Verse:Schngellstein/Stem-Celtic Nurian

Modern Hivatish (native name: sanwermanes hivatu tangu or juung hivatu tangu) is an Estonian-inspired descendant of Hivatish.

Numbers: õin, tua, tria, kidur, pik, huu, heht, õst, neu, tis

Tepader! = an oath, like "Jesus" or "Christ" in our English

kuruunaawihuh = coronavirus, kõuvid = COVID

udra = water

Phonology

Consonants: p b v t d δ k g s z h m n ng w r l j /p b v t d ð k g s z h~χ m n ŋ w ʀ l j/

Vowels: a e i u õ /a e i u ɤ/ + long vowels and diphthongs

Nouns

no gender

Consonant declension

valg 'wolf' (< valkuq)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	valg	valgar
Genitive	valga	valgu
Dative	valge	valgav
Ablative-Locative	valged	valgav

wirδ 'word' (< wirdun)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wirδ	werδar
Genitive	werδa	wirδu
Dative	wirδe	wirδav
Ablative-Locative	wirδed	wirδav

a-declension

võga 'city' (< vukáa)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	võga	võgar
Genitive	võgar	võgu
Dative	võge	võgav
Ablative-Locative	võgad	võgav

i-declension

inn 'fire' (< ingniq)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	inn	innir
Genitive	innir	innu
Dative	inne	inniv
Ablative-Locative	innid	inniv

u-declension

suht 'attempt'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	suht	suhtur
Genitive	suhter	suhtu
Dative	suhte	suhtuv
Ablative-Locative	suhtud	suhtuv

Athematic declension

Athematic nouns are the most irregular:

ree 'king'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ree	reejer
Genitive	reeja	reeju
Dative	rei	reejav
Ablative-Locative	reejed	reejav

eralu 'trout'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	eralu	eralur
Genitive	eraluja	eralu
Dative	erale	eralav
Ablative-Locative	eralud	eralav

anur 'storm'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	anur	anurir
Genitive	anure	anuri
Dative	anure	anuriv
Ablative-Locative	anurid	anuriv

em 'sea'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	em	emar
Genitive	imer	imu
Dative	eme	emav
Ablative-Locative	emad	emav

n-stem declension

nõma 'name'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nõma	nõmanar
Genitive	nõmar	nõmanu
Dative	nõmane	nõmanav
Ablative-Locative	nõmaned	nõmanav

Reborrowed classical nouns

wihuh 'virus' (reborrowed from wiquq)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wihuh	wihar
Genitive	wiha	wihu
Dative	wihe	wihav
Ablative-Locative	wihed	wihav

Adjectives

Similar to noun declension classes; adjectives before nouns. The u-declension is the regular one for adjectives, except for ones that end in a vowel or -r.

• Nominative: tali wirδ 'long word', taljar werδar 'long words'
• Genitive: talja werδa, talju wirδu
• Dative: talje wirδe, taljav wirδav
• Abl-loc: taljad wirδed, taljav wirδav

Pronouns

case	1sg.	2sg. (familiar)	3sg.			1pl.	2pl., polite	3pl.	reflexive	interrogative/relative
			"he"	"she"	"it"					"who"	"what"
nom.	ja	tu	se	sa	sud	am	ju	sir	-	ke	kid
acc.	mi	ti	sun	san	sud	ang	jung	sur	hi	kun	kid
gen.	min	tiv	siv	siv	ta	angar	jungar	sar	hiv	kiv	kia
dat.	mõi	tõi	sõme, sõm	sõre, sõr	tõme, tõm	angav	jungav	siv, serav	hõi	kõme, kõm	kiime, kiim
abl.-loc.	mined, med	tived, ted	sõmed	sõred	tõmed	angav	jungav	siv, serav	hived, hed	kõmed	kiimed

(oblique forms of kid are from Qivattu kit 'what' + appropriate case forms of the neuter sg. relative pronoun jut)

Verbs

TODO: revamp tenses to get split-ergativity, add evidentiality

Unlike Qivattutannguaq, Pestonian is NOT pro-drop.

There is a 2x2 tense structure: {non-past, past} x {imperfective, perfective}.

Ergativity is used in perfect(ive) tenses. The verb agrees with the noun in the absolutive case, and the ergative subject is marked with tar 'through' plus the accusative case: Tar sin teisedõim. 'He will find me.'

As in Hebrew and Russian, some tenses are pro-drop but some tenses are not.

teised "he finds":

• Non-past imperfective: ja teisia, tu teiser, se/sa/sud teised, am teisim, ju teisid, sir teisud
• Past imperfective: ja teiser, tu teiset, se/sa/sud teiser, am teiseme, ju teisete, sir teiser
• Past perfective: teisedim, teiseder, teiseded, teisedime, teisedite, teisedud
• Future perfective: teisetõim, teisetõir, teisetõid, teisetõime, teisetõite, teisetõjud

vinned "he binds":

• Non-past imperfective: ja vinna, tu vinner, se/sa/sud vinned, am vinnam, ju vinned, sir vinnud
• Past imperfective: ja vanner, tu vannet, se/sa/sud vanner, am vanneme, ju vannete, sir vanner
• Past perfective: vandim, vander, vanded, vandime, vandite, vandud
• Future perfective: vantõim, vantõir, vantõid, vantõime, vantõite, vantõjud

teepudad "he rules":

• Non-past imperfective: ja teepuda, tu teepudar, se teepudad, am teepudam, ju teepudad, sir teepudud
• Past imperfective: ja teepudar, tu teepudat, se teepudar, am teepudame, ju teepudate, sir teepudar
• Past perfective: teepudadim, teepudader, teepudaded, teepudadime, teepudadite, teepudadud
• Future perfective: teepudatõim, teepudatõir, teepudatõid, teepudatõime, teepudatõite, teepudatõjud