Idavic languages: Difference between revisions
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*la·ri-ʕát > ''la·ráʕt' '' 'I am seen' | *la·ri-ʕát > ''la·ráʕt' '' 'I am seen' | ||
*ja·la-ʕat' → ''ja·láʕt' '' 'I see you folks' | *ja·la-ʕat' → ''ja·láʕt' '' 'I see you folks' | ||
====The verb forms==== | ====The verb forms==== | ||
Revision as of 19:25, 27 March 2020
In the AETHER timeline, the Shalaic languages are a family of in-universe conlangs. The family is intended to blend IE and Semitic phonaesthetics seamlessly.
Family tree
Phonology
- Consonants: b d j g p’ t’ ł’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s ł h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
- Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō
- Pitch accent: modal (á), creaky (ã)
Diachronics
- b > v; ɓ > b; g > y, kh, or CL; j > ʒ; ng > ng3 > n3
- Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
- q G q' > H ayin q
- further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
- Vowel shifts: ā > /ɛɪ/ (except before pharyngeals); ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
- final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
- Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
- Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
Phonotactics
Allowed root clusters
Allowed clusters with no glottal stop:
- mC: mn ml mr my m3 mb md mj mg mb' mt' mč' mk' mkw' mq' mp mt ms mč mk mkw mq mh
- nC: nm nr n3 ny nw nd nj ng nt' nč' nk' nkw' nq' nt ns nč nk nkw nq nh
- lC: lm ln l3 ly lw lb ld lj lg lb' lt' lč' lk' lkw' lq' lp lt ls lč lk lkw lq lh
- rC: rm rn r3 ry rw rb rd rj rg rb' rt' rč' rk' rkw' rq' rp rt rs rč rk rkw rq rh
- 3C: 3m 3n 3l 3r 3y (never initial) 3w 3b 3d 3j 3g 3b' 3t' 3k' 3p 3t 3s 3č 3k 3kw 3q
- Cm: nm lm rm 3m dm jm gm t'm č'm k'm kw'm q'm tm sm čm km kwm qm hm
- Cn: mn ln 3n bn dn jn gn b'n t'n č'n k'n kw'n q'n pn tn sn čn kn kwn qn hn
- Cl: ml nl 3l rl bl dl jl b'l t'l č'l k'l kw'l q'l fl tl sl čl kl kwl ql hl
- Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr jr t'r č'r k'r kw'r q'r pr tr sr čr kr kwr qr hr
- Cy: my ny ly ry 3y (never initial) by b'y dy t'y č'y k'y q'y py ty sy ky qy hy
- Cw: nw 3w dw jw t'w č'w q'w tw sw čw qw
- C3: m3 n3 l3 r3 b3 d3 j3 b'3 t'3 č'3 k'3 kw'3 q'3 p3 t3 s3 č3 k3 kw3 q3
- XX: bd bj bg bt' bč' bk' bs bkw' bq' pt pč pk pq db dg tb' t'k' t'q' tp tk tq jb jd jg čb' č't' č'k' čp čt čs čq gb gd gj kb' k't' k's k'č' kp kt kč ks kwb' kw't' kw's kw'č' kwp kwt kws kwč qb' q't' q'č' qp qt qs qč sb sd sg sb' st' sč' sk' sq' sp st sč sk sq
Morphology
Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Shalaic, as in Modern Shalaian.
The three genders, the strong and weak declensions and the two sets of possessive markers are all Proto-Shalaic features. Verbs were not inflected for tense or person, and were syntactically verbal nouns; it is thought that verbs developed personal marking later from possessed (even doubly-possessed) verbal noun forms.
Root structure
Shalaic roots were consonantal roots as in Semitic languages: most roots were biconsonantals C-C ~ -CC or triconsonantals alternating between C-CC ~ CC-C.
- √t-q 'to say' (a source of Shal. thaaH)
- √ʕ-d 'to shine' (source of Shal. għeed 'bright'; għádmer 'happiness' comes from a root extension √ʕ-dm)
- √ʕ-t' 'to see'
Ablaut
There were 8 ablaut grades:
- zero-grade (CC)
- a-grade (CaC ~ CCa or CaCC ~ CCaC)
- i-grade (CiC ~ CCi or CiCC ~ CCiC)
- u-grade (CuC ~ CCu or CuCC ~ CCuC)
- ō-grade (CōC or CōCC)
- lengthened grades:* ā, ī, ū (intensive? transitive? plural? nominalization? pair up with short grades?)
Examples
√ʕ-d 'to shine'
- Intransitive verbs: ʕad ~ ʕid ~ ʕd = to shine
- Adjectives: ʕīd = bright
- Action or state noun: ʕud = (state of) shining, brightness
- Deverbal noun: ʕōd = light
- Derived verbs: ʕad-ī́r = to cause to shine
Nouns
Noun plurals: -ōk, -ā, -ī, ablaut and/or redup
Weak and strong nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Paradigms
Finite verbs
Do the Old Irishy prefix thing but w/ personal prefixes?
- ʕát' 'see! look (at it)!'
- la·ʕát'-Ø → la·ʕát' 'I see it'
- la·ri-ʕát > la·ráʕt' 'I am seen'
- ja·la-ʕat' → ja·láʕt' 'I see you folks'
The verb forms
- The imperative
- The first infinitive: origin of Shalaian finite verbs; some conflation with imperative
- The second infinitive (more of a lexical deverbal noun): origin of the Shalaian infinitive
Derivation
- -ay (h): abstract noun
- With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n ~ ·ríkʷan 'to rest; to check out'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in Shalaian (riwháin vs. ríwhain).
Syntax
Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:
- Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)