Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
==Verbs==
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
:''Main article: [[Thensarian/Verbs]]
 
#switch-reference marker
#applicative or derivational prefixes
#object prefix
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
#'''STEM'''
#voice suffix
#TAM + subject
#emphatic suffix ''-is''
 
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
 
===Object markers===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''in-''
|
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|
|-
!|2
|
|
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|
|}
 
===Voice markers===
*''-ro-'' = passive marker
Some verbs may be ablauted.
 
===TAM + subject markers===
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. There are two major paradigms of verbs, ignoring principal parts:
 
*Consonant stems:
*Vowel stems: -ā-, -e-, -i-
 
The 3pl suffixes -bis/-b and -tis/-t are in free variation, though there is some preference for one set in certain tenses.
 
The emphatic marker is often but not always added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle (e.g. ''ei'' 'not', ''rin'' {{sc|relativizer}}):
*''cacsanis'' = I eat
*''ei cacsan'' = I do not eat
 
Collective nouns take the ''singular'' form of the verb.
====Present====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussānis || torenis || aellinis || cacsanis
|-
| 2SG || tussāris || toreris || aelliris || cacsaris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussāmis || toremis || aellimis || cacsamis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussāsis || toresis || aellisis || cacsasis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussās || tores || aellis || cacsis
|-
| 1EX || tussāmēs || toremēs || aellimēs || cacsamēs
|-
| 1IN || tussāntis || torentis || aellintis || cacsantis
|-
| 2PL || tussāces || toreces || aellisces || cacsaces
|-
| 3PL || tussābis<br/>tussātis || torebis<br/>toretis || aellibis<br/>aellitis || cacsabis<br/>cacsatis
|}
Dependent forms (shown with ''ei'' 'not'):
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || ei tussān || ei toren || ei aellin || ei cacsan
|-
| 2SG || ei tussār || ei torer || ei aellir || ei cacsar
|-
| 3SG.M || ei tussām || ei torem || ei aellim || ei cacsam
|-
| 3SG.F || ei tussāsi || ei toresi || ei aellisi || ei cacsasi
|-
| 3SG.N || ei tussā || ei tore || ei aelli || ei cacsa
|-
| 1EX || ei tussāmē || ei toremē || ei aellimē || ei cacsamē
|-
| 1IN || ei tussānt || ei torent || ei aellint || ei cacsant
|-
| 2PL || ei tussāce || ei torece || ei aellice || ei cacsace
|-
| 3PL || ei tussāb<br/>ei tussāt || ei toreb<br/>ei toret || ei aellib<br/>ei aellit || ei cacsab<br/>ei cacsat
|}
 
====Imperfect====
Uses reduplication:
*Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
*Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- just use the first V as the redupliant: ''ȝastranis'' 'I laugh', ''aȝastranis'' 'I used to laugh'.
 
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tetussānis || tetorenis || aeaellinis || cecacsanis
|-
| 2SG || tetussāris || tetoreris || aeaelliris || cecacsaris
|-
| 3SG.M || tetussāmis || tetoremis || aeaellimis || cecacsamis
|-
| 3SG.F || tetussāsis || tetoresis || aeaellisis || cecacsasis
|-
| 3SG.N || tetussās || tetores || aeaellis || cecacsis
|-
| 1EX || tetussāmēs || tetoremēs || aeaellimēs || cecacsamēs
|-
| 1IN || tetussāntis || tetorentis || aeaellintis || cecacsantis
|-
| 2PL || tetussāces || tetoreces || aeaellices || cecacsaces
|-
| 3PL || tetussātis || tetoretis || aeaellitis || cecacsatis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || ei tetussān || ei tetorene || ei aeaelline || ei cecacsane
|-
| 2SG || ei tetussār || ei tetorer || ei aeaellir || ei cecacsar
|-
| 3SG.M || ei tetussām || ei tetorem || ei aeaellim || ei cecacsam
|-
| 3SG.F || ei tetussāsi || ei tetoresi || ei aeaellisi || ei cecacsasis
|-
| 3SG.N || ei tetussā || ei tetore || ei aeaelli || ei cecacsa
|-
| 1EX || ei tetussāmē || ei tetoremē || ei aeaellimē || ei cecacsamē
|-
| 1IN || ei tetussānt || ei tetorent || ei aeaellint || ei cecacsant
|-
| 2PL || ei tetussāce || ei tetorece || ei aeaellice || ei cecacsace
|-
| 3PL || ei tetussāt || ei tetoret || ei aeaellit || ei cecacsat
|}
 
====Preterite====
Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.
 
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussādīs || toredīs || aellidīs || cētīs
|-
| 2SG || tussāvoes || torevoes || aellivoes || cēvoes
|-
| 3SG.M || tussāsmis || toresmis || aellismis || cēsmis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussāstis || torestis || aellistis || cēstis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussāsos || toresos || aellisos || cēsos
|-
| 1EX || tussāmris || toremris || aellimris || cēmris
|-
| 1IN || tussāntris || torentris || aellintris || cēntris
|-
| 2PL || tussācris || torecris || aellicris || cēcris
|-
| 3PL || tussābris || torebris || aellibris || cēbris
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || ei tussādī || ei toredī || ei aellidī || ei cētī
|-
| 2SG || ei tussāvoe || ei torevoe || ei aellivoe || ei cēvoe
|-
| 3SG.M || ei tussāsmi || ei toresmi || ei aellismi || ei cēsmi
|-
| 3SG.F || ei tussāsti || ei toresti || ei aellisti || ei cēsti
|-
| 3SG.N || ei tussāso || ei toreso || ei aelliso || ei cēso
|-
| 1EX || ei tussāmer || ei toremer || ei aellimer || ei cēmer
|-
| 1IN || ei tussānter || ei torenter || ei aellinter ||  ei cēnter
|-
| 2PL || ei tussācer || ei torecer || ei aellicer || ei cēcer
|-
| 3PL || ei tussāber || ei toreber || ei aelliber || ei cēber
|}
 
====Pluperfect====
(Reduplicate the preterite forms.)
 
====Future====
Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.
 
Here it's more common to use -tēbis/-tēb for 3pl than -tētis/-tēt.
 
Phonological rules for consonant stems:
*''m'' + ''t'' > ''nt''
*''b, φ, g'' + ''t'' > ''ct''
*''cs'' + ''t'' > '':st''
*''θ, δ'' + ''t'' > ''ss''
*''d'' + ''t'' > ''tt''
*''ȝ'' + ''t'' > ''ħt''
 
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussātēnis || toretēnis || cāstēnis
|-
| 2SG || tussātēris || toretēris || cāstēris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussātēmis || toretēmis || cāstēmis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussātēsis || toretēsis || cāstēsis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussātēs || toretēs || cāstēs
|-
| 1EX || tussātēmēs || toretēmēs || cāstēmēs
|-
| 1IN || tussātēntis || toretēntis || cāstēntis
|-
| 2PL || tussātēces || toretēces || cāstēces
|-
| 3PL || tussātēbis || toretēbis || cāstēbis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || ei tussātēn || ei toretēn || ei cāstēn
|-
| 2SG || ei tussātēr || ei toretēr || ei cāstēr
|-
| 3SG.M || ei tussātēm || ei toretēm || ei cāstēm
|-
| 3SG.F || ei tussātēsi || ei toretēsi || ei cāstēsi
|-
| 3SG.N || ei tussātē || ei toretē || ei cāstē
|-
| 1EX || ei tussātēmē || ei toretēmē || ei cāstēmē
|-
| 1IN || ei tussātēnt || ei toretēnt || ei cāstēnt
|-
| 2PL || ei tussātēce || ei toretēce || ei cāstēce
|-
| 3PL || ei tussātēb || ei toretēb || ei cāstēb
|}
====Future perfect====
 
====Jussive====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussānaes || torenaes || cacsanaes
|-
| 2SG || tussāraes || toreraes || cacsaraes
|-
| 3SG.M || tussāmioris || toremioris || cacsamioris
|-
| 3SG.F || tussāsioris || toresioris || cacsasioris
|-
| 3SG.N || tussoris || torioris || cacsioris
|-
| 1EX || tussāmaes || toremaes || cacsamaes
|-
| 1IN || tussāntaes || torentaes || cacsantaes
|-
| 2PL || tussācaes || torecaes || cacsacaes
|-
| 3PL || tussātioris || toretioris || cacsatioris
|}
Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative ''δā''):
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || δā tussānae || δā torenae || δā cacsanae
|-
| 2SG || δā tussārae || δā torerae || δā cacsarae
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussāmior || δā toremior || δā cacsamior
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussāsior || δā toresior || δā cacsasior
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tussor || δā torior || δā cacsior
|-
| 1EX || δā tussāmae || δā toremae || δā cacsamae
|-
| 1IN || δā tussāntae || δā torentae || δā cacsantae
|-
| 2PL || δā tussācae || δā torecae || δā cacsacae
|-
| 3PL || δā tussātior || δā toretior || δā cacsatior
|}
 
====Optative====
 
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussādonis || torēdonis || cacsidonis
|-
| 2SG || tussādoris || torēdoris || cacsidoris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussādomis || torēdomis || cacsidomis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussādosis || torēdosis || cacsidosis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussādos || torēdos || cacsidos
|-
| 1EX || tussādomēs || torēdomēs || cacsidomēs
|-
| 1IN || tussādontis || torēdontis || cacsidontis
|-
| 2PL || tussādoces || torēdoces || cacsidoces
|-
| 3PL || tussādotis || torēdotis || cacsidotis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || δā tussādon || δā torēdon || δā cacsidon
|-
| 2SG || δā tussādor || δā torēdor || δā cacsidor
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussādom || δā torēdom || δā cacsidom
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussādosi || δā torēdosi || δā cacsidosi
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tussādo || δā torēdo || δā cacsido
|-
| 1EX || δā tussādomē || δā torēdomē || δā cacsidomē
|-
| 1IN || δā tussādont || δā torēdont || δā cacsidont
|-
| 2PL || δā tussādoce || δā torēdoce || δā cacsidoce
|-
| 3PL || δā tussādot || δā torēdot || δā cacsidot
|}
 
====Imperative====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || tussās! || torēs! || aellīs! || cacsas!
|-
| 1IN || tussāntēs! || torentēs! || aellintēs! || cacsantēs!
|-
| 2PL || tussācēs! || torecēs! || aelliscēs! || cacsacēs!
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || δā tussā! || δā torē! || δā aellī! || δā cacsa!
|-
| 1IN || δā tussāntē! || δā torentē! || δā aellintē! || δā cacsantē!
|-
| 2PL || δā tussācē! || δā torecē! || δā aellicē! || δā cacsacē!
|}
 
===Non-finite forms===
Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.
 
====Infinitives====
*Infinitive: ''-us'' (consonantal verbs) / ''-s'' (theme vowel verbs)
**''cacus'' = to eat
**''tussās'' = to pray
*Verbal noun: ''-ācos''
*Adverbial infintive: ''-nos''
 
====Participles====
*Present participle: ''-gim''
*Past passive participle: ''-inom''
*Future participle: ''-tēgim''


==Derivational morphology==
==Derivational morphology==

Revision as of 17:33, 3 May 2019

Todo

A nice TAM matrix pattern for affixes to follow

present : imperfect :: preterite : pluperfect :: future :: future in the past :: jussive : optative?

present : imperfect : preterite :: future : future-in-the-past : future perfect :: jussive : - : optative

Ablaut

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade".

  • present stem a - preterite stem e
  • present stem ā - preterite stem ī
  • present stem o - preterite stem i
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ī
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ē
  • present stem oe - preterite stem ē
  • present stem ao - preterite stem iu
  • present stem ao - preterite stem eo

Nouns and adjectives

TODO: Make nouns more fusional, less agglutinative

Thensarian nouns inflect for singulative, collective, and plurative numbers; nominative and accusative cases; and absolute and construct state.

The collective form is formed by reduplicating the singular form.

Other construct endings: -bim or -bis

Masculine nouns

Possible endings: -am, -em, -im, -om, -um, -ōr

C-stems

Consonant stem:

māram 'tree'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute māram māres
Construct mārae mārobes
Genitive Absolute mārim mārini
Construct mārobim māroes
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct mārae mārobes

o-stems

o-stem:

δoerom 'bird'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute δoerom δoeroes, δoeroe
Construct δoerot δoerobes
Genitive Absolute δoerō δoerāni
Construct δoerobim δoerīs
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct δoerot δoerobes

i-stems

i-stem:

trobim 'plant, vegetable'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute trobim trobeis
Construct trobit trobīni
Genitive Absolute trobei trobibos
Construct trobibim trobīs
Accusative Absolute ' {{{10}}}
Construct trobit trobīni

u-stems

svatnum 'sea'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute svatnum svatnōs
Construct svatnut svatnūni
Genitive Absolute svatnui svatnubos
Construct svatnubim svatnūs
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct svatnut svatnūni

Possessed forms

Possessed forms of δoerom - 'bird'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct δoerot δoerāni
1sg possessor δoerotna δoerānna
2sg possessor δoerotsi δoerāsi
3sg.m possessor δoeromus δoerāmus
3sg.f possessor δoerotīs δoerānīs
3sg.n possessor δoerota δoerāna
1exc possessor δoeronmo δoerānmo
1inc possessor δoerosvī δoerāsvī
2pl possessor δoerocca δoerāca
3pl possessor δoerotōr δoerānōr

Feminine nouns

Possible endings: -ae, -ī, -ui, -i, -s-/-n- -ants/-ann-

o/a-stems

gondae 'body'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute gondae gondor
Construct gondām gondās
Genitive Absolute gondea gondābos
Construct gondābim gondaeos
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct gondām gondās

i-stems

tīmī 'hand'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute tīmī tīmir
Construct tīmēm tīmēs
Genitive Absolute tīmia tīmēbos
Construct tīmēbim tīmeios
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct tīmēm tīmēs

u-stems

matlui 'snake'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute matlui matlur
Construct matlūm matlūs
Genitive Absolute matlua matlābos
Construct matlābim matlāvos
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct matlūm matlūs

s-stems

Possessed forms

cabnants 'woman'
Singulative Collective Plurative
absolute cabnants cecabnants cabnannar
construct cabnannam cecabnannam cabnannas


Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct gondām gondās
1sg possessor gondaen gondannan
2sg.m possessor gondaessi gondannassi
2sg.f possessor gondaessy gondannassy
3sg.m possessor gondae gondanny
3sg.f possessor gondaeī gondannī
3sg.n possessor gondaea gondanna
1exc possessor gondaemmo gondannammo
1inc possessor gondaesvī gondannysvī
2pl possessor gondaecca gondannecca
3pl possessor gondaeōr gondannōr

Neuter nouns

Possible endings: -as, -is, -os, -us, -s

tectys 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
absolute tectys tetectys tectun
construct tectes tetectes tecture


Possessed forms of tectys - 'child'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct tectyt tectoet
1sg possessor tectyn tectoesin
2sg.m possessor tectyssi tectoessi
2sg.f possessor tectyssy tectoessy
3sg.m possessor tectymy tectoesiō
3sg.f possessor tectymī tectoesī
3sg.n possessor tectyma tectoesia
1exc possessor tectoemmo tectoesimmo
1inc possessor tectoesvī tectoesvī
2pl possessor tectoecca tectoesicca
3pl possessor tectymōr tectoesiōr

Mass nouns

jenās 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
absolute jenās jenenās


stucs 'fire' (n.)
Singulative Collective
absolute stucs stetucs

Adjectives

The predicative form of an adjective is the absolute form.

-am, -em, -im, -om, -um, -ym


slāmam 'good'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Masculine absolute slāmam slelāmam slāmaes
construct slāmat slelāmat slāmāni
Feminine absolute slāmā slelāmā slāmar
construct slāmām slelāmām slāmās
Neuter absolute slāmas slelāmas slāmān
construct slāmās slelāmās slāmār


clāvim 'wet'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Masculine absolute clāvim ceclāvim clāveis
construct clāvit ceclāvit clāveini
Feminine absolute clāvī ceclāvī clāvir
construct clāvīm ceclāvīm clāvīs
Neuter absolute clāvis ceclāvis clāvīn
construct clāvīs ceclāvīs ceclāvīr


stratum 'salty'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Masculine absolute stratum sestratum stratuis
construct stratut sestratut stratunny
Feminine absolute stratū sestratū stratur
construct stratūm sestratūm stratūs
Neuter absolute stratus sestratus stratūn
construct stratūs sestratūs stratūr

Verbs

Main article: Thensarian/Verbs

Derivational morphology

  • ar- = on
  • ess- = telic
  • aφor- = through
  • φēs- = co-, together
  • -aħnam = adjectival
  • dē- = in
  • su- = towards
  • -imā- = derives verbs
  • -imam = adj.
  • -tlos, -tlom = noun

Numbers

  • 1: cēm
  • 2: tiθōr
  • 3: narge
  • 4: δaobe
  • 5: salithe
  • 6: stām
  • 7: rōde
  • 8: lorede
  • 9: barve
  • 10: ħiōr
  • 11: jācēm
  • 12: cnaesā
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