User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl

1. merger of overlong into long vowels

   *pūkō ( < *pūkô)

2. d > þ / r_ / (represent /d/ as [þ] here for later word changes, cf. Go waurd, ON orð) but not after [l], [n], or [m]

   *wurþą ( < wurdą)

3. d > ð / V_V (show /d/ = [ð] intervocalically)

   *nimiði ( < *nimidi)

4. z > s / _# [unconditionally]

   *gaisas ( < *gaizaz)

5. s > h / _#

   *baisah ( < *baizaz) which later gives bērah

6. ō > ā

   markā < *markō

7. vowels [+nasal] > vowels [-nasal] [+length]

   *breustā ( < *breustą)

8. γ > j / #_V, V_V

   *jaisīþi ( < **gaisīþi), skājah ( < *skōgaz)

9. γ > v̄ / V_[+voiced +consonant]
10. þ > h / _R

    *mahlā ( < *maþlą) which later gives māl

11. ā > ē / [+dental +consonant +nasal]_#
12. Spontaneous haplogy (sic).

    *nimði < *nimiði ( < *nimidi)

13. f > hw / _V

    *hwehu ( < *fehu)

14. þ > s [unconditionally]

    sat ( < *þat), wursā < *wurþā ( < *wurdą)

15. d > n / nV_V

    annā ( < *andô)

16. ă ĕ ŏ > Ø / _# (unless monosyllabic) (Short vowel deletion rule)
17. If a word by result of the short vowel deletion becomes monosyllabic, lengthen the stem vowel for compensation.
18. If a word by result of the aforementioned rule terminates in -w, it becomes -u.
19. ĭ ŭ > e o / _#

    alo ( < *alu)

20. s > h / _R
21. j > Ø /#_V

    allā < *jallā ( < *gallō)

    exception j > ē / #_e for disyllabic words

    ēbā < *jebā ( < *gebā)

22. h > Ø /V_C, with compensatory lenghtening of the preceding vowel

    mālā < *mahlā ( < *maþlą)

23. s > z / V_V

    *keuzanā ( < *keusaną)

24. b > v / V_V

    *averanā < *aberanā ( < *gaberaną), ēvā < *ēbā ( < *gebō )

25. d > z / V_V

    māzēr < *māðēr ( < *mōdēr)

26. z > r / V_V (unless following or preceding syllable already has r)

    *ekorana < *ekozana ( < *gekozanaz)

27. h > Ø / #_V

    *ailah < *hailah ( < *hailaz)

28. Words of three or more syllables may occasionally experience V > Ø / _#
29. ai ei eu > ē ī iu when stressed

    ējum ( < *aigum, pres act 1pl of *aiganą), rīzanā ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), kiuranā ( < *keusaną)

    ērīs 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. avajs 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)

Status

Ending(s)	PG	Skā
a-stem masculine accusative singular	ą	ā
a-stem masculine nominative singular	az	ah
i-stem masculine accusative singular	į	ī
i-stem nominative singular	iz	ih
u-stem accusative singular	ų	ū
u-stem nominative singular	uz	uh
1st person singular present of verbs	ō	ā
ō-stem adjective accusative singular	ǭ	ō
ō-stem accusative plural	ōz	āh
3rd person singular past of weak verbs	ē	ē
a-stem dative singular	ai	ē
short ja-stem neuter nominative singular	ją	jā
short ja-stem masculine nominative singular	jaz	jah
i-stem nominative plural	īz	īh
long ja-stem masculine nominative singular	ijaz	jjah
long ja-stem neuter nominative singular	iją	jjā
3rd person singular past subjunctive	ī	ī
adverb suffix	ô	ā
genitive plural	ǫ̂	ō
ō-stem nominative plural	ôz	āh
u-stem genitive singular	auz	auh (ōh)
adverb suffix	ê	ē

Early Skājamāl personal pronouns

	First person			Second person
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ek *ik1	*wet *wit1	*wīh *wih1	*sū	*jut	*jūh
Accusative	*mek *mik1	*unn	*uss	*sek *sik1	*innu	*ihwih
Genitive	*mīnah	*unnerah	*usserah	*sīnah	*innūrah	*ihwerah
Dative/instrumental	*mih	*unnih	*ussih	*sih	*innwih	*ihwih

¹ – Unstressed variant

The Lord's Prayer

hwāzēr usserah, sū īre in himinamah
sījje sīna namā ēlagāz,
wirkijē sīna wiljā,
ekwemē sīna rīkijā,
hwa an ersē hwe an himinamah
ēf daebrauzā ussera himmē daē ussih
hworholēt usserāh skuldin ussih
hwe auk wīh hworlētam san skuldan ussih
nuh bring uss in kūtauh ak eablēzī uss
a uvilammē.

Example sentences

1. sā hweū hwurhte sanā wulhwā hwure avajs

   þō fehū furhti þaną wulfą furi habaiþi.

   'The cattle has fear of the wolf.'

2. sa wulhwā sā hweū ērīs

   sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *gheis-, cf. Goth. usgaisjan)

   'The wolf terrorizes the cattle.'

A man says to another man…

This is in step 16 Skājamāl

— O, Hweho!
— Hweho?
— Hwehōh?!
— Ne, hweho!
— Hahā, hweho!

Listen to this dialogue read by D. Salo