'''ng'''e
|[ˈgaː'''ŋk'''ə]
|to go
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''o'''
|[oː] when stressed
| rowspan="2" |m'''o'''t'''o'''r
| rowspan="2" |[ˈm'''oː'''t'''o'''r]
| rowspan="2" |motor (c)
|-
|[o] when unstressed
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''p'''
|[pʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters
|'''p'''ape
|[ˈ'''pʰ'''aːpʰə]
|dad; papa (c)
|-
|[p] in clusters and at the end of a word
|ski'''p'''
|[ˈʂkiː'''p''']
|ship (n)
|-
|'''ph'''
|[f] (only used in Greek loanwords)
|'''ph'''oto
|[ˈ'''f'''oːto]
|photograph (n)
|-
|'''qu'''
|[kv]~[gv] (only used in French/Latin loanwords)
|'''q'''uantite
|[ˈ'''kv'''aːntitə]
|quantity (c)
|-
|'''r'''
|[r]
|'''r'''auðer
|[ˈ'''r'''oʊðr̩]
|red (adj)
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''s'''
| rowspan="2" |[s] prevocalically and in any cluster where it precedes f, l, n, r, v; also at the end of genitives in compound nouns
|'''s'''orter
|[ˈ'''s'''oːrtr̩]
|black (adj)
|-
|Egil'''s'''dottar
|[ˈeːɡil'''s'''dottər]
|a patronymic; daughter of Egil
|-
|[ʂ] word-initially/after a vowel and before a consonant
|'''st'''erker
|[ˈ'''ʂ'''teːrkr̩]
|strong (adj)
|-
|[ʃ] between two consonants
|vin'''sk'''e
|[ˈviːn'''ʃ'''kə]
|Vinnish (language) (c)
|-
|'''sj'''
|[ʂ]
|'''sj'''ør
|[ˈ'''ʂ'''øːr]
|sea (c)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''t'''
|[tʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters
|'''t'''il
|[ˈ'''tʰ'''il]
|towards; lative preposition
|-
|[t] in clusters and at the end of a word
|sor'''t'''
|[ˈsoːr'''t''']
|neuter of “sorter” (black)
|-
|'''th'''
|same as “t” (only used in Greek loanwords)
|'''th'''eologi
|['''tʰ'''eˈoːlogi]
|theology (c)
|-
|'''tj'''
|[tʂ]
|gvi'''tj'''øre
|[ˈkviː'''tʂ'''ørə]
|kenning for a goose; literally “white-ear” (n)
|-
|'''u'''
|[uː] when stressed
|r'''u'''m
|[ˈr'''uː'''m]
|bed (n)
|-
|'''v'''
|[v]
|'''v'''inder
|[ˈ'''v'''iːndr̩]
|wind (c)
|-
|'''w'''
|[v]~[w]
|'''W'''isconsin
|['''v'''iˈʂkoːnsin]
|Wisconsin
|-
|'''x'''
|[ks]
|se'''x'''
|[ˈseː'''ks''']
|six
|-
|'''y'''
|[yː] when stressed
|gr'''y'''n
|[ˈkr'''yː'''n]
|green
|-
|'''z'''
|[z]~[s]
|'''z'''ebre
|[ˈ'''z'''eːprə]
|zebra (c)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''æ'''
|[æː] when stressed
|s'''æ'''l
|[ˈs'''æː'''l]
|well, healthy (adj)
|-
|[æ] when unstressed
|gven'''æ'''r
|[ˈgveːn'''æ'''r]
|when (interrogative)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''ø'''
|[øː] when stressed
|sp'''ø'''rje
|[ˈʂp'''øː'''rjə]
|to ask
|-
|[ø] when unstressed
|f'''ø'''rgefe
|[f'''ø'''rˈɡeːfə]
|to forgive
|-
|-
! colspan="30" | Vinnish Alphabet
| rowspan="2" |'''å'''
|[ɔː]~[oː] when stressed
|v'''å'''ge
|[ˈv'''ɔː'''gə]
|eye (n)
|-
|-
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz || Ææ || Øø || Åå
|[ɔ]~[o] when unstressed
|Ol'''å'''fer
|[ˈoːl'''ɔ'''fr̩]
|Olaf (male name)
|}
|}


The Vinnish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of four extra letters, Ð, Æ, Ø, and Å. The alphabet was codified with the translation of the Bible into Vinnish by scholar Johan Goðmundsson around the time of the Protestant Reformation in Vinland. Until then, Vinnish was largely unwritten, with the exception of a few runestones written in Medieval Runes, as well as several documents in churches written in ad hoc orthographies based on the Latin script.
===Consonants===
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
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===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->

Revision as of 05:11, 17 June 2024

This is a stub. You can help Linguifex by expanding it.


Vinnish
Created byShinobhi
Native toCommonwealth of Vinland
Indo-European
  • Germanic
    • North Germanic
      • Far West Norse
        • Old Vinnish
          • Vinnish

Introduction

Vinnish is a North Germanic language spoken in the Commonwealth of Vinland. When the Viking expeditions to the New World were launched in our world, the settlements that the Vikings formed died out, but in this timeline, they hold on and eventually fructify into a a country called Vinland. This is the language they speak, descended from Old Norse. While in some ways it resembles its cousins in Iceland, the Faroes, and Scandinavia, in many others, Vinnish has developed in its own direction due to its relative isolation from the other North Germanic languages.

Orthography

Vinnish Alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ðð Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ææ Øø Åå

The Vinnish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of four extra letters, Ð, Æ, Ø, and Å. The alphabet was codified with the translation of the Bible into Vinnish by scholar Johan Goðmundsson around the time of the Protestant Reformation in Vinland. Until then, Vinnish was largely unwritten, with the exception of a few runestones written in Medieval Runes, as well as several documents in churches written in ad hoc orthographies based on the Latin script.

Phonology

The pronunciation of each letter is as follows. Vinnish words are almost always stressed on the first syllable. In non-diphthong syllables stress is shown by lengthening the vowel.

Pronunciation Example IPA Translation
a [aː] when stressed take [ˈtʰaːkə] to take
[a] when unstressed vinskap [viːnʃkap] friendship (n)
[ə] word-finally (only loanwords) pasta [ˈpʰaːʂtə] pasta; noodles (c)
au [oʊ] ðau [ˈðoʊ] they (referring to neuter nouns)
b [b] (in some dialects, [p]) bogi [ˈboːgi] bow (c)
bl [pl] blår [ˈplɔːr] blue
br [pr] broðar [ˈproːðər] brother (c)
c same as “k” (loanwords only) Canade [ˈkʰaːnadə] Canada
[s] before i/e (loanwords only) center [ˈseːntr̩] center; central office (n)
ch same as “k” (loanwords only) chronologi [ˈkroːnologi] chronology (c)
d [d] (in some dialects, [t]) dager [ˈdaːgr̩] day (c)
dr [tr] drepe [ˈtreːpə] to kill
ð [ð] staðer [ˈʂtaːðr̩] town, city (c)
e [eː] when stressed skere [ʂkeːrə] to cut, to part
[e] when unstressed Vinlendenger [ˈviːnlendeŋkr̩] Vinnish (person)
[ə] word-finally Else [ˈeːlsə] a proper name; Elsa
ei [ei] ðeir [ˈðeir] they (common pl)
er syllabic word-finally maðer [ˈmaːðr̩] man, person (c)
el kombel [ˈkʰoːmbl̩] grave, monument (n)
em [əm] word-finally skåpem [ˈʂkɔːpəm] “we do”
en [ən] word-finally vaten [ˈvaːtən] water (n)
es [əs] word-finally in mediopassive verbs høres [ˈhøːrəs] mediopassive infinitive of “høre”
et [ət] word-finally in definite articles and neuter adjectives barnet [ˈbaːrnət] the child (n)
eu [øy] Europe [ˈøyropə] Europe (c)
f [f] få [ˈfɔː] to obtain, to get
g [g] (in some dialects, [k]) gøre [ˈgøːrə] to make
[ʂ] before i/e in certain loanwords geographi [ˈʂeːokrafi] geography
[ɣ] word-finally, post-vocalically before a consonant eg [ˈeːɣ] I (first person pronoun)
gr [kr] grår [ˈkrɔːr] gray; gloomy
gl [kl] glåpe [ˈklɔːpə] to stare (+d); to focus on (+a)
gv [kv] gver [ˈkveːr] who
h [h] hester [ˈheːstr̩] horse (c)
hl [l̥] for older speakers; otherwise same as “l” hlaupe [ˈl̥oʊpə] to jump
hr [r̥]~[ɹ̥] for older speakers; otherwise same as “r” hringer [ˈr̥iːŋkr̩] ring (c)
i [iː] when stressed filgi [ˈfiːlgi] friend; pal (c)
[i] when unstressed filgi
j [j] jeter [ˈjeːtr̩] hot (adj.)
k [kʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters kone [ˈkʰoːnə] woman (c)
[k] in clusters and at the end of a word kristni [ˈkriːʂtni] Christianity (c)
l [l] langer [ˈlaːŋkr̩] long, tall (adj)
m [m] mame [ˈmaːmə] mom; mama (c)
n [n] neme [ˈneːmə] to take; to grab
ng [ŋk] gange [ˈgaːŋkə] to go
o [oː] when stressed motor [ˈmoːtor] motor (c)
[o] when unstressed
p [pʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters pape [ˈpʰaːpʰə] dad; papa (c)
[p] in clusters and at the end of a word skip [ˈʂkiːp] ship (n)
ph [f] (only used in Greek loanwords) photo [ˈfoːto] photograph (n)
qu [kv]~[gv] (only used in French/Latin loanwords) quantite [ˈkvaːntitə] quantity (c)
r [r] rauðer [ˈroʊðr̩] red (adj)
s [s] prevocalically and in any cluster where it precedes f, l, n, r, v; also at the end of genitives in compound nouns sorter [ˈsoːrtr̩] black (adj)
Egilsdottar [ˈeːɡilsdottər] a patronymic; daughter of Egil
[ʂ] word-initially/after a vowel and before a consonant sterker [ˈʂteːrkr̩] strong (adj)
[ʃ] between two consonants vinske [ˈviːnʃkə] Vinnish (language) (c)
sj [ʂ] sjør [ˈʂøːr] sea (c)
t [tʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters til [ˈtʰil] towards; lative preposition
[t] in clusters and at the end of a word sort [ˈsoːrt] neuter of “sorter” (black)
th same as “t” (only used in Greek loanwords) theologi [tʰeˈoːlogi] theology (c)
tj [tʂ] gvitjøre [ˈkviːtʂørə] kenning for a goose; literally “white-ear” (n)
u [uː] when stressed rum [ˈruːm] bed (n)
v [v] vinder [ˈviːndr̩] wind (c)
w [v]~[w] Wisconsin [viˈʂkoːnsin] Wisconsin
x [ks] sex [ˈseːks] six
y [yː] when stressed gryn [ˈkryːn] green
z [z]~[s] zebre [ˈzeːprə] zebra (c)
æ [æː] when stressed sæl [ˈsæːl] well, healthy (adj)
[æ] when unstressed gvenær [ˈgveːnær] when (interrogative)
ø [øː] when stressed spørje [ˈʂpøːrjə] to ask
[ø] when unstressed førgefe [førˈɡeːfə] to forgive
å [ɔː]~[oː] when stressed våge [ˈvɔːgə] eye (n)
[ɔ]~[o] when unstressed Olåfer [ˈoːlɔfr̩] Olaf (male name)

Morphology

Nouns

Vinnish nouns fall into one of two genders, common and neuter. The common gender comes from the conflation of the masculine and feminine genders in Old Norse. Nouns inflect for number and case.

Common Nouns

On the whole, common nouns show a much larger variance in declension patterns than neuter nouns. There are two overarching declension patterns among common nouns: strong and weak.

Note that "(u)" refers to the presence of u-umlaut and "∅" refers to a null ending.

Strong Common Nouns
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
Singular -er, ∅ ∅ -i -s, -ar
Plural -ar -e (u)-em -e

Neuter Nouns

Definite Article

Definiteness is shown via a cliticized definite article on the end of a noun. This definite article inflects for gender, case, and number.

Adjectives

Adjectives in Vinnish agree with the nouns they modify in gender, case, number, and definiteness. There are two inflections for adjectives: strong and weak adjectives.

Strong Adjectives

Strong adjectives are used attributively with indefinite nouns and predicatively with all nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number.

Common Neuter
Singular
Nom -er -t
Acc -en
Dat (u)-em (u)-e
Gen -s
Plural
Nom -ar (u)
Acc -e
Dat (u)-em
Gen -re

Weak Adjectives

Weak adjectives are formed by adding an ending of -e to the stem of the adjective, and do not change form for case or number in Modern Vinnish. They are used with definite nouns and nouns modified by a demonstrative.

In more archaic texts in Vinnish, a naturally or semantically masculine noun can optionally take the ending -i in the nominative singular case. In all other cases of the noun, the ending -e is used.

Verbs

There are two overarching types of verbs in Vinnish, strong and weak verbs. Weak verbs form the past stem via a dental suffix on the present stem, while strong verbs form the past stem via vowel alternation. Vinnish verbs inflect for two tenses (past and present), person, and number. In addition, they make use of certain auxiliary verbs to show aspect, and one of two moods: indicative and subjunctive. Verbs also have both a past and a present participle, and inflect for active and mediopassive voice.

Weak Verbs

Weak verbs are characterized by their usage of a dental consonant to form their past stem. This dental consonant can be either -d, -ð, or -t. Which consonant is used is not always readily predictable for a weak verb, and so must simply be memorized along with the verb; however, the majority of Vinnish verbs use -ð.

The below table shows the basic inflection pattern for a weak verb. Note that the symbol "D" refers to the dental consonant used.

Singular Plural
Present
1st -i (u)-em
2nd -ar -ið
3rd -e
Past
1st -De (u)-Dem
2nd -Dar (u)-Deð
3rd -Di (u)-De

Strong Verbs

Strong verbs show tense via a change in the stem vowel. There are seven classes of strong verbs in Vinnish, each characterized by a different alternation pattern.

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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