User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl

1. merger of overlong into long vowels

   *pūkō ( < *pūkô)

2. d > þ / r_ / (represent /d/ as [þ] here for later word changes, cf. Go waurd, ON orð)

   *wurþą ( < wurdą)

3. z > s / _# [unconditionally]
4. s > h / _#

   *baisah ( < *baizaz) which later gives bērah

5. ō > ā
6. vowels [+nasal] > vowels [-nasal] [+length]

   *breustā ( < *breustą)

7. γ > j / #_V, V_V

   *jaisīþi ( < **gaisīþi), skājah ( < *skōgaz)

8. γ > v̄ / V_[+voiced +consonant]
9. þ > h / _R

   *mahlā ( < *maþlą) which later gives māl

10. ā > ē / [+dental +consonant +nasal]_#
11. Spontaneous haplogy (sic).
12. f > hw / _V

    *hwehu ( < *fehu)

13. þ > s [unconditionally]

    sat ( < *þat), wursā < *wurþā ( < *wurdą)

14. d > n / nV_V

    annā ( < *andô)

15. ă ĕ ŏ > Ø / _# (unless monosyllabic) (Short vowel deletion rule)
16. If a word by result of the short vowel deletion becomes monosyllabic, lengthen the stem vowel for compensation.
17. If a word by result of the aforementioned rule terminates in -w, it becomes -u.
18. ĭ ŭ > e o / _#

    alo ( < *alu)

19. s > h / _R
20. j > Ø /#_V
21. h > Ø /V_C
22. Compensatory vowel lengthening follows the above law.
23. s > z / V_V
24. b > v / V_V
25. d > z / V_V
26. z > r / V_V (unless following or preceding syllable already has r)
27. Words of three or more syllables may occasionally experience V > Ø / _#
28. ai ei eu > ē ī iu when stressed

    ējum ( < *aigum, pres act 1pl of *aiganą), rīzanā ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), kiuranā ( < *keusaną)

    ērīs 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. avajs 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)

Example sentences

1. sā hweū hwurhte sanā wulhwā hwure avajs

   þō fehū furhti þaną wulfą furi habaiþi.

   'The cattle has fear of the wolf.'

2. sa wulhwā sā hweū ērīs

   sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *gheis-, cf. Goth. usgaisjan)

   'The wolf terrorizes the cattle.'

A man says to another man…

This is in step 16 Skājamāl

— O, Hweho!
— Hweho?
— Hwehōh?!
— Ne, hweho!
— Hahā, hweho!

Listen to this dialogue read by D. Salo