Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon

Todo

A nice TAM matrix pattern for affixes to follow

present : imperfect :: preterite : pluperfect :: future :: future in the past :: jussive : optative?

present : imperfect : preterite :: future : future-in-the-past : future perfect :: jussive : - : optative

Ablaut

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade".

• present stem a - preterite stem e
• present stem ā - preterite stem ī
• present stem o - preterite stem i
• present stem ō - preterite stem ī
• present stem ō - preterite stem ē
• present stem oe - preterite stem ē
• present stem ao - preterite stem iu
• present stem ao - preterite stem eo

Nouns and adjectives

TODO: Make nouns more fusional, less agglutinative

Thensarian nouns inflect for singulative, collective, and plurative numbers; nominative and accusative cases; and absolute and construct state.

The collective form is formed by reduplicating the singular form.

Other construct endings: -bim or -bis

Masculine nouns

Possible endings: -am, -em, -im, -om, -um, -ōr

C-stems

Consonant stem:

māram 'tree'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	māram	māres
	Construct	mārae	mārobes
Genitive	Absolute	mārim	mārini
	Construct	mārobim	māroes
Accusative	Absolute	{{{9}}}	{{{10}}}
	Construct	mārae	mārobes

o-stems

o-stem:

δoerom 'bird'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	δoerom	δoeroes, δoeroe
	Construct	δoerot	δoerobes
Genitive	Absolute	δoerō	δoerāni
	Construct	δoerobim	δoerīs
Accusative	Absolute	{{{9}}}	{{{10}}}
	Construct	δoerot	δoerobes

i-stems

i-stem:

trobim 'plant, vegetable'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	trobim	trobeis
	Construct	trobit	trobīni
Genitive	Absolute	trobei	trobibos
	Construct	trobibim	trobīs
Accusative	Absolute	'	{{{10}}}
	Construct	trobit	trobīni

u-stems

svatnum 'sea'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	svatnum	svatnōs
	Construct	svatnut	svatnūni
Genitive	Absolute	svatnui	svatnubos
	Construct	svatnubim	svatnūs
Accusative	Absolute	{{{9}}}	{{{10}}}
	Construct	svatnut	svatnūni

Possessed forms

Possessed forms of δoerom - 'bird'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	δoerot	δoerāni
1sg possessor	δoerotna	δoerānna
2sg possessor	δoerotsi	δoerāsi
3sg.m possessor	δoeromus	δoerāmus
3sg.f possessor	δoerotīs	δoerānīs
3sg.n possessor	δoerota	δoerāna
1exc possessor	δoeronmo	δoerānmo
1inc possessor	δoerosvī	δoerāsvī
2pl possessor	δoerocca	δoerāca
3pl possessor	δoerotōr	δoerānōr

Feminine nouns

Possible endings: -ae, -ī, -ui, -i, -s-/-n- -ants/-ann-

o/a-stems

gondae 'body'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	gondae	gondor
	Construct	gondām	gondās
Genitive	Absolute	gondea	gondābos
	Construct	gondābim	gondaeos
Accusative	Absolute	{{{9}}}	{{{10}}}
	Construct	gondām	gondās

i-stems

tīmī 'hand'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	tīmī	tīmir
	Construct	tīmēm	tīmēs
Genitive	Absolute	tīmia	tīmēbos
	Construct	tīmēbim	tīmeios
Accusative	Absolute	{{{9}}}	{{{10}}}
	Construct	tīmēm	tīmēs

u-stems

matlui 'snake'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	matlui	matlur
	Construct	matlūm	matlūs
Genitive	Absolute	matlua	matlābos
	Construct	matlābim	matlāvos
Accusative	Absolute	{{{9}}}	{{{10}}}
	Construct	matlūm	matlūs

Possessed forms

cabnants 'woman'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
absolute	cabnants	cecabnants	cabnannar
construct	cabnannam	cecabnannam	cabnannas

Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	gondām	gondās
1sg possessor	gondaen	gondannan
2sg.m possessor	gondaessi	gondannassi
2sg.f possessor	gondaessy	gondannassy
3sg.m possessor	gondae	gondanny
3sg.f possessor	gondaeī	gondannī
3sg.n possessor	gondaea	gondanna
1exc possessor	gondaemmo	gondannammo
1inc possessor	gondaesvī	gondannysvī
2pl possessor	gondaecca	gondannecca
3pl possessor	gondaeōr	gondannōr

Neuter nouns

Possible endings: -as, -is, -os, -us, -s

tectys 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
absolute	tectys	tetectys	tectun
construct	tectes	tetectes	tecture

Possessed forms of tectys - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tectyt	tectoet
1sg possessor	tectyn	tectoesin
2sg.m possessor	tectyssi	tectoessi
2sg.f possessor	tectyssy	tectoessy
3sg.m possessor	tectymy	tectoesiō
3sg.f possessor	tectymī	tectoesī
3sg.n possessor	tectyma	tectoesia
1exc possessor	tectoemmo	tectoesimmo
1inc possessor	tectoesvī	tectoesvī
2pl possessor	tectoecca	tectoesicca
3pl possessor	tectymōr	tectoesiōr

Mass nouns

jenās 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
absolute	jenās	jenenās

stucs 'fire' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
absolute	stucs	stetucs

Adjectives

The predicative form of an adjective is the absolute form.

-am, -em, -im, -om, -um, -ym

slāmam 'good'

		Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Masculine	absolute	slāmam	slelāmam	slāmaes
	construct	slāmat	slelāmat	slāmāni
Feminine	absolute	slāmā	slelāmā	slāmar
	construct	slāmām	slelāmām	slāmās
Neuter	absolute	slāmas	slelāmas	slāmān
	construct	slāmās	slelāmās	slāmār

clāvim 'wet'

		Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Masculine	absolute	clāvim	ceclāvim	clāveis
	construct	clāvit	ceclāvit	clāveini
Feminine	absolute	clāvī	ceclāvī	clāvir
	construct	clāvīm	ceclāvīm	clāvīs
Neuter	absolute	clāvis	ceclāvis	clāvīn
	construct	clāvīs	ceclāvīs	ceclāvīr

stratum 'salty'

		Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Masculine	absolute	stratum	sestratum	stratuis
	construct	stratut	sestratut	stratunny
Feminine	absolute	stratū	sestratū	stratur
	construct	stratūm	sestratūm	stratūs
Neuter	absolute	stratus	sestratus	stratūn
	construct	stratūs	sestratūs	stratūr

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. switch-reference marker
2. applicative or derivational prefixes
3. object prefix
4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
5. STEM
6. voice suffix
7. TAM + subject
8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

Object affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	in-
1 + 2	-
2
3	bi-

Voice markers

• -ro- = passive marker

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. There are two major paradigms of verbs, ignoring principal parts:

• Consonant stems:
• Vowel stems: -ā-, -e-, -i-

The 3pl suffixes -bis/-b and -tis/-t are in free variation, though there is some preference for one set in certain tenses.

The emphatic marker is often but not always added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle (e.g. nīs 'not', rin relativizer):

• cacsanis = I eat
• nīs cacsan = I do not eat

Collective nouns take the singular form of the verb.

Present

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānis	torenis	aellinis	cacsanis
2SG	tussāris	toreris	aelliris	cacsaris
3SG.M	tussāmis	toremis	aellimis	cacsamis
3SG.F	tussāsis	toresis	aellisis	cacsasis
3SG.N	tussās	tores	aellis	cacsis
1EX	tussāmēs	toremēs	aellimēs	cacsamēs
1IN	tussāntis	torentis	aellintis	cacsantis
2PL	tussāces	toreces	aellisces	cacsaces
3PL	tussābis tussātis	torebis toretis	aellibis aellitis	cacsabis cacsatis

Dependent forms (shown with nīs 'not'):

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussān	nīs toren	nīs aellin	nīs cacsan
2SG	nīs tussār	nīs torer	nīs aellir	nīs cacsar
3SG.M	nīs tussām	nīs torem	nīs aellim	nīs cacsam
3SG.F	nīs tussāsi	nīs toresi	nīs aellisi	nīs cacsasi
3SG.N	nīs tussā	nīs tore	nīs aelli	nīs cacsa
1EX	nīs tussāmē	nīs toremē	nīs aellimē	nīs cacsamē
1IN	nīs tussānt	nīs torent	nīs aellint	nīs cacsant
2PL	nīs tussāce	nīs torece	nīs aellice	nīs cacsace
3PL	nīs tussāb nīs tussāt	nīs toreb nīs toret	nīs aellib nīs aellit	nīs cacsab nīs cacsat

Imperfect

Uses reduplication:

• Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
• Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- just use the first V as the redupliant: ȝastranis 'I laugh', aȝastranis 'I used to laugh'.

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tetussānis	tetorenis	aeaellinis	cecacsanis
2SG	tetussāris	tetoreris	aeaelliris	cecacsaris
3SG.M	tetussāmis	tetoremis	aeaellimis	cecacsamis
3SG.F	tetussāsis	tetoresis	aeaellisis	cecacsasis
3SG.N	tetussās	tetores	aeaellis	cecacsis
1EX	tetussāmēs	tetoremēs	aeaellimēs	cecacsamēs
1IN	tetussāntis	tetorentis	aeaellintis	cecacsantis
2PL	tetussāces	tetoreces	aeaellices	cecacsaces
3PL	tetussātis	tetoretis	aeaellitis	cecacsatis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tetussān	nīs tetorene	nīs aeaelline	nīs cecacsane
2SG	nīs tetussār	nīs tetorer	nīs aeaellir	nīs cecacsar
3SG.M	nīs tetussām	nīs tetorem	nīs aeaellim	nīs cecacsam
3SG.F	nīs tetussāsi	nīs tetoresi	nīs aeaellisi	nīs cecacsasis
3SG.N	nīs tetussā	nīs tetore	nīs aeaelli	nīs cecacsa
1EX	nīs tetussāmē	nīs tetoremē	nīs aeaellimē	nīs cecacsamē
1IN	nīs tetussānt	nīs tetorent	nīs aeaellint	nīs cecacsant
2PL	nīs tetussāce	nīs tetorece	nīs aeaellice	nīs cecacsace
3PL	nīs tetussāt	nīs tetoret	nīs aeaellit	nīs cecacsat

Preterite

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussādīs	toredīs	aellidīs	cētīs
2SG	tussāvoes	torevoes	aellivoes	cēvoes
3SG.M	tussāsmis	toresmis	aellismis	cēsmis
3SG.F	tussāstis	torestis	aellistis	cēstis
3SG.N	tussāsos	toresos	aellisos	cēsos
1EX	tussāmris	toremris	aellimris	cēmris
1IN	tussāntris	torentris	aellintris	cēntris
2PL	tussācris	torecris	aellicris	cēcris
3PL	tussābris	torebris	aellibris	cēbris

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussādī	nīs toredī	nīs aellidī	nīs cētī
2SG	nīs tussāvoe	nīs torevoe	nīs aellivoe	nīs cēvoe
3SG.M	nīs tussāsmi	nīs toresmi	nīs aellismi	nīs cēsmi
3SG.F	nīs tussāsti	nīs toresti	nīs aellisti	nīs cēsti
3SG.N	nīs tussāso	nīs toreso	nīs aelliso	nīs cēso
1EX	nīs tussāmer	nīs toremer	nīs aellimer	nīs cēmer
1IN	nīs tussānter	nīs torenter	nīs aellinter	nīs cēnter
2PL	nīs tussācer	nīs torecer	nīs aellicer	nīs cēcer
3PL	nīs tussāber	nīs toreber	nīs aelliber	nīs cēber

Pluperfect

(Reduplicate the preterite forms.)

Future

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.

Here it's more common to use -tēbis/-tēb for 3pl than -tētis/-tēt.

Phonological rules for consonant stems:

• m + t > nt
• b, φ, g + t > ct
• cs + t > :st
• θ, δ + t > ss
• d + t > tt
• ȝ + t > ħt

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussātēnis	toretēnis	cāstēnis
2SG	tussātēris	toretēris	cāstēris
3SG.M	tussātēmis	toretēmis	cāstēmis
3SG.F	tussātēsis	toretēsis	cāstēsis
3SG.N	tussātēs	toretēs	cāstēs
1EX	tussātēmēs	toretēmēs	cāstēmēs
1IN	tussātēntis	toretēntis	cāstēntis
2PL	tussātēces	toretēces	cāstēces
3PL	tussātēbis	toretēbis	cāstēbis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussātēn	nīs toretēn	nīs cāstēn
2SG	nīs tussātēr	nīs toretēr	nīs cāstēr
3SG.M	nīs tussātēm	nīs toretēm	nīs cāstēm
3SG.F	nīs tussātēsi	nīs toretēsi	nīs cāstēsi
3SG.N	nīs tussātē	nīs toretē	nīs cāstē
1EX	nīs tussātēmē	nīs toretēmē	nīs cāstēmē
1IN	nīs tussātēnt	nīs toretēnt	nīs cāstēnt
2PL	nīs tussātēce	nīs toretēce	nīs cāstēce
3PL	nīs tussātēb	nīs toretēb	nīs cāstēb

Jussive

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānaes	torenaes	cacsanaes
2SG	tussāraes	toreraes	cacsaraes
3SG.M	tussāmioris	toremioris	cacsamioris
3SG.F	tussāsioris	toresioris	cacsasioris
3SG.N	tussoris	torioris	cacsioris
1EX	tussāmaes	toremaes	cacsamaes
1IN	tussāntaes	torentaes	cacsantaes
2PL	tussācaes	torecaes	cacsacaes
3PL	tussātioris	toretioris	cacsatioris

Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative δā):

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussānae	δā torenae	δā cacsanae
2SG	δā tussārae	δā torerae	δā cacsarae
3SG.M	δā tussāmior	δā toremior	δā cacsamior
3SG.F	δā tussāsior	δā toresior	δā cacsasior
3SG.N	δā tussor	δā torior	δā cacsior
1EX	δā tussāmae	δā toremae	δā cacsamae
1IN	δā tussāntae	δā torentae	δā cacsantae
2PL	δā tussācae	δā torecae	δā cacsacae
3PL	δā tussātior	δā toretior	δā cacsatior

Optative

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussādonis	torēdonis	cacsidonis
2SG	tussādoris	torēdoris	cacsidoris
3SG.M	tussādomis	torēdomis	cacsidomis
3SG.F	tussādosis	torēdosis	cacsidosis
3SG.N	tussādos	torēdos	cacsidos
1EX	tussādomēs	torēdomēs	cacsidomēs
1IN	tussādontis	torēdontis	cacsidontis
2PL	tussādoces	torēdoces	cacsidoces
3PL	tussādotis	torēdotis	cacsidotis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussādon	δā torēdon	δā cacsidon
2SG	δā tussādor	δā torēdor	δā cacsidor
3SG.M	δā tussādom	δā torēdom	δā cacsidom
3SG.F	δā tussādosi	δā torēdosi	δā cacsidosi
3SG.N	δā tussādo	δā torēdo	δā cacsido
1EX	δā tussādomē	δā torēdomē	δā cacsidomē
1IN	δā tussādont	δā torēdont	δā cacsidont
2PL	δā tussādoce	δā torēdoce	δā cacsidoce
3PL	δā tussādot	δā torēdot	δā cacsidot

Imperative

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	tussās!	torēs!	aellīs!	cacsas!
1IN	tussāntēs!	torentēs!	aellintēs!	cacsantēs!
2PL	tussācēs!	torecēs!	aelliscēs!	cacsacēs!

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	δā tussā!	δā torē!	δā aellī!	δā cacsa!
1IN	δā tussāntē!	δā torentē!	δā aellintē!	δā cacsantē!
2PL	δā tussācē!	δā torecē!	δā aellicē!	δā cacsacē!

Non-finite forms

Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.

Infinitives

• Infinitive: -us (consonantal verbs) / -s (theme vowel verbs)
  • cacus = to eat
  • tussās = to pray
• Verbal noun: -ācos
• Adverbial infintive: -nos

Participles

• Present participle: -gim
• Past passive participle: -ignam
• Future participle: -tēgim

Derivational morphology

• ar- = on
• as- = telic
• aφor- = through
• φēs- = co-, together
• -aħnam = adjectival
• -scā- = derives verbs

Numbers

• 1: cēm
• 2: tiθōr
• 3: narge
• 4: δaobe
• 5: salithe
• 6: stām
• 7: rōde
• 8: lorede
• 9: barve
• 10: ħiōr
• 11: jācēm
• 12: cnaesā