Alska: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(107 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:
|name = Alska
|name = Alska
|nativename = Alska
|nativename = Alska
|pronunciation = ['alska]
|pronunciation = 'alska
|region = Scandinavia/The Baltic States
|setting = Scandinavia/The Baltic States
|minority = Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia  
|minority = Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia  
|speakers = No Census Data
|speakers = No Census Data
|date = 2013
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|East Scandinavian]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Scandinavian]]
|map          = AlskaArea.png
|map          = AlskaArea.png
|mapcaption    = A map showing Alska's intended area of use.  Red represents the countries which speak languages Alska was based on, Orange represent countries whose languages are not related to Alska, but which may interact frequently with Alska-speakers. Yellow areas are parts of countries that may encounter Alska speakers, but would not normally frequently interact with them.   
|mapcaption    = A map showing Alska's intended area of use.  Red represents the countries which speak languages Alska was based on, Orange represent countries whose languages are not related to Alska, but which may interact frequently with Alska-speakers. Yellow areas are parts of countries that may encounter Alska speakers, but would not normally frequently interact with them.   
|iso1 = al
|script1        = Latn
|iso2 = als
|creator       = User:Darthme
|iso3 = als
|script       = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
}}


==Background==
==Background==


Alska ['alska] is a Western Scandinavian language created for the purposes of enhancing mutual intelligebility across the main scandinavian languages, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. Icelandic and Faroese are represented in the orthography and phonology of the language, but most of th main vocabulary is made up of mainland Scandinavian words. It is designed to be mutually intelligible to all Scandinavians without borrowing too heavily from any one language.  
Alska ['alska] is a Western Scandinavian language created for the purposes of enhancing mutual intelligebility across the main scandinavian languages, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. Icelandic and Faroese are represented in the orthography and three-gender system of the language as well as the use of the letter (ð), but most of the main vocabulary is made up of mainland Scandinavian words. It is designed to be mutually intelligible to all Scandinavians without borrowing too heavily from any one language.
 
Also, as a small note, primary stress will be marked in IPA with (') as usual, but secondary stress will be marked with (.) because it is annoying to insert the (ˌ) mark every other syllable.  




Line 48: Line 47:
|a
|a
|[a]/[ɑ]
|[a]/[ɑ]
| -
|  
|-
|-
Line 56: Line 55:
|b
|b
|[b]
|[b]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|d
|d
|[d]
|[d]
| -
|  
|-
|-
Line 68: Line 67:
|e
|e
|[ɛ]/[e]
|[ɛ]/[e]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|[ei:]
|[ei:]
| -
|Icelandic (ei), Swedish (ej)
|-
|-
|f
|f
|[f]
|[f]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|g
|g
|[g]
|[g]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|h
|h
|[h]
|[h]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|i
|i
|[ɪ]/[i:]
|[ɪ]/[i:]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|[ai:]
|[ai:]
|corresponds with (ej)/(ei) in Mainland Scandinavia, as well as certain instances of (eg) in Danish  
|corresponds with (ej)/(ei) in Danish/Norwegian, as well as certain instances of (eg) in Danish  
|-
|-
|j
|j
|[j]
|[j]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|k
|k
|[k]
|[k]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|l
|l
|[l]
|[l]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|m
|m
|[m]
|[m]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|n
|n
|[n]
|[n]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ]/[o]
|[ɔ]/[o]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|p
|p
|[p]
|[p]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|r
|r
Line 128: Line 127:
|s
|s
|[s]
|[s]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|t
|t
|[t]
|[t]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|u
|u
|[u]
|[u]
| -
|often realized as [ʉ] by many speakers
|-
|-
|v
|v
|[v]
|[v]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|y
|y
|[y:]
|[y:]
|pronounced almost like German 'ü'
|pronounced almost like German (ü)
|-
|-
Line 152: Line 151:
|[o:]
|[o:]
| -
|  
|-
|-


Line 165: Line 164:


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
This is a table of the consonantic phonemes in Alska


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 205: Line 203:
|
|
|
|
|(ŋ)
|ŋ (ŋg)
|
|
|-
|-
Line 213: Line 211:
|
|
|s
|s
|(ç)
|
|
|t͡ɕ
|h
|h
|-
|-
Line 222: Line 220:
|
|
|
|
|r
|ɾ
|
|
|j
|j
Line 240: Line 238:




*(sj) denotes [ɕ] and (kj) denotes [t͡ɕ]
*(sj)/(kj) represent [ɕ], but (kj) may also be realized as [ç] by some speakers.
*(tj) represents [tɕ]
*(ng) represents [ŋ], which occurs mostly as a word-final sound. Some speakers tend to realize (ng) as [ŋg] in its word final position, and [ŋ] elsewhere. 
I.e: (betydning - meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋg] - (betydningen - the meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋ.en]


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 248: Line 249:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Back'''
|-
|-
!'''Closed'''
!'''Closed'''
|i
|i y
| -
|u ʊ
| -
|u/ʊ
|-
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e ø
| -
|e
|o
|o
|-
|-
Line 271: Line 264:
| -
| -
|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|a
|a
| -
|ɑ
| -
|-
| -
|}
|}


===Vowel Length===
===Vowel Length===


There is no reliable way to determine vowel length, however, if a vowel precedes a double consonant such as (tt), it will always be short. The vowels (å) and (ø) cannot change in length.
There is no reliable way to determine vowel length, however, if a vowel precedes a double consonant such as (tt), it is safe to assume it will be short.  A notable exception is for certain adjectives which gain a double consonant from inflection. The vowels in these adjectives will retain the same quality as before the inflection. The vowels (å) and (ø) cannot change in length.  Likewise, the letters (á), (é), and (í) cannot become short because they represent diphthongs.


===Stress===
===Stress===
Alska uses stress to differentiate words instead of a pitch accent like Norwegian and Swedish do.


Stress usually falls on the first syllable of a word.  Words that do not follow this pattern are usually loanwords, which follow their original pronunciation rules when adopted, although the spelling is often changed to help integrate them into Alska.
Stress usually falls on the first syllable of a word.  Words that do not follow this pattern are usually loanwords, which follow their original pronunciation rules when adopted, although the spelling is often changed to help integrate them into Alska.


The prefixes (for-), (be), and (u) are unstressed, and primary stress falls on the syllable after them.
The prefixes (for-), (be-), and (u-) are unstressed, and primary stress falls on the syllable after them.
*''forstå'' [foɾ'sto:] - to understand
 
The endings (-tion), (-ti/tik), (-aner), and (-ør) are receive primary stress, even if there is another syllabe after them (for example, the plural ending)
*''politikkar'' [pɔlɪ'tɪk.aɾ] - politicians


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 295: Line 291:
===Nouns===
===Nouns===


Nouns have two genders in Alska, Common and Neuter.  These nouns must always agree with their adjectives gender-wise.   
There are three grammatical genders in Alska:  Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.  Each gender is distinguished by a different enclitic article when a noun is definiteLikewise, each gender has its own indefinite articleThe three endings are (-en) for the Masculine, (-an) for the Feminine, and (-et) for the NeuterAdditionally, (-er/ar) is the most commonly used plural marker.   
 
Nouns can come in two numbers, singular and pluralTo make a vowel plural, either the suffix '-er', '-e' or '-ene' is added to the end.  Very few nouns that have a natural fminine gender get the '-e' suffix for their indefinite plural form.  This can cause confusion, since '-er' is also how verbs conjugate for all persons in the present tenseWhen a noun is definite, the plural is '-ene'.  When it is not, the plural is '-er'.   


====Definite vs. Indefinite====
====Definite vs. Indefinite====


Nouns can be definite or indefinite, and this is decided by the use of an enclitic article.  The common gender has the suffix '-en' to make it definite, the neuter gender has '-et'.  These articles can be separated from their noun.  This transforms them into <i>indefinite</i> articles.    
Whether a noun is definite or not is decided by the use of an enclitic article in the form of a suffix.  These articles can be seperated from the noun and used in a sentence to transform them into indefinite articles.


For example:
For example:  
 
   
*<i>Flyge</i> - Woman + '-en' = <i>Flyg<b>en</b></i> - The Woman.  (The extra 'e' is combined)
 
Here is a chart showing a selection of nouns in their indefinite and definite forms, as well as the plurals for each.  
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Indefinite Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Definite'''
!'''Definite'''
!'''Definite Plural'''
!'''Definite Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!mann
| colspan="4" | '''''feminine:'''''
|manner
|-
|common
|jinte
|man
|jintar
!foten
|jintan
|fotene
|jintana
|common
|-
|foot
|girl
|girls
|the girl
|the girls
|-
|-
!land
| colspan="4" | '''''masculine:'''''
|lander
|neuter
|land
!hemmellen
|hemmellene
|common
|sky, heaven
|-
|-
!sju
|dríng
|sjuer
|drínger
|common
|dríngen
|shoe
|dríngerne
!ligtet
|ligtene
|neuter
|light
|-
|-
!live
|boy
|liver
|boys
|common
|the boy
|life
|the boys
!sprokken
|sprokkene
|common
|language
|-
|-
!tir
| colspan="4" | '''''neuter:'''''
|tirer
|neuter
|animal
!boket
|bokene
|neuter
|book
|-
|-
!elske
|hus
|elsker
|huse
|common
|huset
|love
|husene
!vulfen
|vulfene
|common
|wolf
|-
|-
!lørdin
|house
|lørdin<i>e</i>
|houses
|common
|the house
|lady
|the houses
!lørd
|lørdene
|common
|lord
|-
|-
|}
|}
Note how all definite plural suffixes are the same, no matter the gender of the word itself.


====Articles====
====Articles====


With definite and indefinite nouns come definite (demonstrative) and indefinite articles.  Gender applies to these articles in both the definite and indefinite form.
While definiteness can be determined by an enclitic article, demonstrative articles are also used, which show definiteness, but are not attached to their nounAll genders are represented, expect for in the plural, when the article (de) is always used regardless of gender.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Definite article'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Common'''
!'''Demonstrative article'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Indefinite Article'''
!'''Indefinite Article'''
!'''Common'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
|-
!'''Nom. / Acc.'''
!'''Masculine'''
|den
|den
|det
|denne/dette
!'''Nom./Acc.'''
|en
|en
|et
| -
|-
|-
!'''Dat.'''
!'''Feminine'''
|dan
|dan
|dat
|danne/datte
!'''Dat.'''
|an
|an
|at
|-
| -
!'''Neuter'''
|det
|et
|-
!'''Plural'''
|de
|
|-
|}
|}


There are no plural forms for indefinite articles, as the are only ever used to refer to singular things.  <i>Denne</i> and <i>dette</i> can also be used for 'this'.


Demonstrative articles are used when
There are no plural forms for indefinite articles, as the are only ever used to refer to singular things.  (denne), (danne) (dette) are all used for ''this''/''that'', ''these'', or ''those''; one only has to switch between them due to a noun's gender. 


a) referring directly to something or someone. 
It should be mentioned that the distinction bewteen (den) and (dan) is not always clearMost mainland Scandinavians tend to pronounce them almost the same since they are used to only distinguishing between two grammatical genders in their native languages. Even in some cases in Icelandic, the Masculine and Feminine are pronounced the same, and are only clearly seperate in writing as (-inn) and (-in).   
*  For example: <i>Den mann</i> - That man
b) referring back to the subject of the sentence of something previously mentioned. 
*  For example: <i>Tirer er alltid duf. Det er ikke bestimmer</i> - Animals are always stupid. This is not trueHere 'det' is referring to the previous mentioned concept of animals being stupid.
c) an adjective precedes the noun it stems from.   
*  For example: <i>en mann -> den strungen mann</i>


Often the demonstrative article is used instead of the enclitic article in speech because saying 'den strungen mann' is also the same as saying 'strungen mannen'
With this in mind, both (den) and (dan) tend to be pronounced [dɛn].  Likewise, if an emphasis is being put on the word, it can be pronouned as [den].  This happens when the speaker is talking about a specific object, similar to the difference between saying ''the car'' and ''that car'' in English.  This is also true for the indefinite forms (en)/(an)


===Personal Pronouns===
===Personal Pronouns===


Personal pronouns change depending on the case they are used in.  (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, or Genitive)  Possessive Pronouns change depending on the gender of the noun they possess.   
Personal pronouns change depending on the case they are used in.  (Nominative, Accusative, or Genitive)  Possessive Pronouns change depending on the gender of the noun they possess.   


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 443: Line 389:
|-
|-
!'''Nominative'''
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|jeg
|colspan=2|jíg
|colspan="2"|vi
|colspan="2"|vi
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|mig
|colspan="2"|míg
|colspan="2"|oss
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|mig
|colspan="2"|oss
|colspan="2"|oss
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
|colspan="2"|minn
|colspan="2"|min / mina / mit / mine
|colspan="2"|osser
|colspan="2"|vår /våre
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
Line 469: Line 411:
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|dig
|colspan="2"|díg
|colspan="2"|ig
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|dig
|colspan="2"|ig
|colspan="2"|ig
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
|colspan="2"| -
|colspan="2"|din / dina / dit / dine
|colspan="2"| -
|colspan="2"|iger / ige
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
Line 491: Line 429:
|han
|han
|hun
|hun
|den / det
|det
|disse / disse
|de
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|han
|ham
|hun
|hun
|den / det
|det
|disse / disse
|de
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ham
|hum
|dan / dat
|dasse / dasse
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
| -
|hans
| -
|hinnes
| -
|dettes
| -
|deres
|}
|}


This is one of the only times that defined masculine and feminine category appears in Alska, as it is a case of natural gender.  
The possessive pronouns (min) and (din) change based on gender, but their plural versions, (iger) and (vår) do not distinguish gender, only plurality.
 
Also, it is important to remember that (han) changes to (ham) in the Accusative, but back to (hans) in Genitive.
 
There is no true Gentitive case in Alska, only possessive pronouns.  There is no Dative case at all.


There are no genitive forms for 'du', and 'han/hun/det'Their corresponding possessives are used instead.   
===Adjectives===
 
Adjectives in Alska are inflected for gender and number, in the same mode as nouns are made definite with (-e), (-a) and (-t)The plural ending is always (-e), adjectives do not inflect for gender in the plural. If a noun is masculine or feminine, and is indefinite, the adjective does not have to be inflected.  If the noun is neuter, a (-t) must be added even if the noun is indefiniteIf the noun is indefinite and plural, the noun must be inflected.
 
Here are some examples:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Indefinite Plural'''
!'''Definite'''
!'''Definite Plural'''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''''feminine:'''''
|-
|an smuk jinte
|smukke jintar
|dan smukka jinte
|smukke jintana / de smukke jintar
|-
|a pretty girl
|pretty girls
|the pretty girl
|the pretty girls
|-
|-
!'''jeg'''
| colspan="4" | '''''masculine:'''''
|minn
|minnene
|-
|-
!'''du'''
|en vak dríng
|dinn
|vakke drínger
|dinnene
|den vakke dríng
|vakke dríngerne / de vakke drínger
|-
|-
!'''den''' / '''det'''
|a handsome boy
|sinn
|handsome boys
|sinnene
|the handsome boy
|the handsome boys
|-
|-
!'''hun'''
| colspan="4" | '''''neuter:'''''
|sinn
|sinnene
|-
|-
!'''we'''
|et gult hus
|osser
|gule huse
|osser
|det gult hus
|gule husene / de gule huse
|-
|-
!'''i'''
|a yellow house
|ier
|yellow houses
|ierne
|the yellow house
|the yellow houses
|-
|-
|}
|}


Possessives can have '-tt' suffixed on to them, if the noun they possess is neuter in gender.  There is no suffix for common:


*<i>Mitt hus</i> - My house
It is important to notice that some adjectives gain a double consonant when they are in their definite forms: (vak - vakke)/(smuk - smukke).  This would not happen if these adjectives were inflected for neuter gender: (smuk - smukt)/(vak - vakt).  Other adjectives do not gain a double consonant, such as (gul).  This does not change the pronunciation of the vowel proceeding the double consonant, although many times double consonants indicate a short vowel before them.
*<i>Minn hund</i> - My dog


===Adjectives===
====Comparative====


Adjectives come in their root form, and are inflected for gender and number, with the same two endings used for making nouns definite, '-en', and '-et'.  The plural ending is '-ene'  An adjective does not, however, have to be inflected if it comes <i>after</i> the noun it describes.  
The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding (-er)/(-ara) to the adjective.  The word 'enn' precedes the noun being compared.  The adjective is inflected for the gender of the first noun being compared.  One may also use the construction ''X er mer ___ enn Y''.  In this case, the adjective does not inflect for gender.


Here are some examples:
For example:


*<i>En strungen mann</i> - A strong man
*''den man er stérker enn danne jinte'' - the man is stronger than that girl
*<i>Et lillet hus</i> - A little house (Can also be formed through the diminutive)
*''danne jinte er mer stérk enn denne man.'' - that girl is stronger than that man.
*<i>Den er en smuken flyge</i> - That is a pretty girl
*<i>Den flyge er <b>smuk</b></i> - That girl is pretty
*<i>Disse lillene huser</i> - These little houses


====Comparative====
The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding '-ere' to the adjective itself.  The word 'ennd' precedes the noun being compared. 
For example:


*<i>Den mann er strungere ennd den flyge</i> - The man is stronger than that girl.   
If something is being compared on the same level, (så) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after. Additionally, the adjective is not inflected, as the two nouns being compared are of equal status.  It is also acceptable to say ''X er ____ som Y''. Once again, in this construction, the adjective does not inflect, although this implies a slight difference: using this construction means that ''X'' has an attribute like ''Y'', but does not necessarily imply that the two are on the same level exactly.   


If something is being compared on the same level, 'somm' is used after the adjective.  
*''danne jinte er så stérk som danne jinte'' - that girl is (just) as strong as that girl.
*''det hus er pént som det hus (derover)'' - the house is pretty like that house (over there).


*<i>Den mann er strung somm den flyge</i> - The man is as strong as the girl.


If something is being compared as less than something, 'minntre' is used before the adjective, and 'somm' is used before the other noun.
If something is being compared as less than another noun, (mintre)/(mintra) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after.  The adjective is inflected normally for the gender of the first noun. (This can also be acheived by saying ''X er ikke så ____ som Y'')


*<i>Den mann er minntre strung somm den flyge</i> - The man is weaker than the woman. (This can also be formed with the adjective weak, or by using 'ikke' before 'minntre', making 'not as strong')
*''det hus er mintre smukt enn dette hus'' - the house is less beautiful than that house.
*''den man er ikke så store som denne man'' - the man is not so large as that man.


====Irregular Adjectives====
====Irregular Adjectives====
Line 587: Line 531:
Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.   
Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.   


*<i>Det hus er godt</i> - The house is good
*<i>det hus er godt</i> - the house is good
*<i>Det hus er bettre</i> - The house is better
*<i>det hus er bettre</i> - the house is better
*<i>Dette hus er betre ennd det hus</i> - This house is better than that house
*''det hus er (det) beste - the house is (the) best
*<i>dette hus er bettre en det hus</i> - this house is better than that house


====Superlative====
====Superlative====
Line 607: Line 552:
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!strung
!stérk
|strungere
|stérkere
|strungest
|stérkest
|strong
|strong
!godt
!god
|betre
|bettre
|best
|beste
|good
|good
|-
|-
Line 620: Line 565:
|langest
|langest
|long, tall
|long, tall
!hog
!makket
|højer
|mere
|højest
|mest
|high
|much
|-
|-
!ung
!ung
Line 630: Line 575:
|young
|young
!gamell
!gamell
|elt
|eltre
|eltest
|eltest
|old
|old
|-
|-
!kald
!kold
|kaldere
|koldere
|kaldest
|koldest
|cold
|cold
!lille
!lille
|smål
|småler
|smålest
|smålest
|little, small
|little, small
|-
|-
|}
|}
*(smål) by itself is the plural version of (lille)


===Numbers===
===Numbers===
Line 649: Line 596:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
|-
!0
|0
|null
|null
| -
|
!1
|-
|1
|en
|en
|vørste
|vørste
|-
|-
!2
|2
|
|to
|sekunde
|annen
!3
|-
|3
|tre
|tre
|trede
|trede
|-
|-
!4
|4
|fjyr
|fjir
|fjyrede
|fjerde
!5
|-
|5
|fimm
|fimm
|fimmede
|fimmte
|-
|-
!6
|6
|sex
|sex
|sexede
|sjett
!7
|sjø
|sjøede
|-
|-
!8
|7
|atte
|syv
|attede
|syvente
!9
|nan
|nanede
|-
|-
!10
|8
|tan
|åtte
|tanede
|åttente
!11
|-
|9
|ni
|niente
|-
|10
|ti
|tiente
|-
|11
|ellfu
|ellfu
|ellfede
|ellfte
|-
|-
!12
|12
|tolfu
|tolfu
|tolfede
|tolfte
!13
|-
|tretan
|13
|tretanede
|treten
|tretante
|-
|-
!14
|14
|fjyrtan
|fjirten
|fjyrtanede
|fjyrtente
!15
|fimmtan
|fimmtanede
|-
|-
!16
|15
|sextan
|fimmten
|sextanede
|fimmtente
!17
|sjøtan
|sjøtanede
|-
|-
!18
|16
|attjan
|sejksten
|attjanede
|sejkstente
!19
|nantan
|nantanede
|-
|-
!20
|17
|Tjoi
|sytten
|Tjoede
|syttente
!21
|Tjoen
|Tejoenede
|-
|-
!22
|18
|Tjoitø
|atten
|Tjoitøede
|attente
!30
|-
|19
|nitten
|nittente
|-
|20
|tjyve
|tjyvente
|-
|21
|tjyveen
|tjyveente
|-
|22
|tjyveto
|tjyvetoente
|-
|30
|treti
|treti
|tretede
|tretiente
|-
|31
|tretien
|tretiente
|-
|-
!31
|40
|treen (tre-en)
|treenede
!40
|fjyrti
|fjyrti
|fjyrtide
|fjyrtiente
|-
|-
!50
|50
|fimmti
|fimmti
|fimmtide
|fimmtiente
!60
|-
|60
|sexti
|sexti
|sextide
|sextiente
|-
|70
|syvti
|syvtiente
|-
|-
!70
|80
|sjøti
|sjøtide
!80
|jåtti
|jåtti
|jåttit
|jåttiente
|-
|90
|niti
|nitiente
|-
|-
!90
|100
|nanti
|nantide
!100
|hundre
|hundre
|hundrede
|hundrete
|}
|}


Note that in some numbers, certain letters are omitted, such as the 'i' in 'tjoen'.
Forming numbers higher than 19 works on the same principles as English, except the hyphen is not used to seperate the numbers:  (Tjyve) and (En) combined make (Tjyveen) - (Twenty-one).  Numbers with hundreds and thousands work the same way
 
Ordinal numbers are created by adding '-ede' onto the end.  In some cases, just'-de' is added. 
 
Counting is relatively simple in Alska.  To make two digit numbers, one simply puts two numbers together.  Numbers after one hundred work in the same way:


*<i>tjoi</i> + <i>en</i> = <i>tjoen</i> - twenty-one
Ordinal numbers are formed by suffixing either (-ente) or (-te) to the number in question, except for the numbers 1 to 4, which are irregular in their ordinal versions.
*<i>hundre</i> + <i>fimmti</i> - one hundred-fifty
 
The word for thousand is '<i>tusennd</i>; it's ordinal form is '<i>tusennede</i>'. Million is '<i>milliard</i>'/'<i>milliarde</i>'


===Interrogatives===
===Interrogatives===


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Interrogatives'''
! colspan="11"|Interrogatives
|-
!'''English'''
!'''Alska'''
!'''Alska'''
|-
|-
!Who
|who
|hvemm
|vem
|-
|what
|vad
|-
|-
!What
|where
|hvad
|vor
|-
|-
!Where
|why
|hver
|vorfor
|-
|-
!Why
|how
|hvørfer
|vorden
|-
|-
!How
|when
|hvorden
|vornår
|-
|-
!When
|which
|nør
|vilke / vilka / vilket
|}
|}
*vornår is the interrogative version of ''når'', which is used for other time-statements.


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===


Adverbs are never declined or inflected, can be placed before or after the verb.
Adverbs are not distinguished from adjectives, and are not inflected.  They can be placed before or after a verb, although they are generally placed after.


*<i>Jeg vil lufe i dag</i> - I want to run <b>today</b>
Examples:


Here, today is being used adverbially because it shows when I want to run. The reason 'vil' is not conjugated is because it is a modal verb, which do not receive the '-r' suffix.  'lufe' is still in the infinitive because any verb after a modal verb must stay that way.
*''han kan løpe'' - he can run
*''han kan løpe hurtig'' - he can run quickly (lit. he runs fast)
*''han løper god'' - he runs well (lit. he runs good)
*''han kan god løbe'' - he is up for running / he would like to run (right now)
 
When using the adjective (god) as an adverb, it is important to recognize the difference between placing (god) before or after the verb.  When placed after the verb, it indicates that the subject does the verb ''well''.  However, when placed before the verb, it changes the meaning of the entire sentence.  (god) now indicates that the subject would like to perform the verb, or is receptive to the idea of doing the verb's action.  See the last example above for clarification.
 
(god) may still be used before the verb, but it must be used in a different construction where the main verb becomes a sort of infinitive gerund and (er) becomes the main verb in the sentence.  This form is often used in the vernacular over example 3 above:
 
*''han er god til at løpe'' - he is good at running (lit. he is good at to run)


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 1,036: Line 1,005:
The use of <i>Ju</i> eliminates the need for this confusion.
The use of <i>Ju</i> eliminates the need for this confusion.


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]


==Examples==
==Examples==
Line 1,048: Line 1,017:
! English !! Alska
! English !! Alska
|-
|-
|    Our Father in heaven,          ||                  Osser vadr i himmell,
|    Our Father in heaven,          ||                  Vår Féðer i himmell,
|-
|-
|    hallowed be your name.      ||                    helighet er din Nafn.  
|    hallowed be your name.      ||                    helige er din Nán.  
|-
|-
|    Your kingdom come,                ||                din konngdøm kommer,
|    Your kingdom come,                ||                din kongdøm kommer,
|-
|-
|    your will be done,                    ||          din will gør,
|    your will be done,                    ||          din will skal gøres,
|-
|-
|    on earth as it is in heaven.          ||            på jorden hvorden somm det er i hemmell.
|    on earth as it is in heaven.          ||            på jorden som det er i himmell.
|-
|-
|    Give us this day our daily bread,      ||          giver oss disse dagligen brød,
|    Give us this day our daily bread,      ||          giv oss vår daglig brød,
|-
|-
|    and forgive us our debts,              ||          ok tillgive oss osser skulder,
|    and forgive us our debts,              ||          og tillgiv oss våre skulder,
|-
|-
|    as we also have forgiven our debtors.    ||        hvorden vi har tilgivedde osser skuldmanner.
|    as we also have forgiven our debtors.    ||        ligesom vi har tilgiveðe våre skuldmen.
|-
|-
|  And lead us not into temptation,        ||          ok leder oss ikke i på frissthellse,
|  And lead us not into temptation,        ||          og led oss ikke i på frissthellse,
|-
|-
|    but deliver us from evil.                ||        men tillever oss fra ande.
|    but deliver us from evil.                ||        men fremlév oss fra onda.
|}
|}


A small poem in English, then in Standard Alska and its dialects:


{| class="bluetable"
Notes:  
|-
*while (féðer) is the 'proper' word for (father), it is usually replaced by (far) in common speech.
! English !! SA !! NA !! EA
*(nán) is pronounced exactly the sae as Danish (navn), but may be confusing to some because of its drastically changed orthography)
|-
*(will) is the noun version of (vil) - (to want, will), and borrows it's orthography from English to prevent confusion.
| There once was a man from Japan || Der var en mann fra japan || Der var en mann frå japan || Der vor in maan fra jaapaan
|-
| Whose limericks had not many a fan || Hves limerer ingen mange fanatikker havdde ||  hves limerer inge mange fanatiker havde || Hvis lim'rer ing'n mang' faanaatikker haade
|-
| When asked why he said: || Nør spårgte hvorfer han sagdde: || Nor sporgte hvorfor han sagde: || Nor sporgte hvorfor hin sáde:
|-
| It is because I always try to fit as many syllables into the last line as I possibly can || Det er for jeg altid prøver ett fidde somm mange syllaber i den sisde linje somm jeg mulige kan || Det er forde jæyg alltid prøver i fedde sum mange sylaber i den siste linje sum jæyg mulige kan || Din e forde jeg aaltid prøve å f'd som máng' sillaber i din sisti line som jeg mulg' kaan
|}
 
IPA version:
 
*SA: [dɛr var ɛn man fra: ja'pa:n  '''|'''  vɛs lɪm'ɛrˌɛr ɪŋ'ɛn maŋ'ɛ fanˌa:'tɪkˌɛr hav'dɛ  '''|'''  nør spɔrg'tɛ vɔr'fɛr han sag'dɛ  '''|'''  dɛt er fo̞r jaj al'ti:d prøv'ɛr ɛt fɪd'ɛ sɔm maŋ'ɛ sy:l'a:bˌɛr i: dɛn sɪs'tɛ lɪn'jɛ sɔm jaj mʉl'ɪˌkɛ ka:n]
 
*NA: [dɛʁ vaʁ ɛn man fʁau ja'ba:n  '''|'''  vɛs lɪm'ɛʁˌɛʁ ɪŋ'ɛ maŋ'ɛ fanˌa:'dɪgˌɛʁ haf'tɛ  '''|'''  nɔr sbɔʁk'dɛ vɔʁvɔʁ han sak'tɛ  '''|'''  dɛt eʁ fɔʁ jajg al'di:t pʁøf'ɛʁ i: fɛt'ɛ sʉm maŋ'ɛ sɪl'a:ˌpɛʁ i dɛn sɪz'dɛ lɪn'jɛ sʉm jajg mʉl'i:ˌkɛ ka:n]


*EA:  [dɛ(ɹ) vɔ(ɹ) ɪn ma:n frau ja'ba:n  '''|'''  vi:s lɪm'ɛɹˌ(ɛɹ) ɪŋ'ɛn meɪŋ'ɛ fa:nˌa:'dɪkˌ(ɛɹ) ha:d  '''|'''  nɔ(ɹ) spɔɹ'kt hvɔɹ'fɔ(ɹ) hɪn seɪ(d)  '''|'''  dɪn e: fɔɹ'(dɛ) a: a:l'ti:(d) prø'f(ɛ) ɔ: fɛ(t) sɔs meɪŋ'ɛ si:l'aupˌ(ɛɹ) i: dɪn sis'tɪ li:n'ɛ sɔs a: mʉl'kɛ ka:n


Todo: WA, RG, JSS
Since word order is relatively free in Alska, it is acceptable to end sentences with each dialect's form of ''ett Have'' in order to rhyme.


===Comparison to Modern Scandinavian Languages===
===Comparison to Modern Scandinavian Languages===
Line 1,108: Line 1,058:
!'''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
|mann
|man
|mand
|mand
|mann
|mann
Line 1,132: Line 1,082:
|land, country
|land, country
|-
|-
|hemmell
|himmell
|himmel
|himmel
|himmel
|himmel
Line 1,140: Line 1,090:
|sky, heaven
|sky, heaven
|-
|-
|sju
|sku
|sko
|sko
|sko
|sko
Line 1,148: Line 1,098:
|shoe
|shoe
|-
|-
|ligt
|ljys
|lys
|lys
|lys
|lys
Line 1,173: Line 1,123:
|-
|-
|}
|}
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 21:27, 4 July 2021


Alska
Alska
Pronunciation['alska]
Created byDarthme
SettingScandinavia/The Baltic States
Native speakersNo Census Data (2013)
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia
AlskaArea.png
A map showing Alska's intended area of use. Red represents the countries which speak languages Alska was based on, Orange represent countries whose languages are not related to Alska, but which may interact frequently with Alska-speakers. Yellow areas are parts of countries that may encounter Alska speakers, but would not normally frequently interact with them.

Background

Alska ['alska] is a Western Scandinavian language created for the purposes of enhancing mutual intelligebility across the main scandinavian languages, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. Icelandic and Faroese are represented in the orthography and three-gender system of the language as well as the use of the letter (ð), but most of the main vocabulary is made up of mainland Scandinavian words. It is designed to be mutually intelligible to all Scandinavians without borrowing too heavily from any one language.

Also, as a small note, primary stress will be marked in IPA with (') as usual, but secondary stress will be marked with (.) because it is annoying to insert the (ˌ) mark every other syllable.



Phonology

Letter Pronunciation Further information
a [a]/[ɑ]
á [aʊ] corresponds to (av) as in Danish havnen
b [b]
d [d]
ð [ð] pronounced somewhere in between Icelandic (ð) and (d) in Danish (mad), (gade), (flåd)
e [ɛ]/[e]
é [ei:] Icelandic (ei), Swedish (ej)
f [f]
g [g]
h [h]
i [ɪ]/[i:]
í [ai:] corresponds with (ej)/(ei) in Danish/Norwegian, as well as certain instances of (eg) in Danish
j [j]
k [k]
l [l]
m [m]
n [n]
o [ɔ]/[o]
p [p]
r [ɾ] tapped in all positions
s [s]
t [t]
u [u] often realized as [ʉ] by many speakers
v [v]
y [y:] pronounced almost like German (ü)
ø [ø] may also represent [œ], but the distinction is not made in Alska
å [o:]





Consonants

Phonemes Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p b t d k g
Affricate
Nasal m n ŋ (ŋg)
Fricative f v s ɕ tɕ (ç) h
Approximant ɾ j
Lateral approximant l


  • (sj)/(kj) represent [ɕ], but (kj) may also be realized as [ç] by some speakers.
  • (tj) represents [tɕ]
  • (ng) represents [ŋ], which occurs mostly as a word-final sound. Some speakers tend to realize (ng) as [ŋg] in its word final position, and [ŋ] elsewhere.

I.e: (betydning - meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋg] - (betydningen - the meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋ.en]

Vowels

Phonemes
Front Back
Closed i y u ʊ
Mid-closed e ø o
Mid-open ɛ ɔ
Open a ɑ

Vowel Length

There is no reliable way to determine vowel length, however, if a vowel precedes a double consonant such as (tt), it is safe to assume it will be short. A notable exception is for certain adjectives which gain a double consonant from inflection. The vowels in these adjectives will retain the same quality as before the inflection. The vowels (å) and (ø) cannot change in length. Likewise, the letters (á), (é), and (í) cannot become short because they represent diphthongs.

Stress

Alska uses stress to differentiate words instead of a pitch accent like Norwegian and Swedish do.

Stress usually falls on the first syllable of a word. Words that do not follow this pattern are usually loanwords, which follow their original pronunciation rules when adopted, although the spelling is often changed to help integrate them into Alska.

The prefixes (for-), (be-), and (u-) are unstressed, and primary stress falls on the syllable after them.

  • forstå [foɾ'sto:] - to understand

The endings (-tion), (-ti/tik), (-aner), and (-ør) are receive primary stress, even if there is another syllabe after them (for example, the plural ending)

  • politikkar [pɔlɪ'tɪk.aɾ] - politicians

Grammar

Nouns

There are three grammatical genders in Alska: Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. Each gender is distinguished by a different enclitic article when a noun is definite. Likewise, each gender has its own indefinite article. The three endings are (-en) for the Masculine, (-an) for the Feminine, and (-et) for the Neuter. Additionally, (-er/ar) is the most commonly used plural marker.

Definite vs. Indefinite

Whether a noun is definite or not is decided by the use of an enclitic article in the form of a suffix. These articles can be seperated from the noun and used in a sentence to transform them into indefinite articles.

For example:

Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Definite Plural
feminine:
jinte jintar jintan jintana
girl girls the girl the girls
masculine:
dríng drínger dríngen dríngerne
boy boys the boy the boys
neuter:
hus huse huset husene
house houses the house the houses

Articles

While definiteness can be determined by an enclitic article, demonstrative articles are also used, which show definiteness, but are not attached to their noun. All genders are represented, expect for in the plural, when the article (de) is always used regardless of gender.

Gender Demonstrative article Indefinite Article
Masculine den en
Feminine dan an
Neuter det et
Plural de


There are no plural forms for indefinite articles, as the are only ever used to refer to singular things. (denne), (danne) (dette) are all used for this/that, these, or those; one only has to switch between them due to a noun's gender.

It should be mentioned that the distinction bewteen (den) and (dan) is not always clear. Most mainland Scandinavians tend to pronounce them almost the same since they are used to only distinguishing between two grammatical genders in their native languages. Even in some cases in Icelandic, the Masculine and Feminine are pronounced the same, and are only clearly seperate in writing as (-inn) and (-in).

With this in mind, both (den) and (dan) tend to be pronounced [dɛn]. Likewise, if an emphasis is being put on the word, it can be pronouned as [den]. This happens when the speaker is talking about a specific object, similar to the difference between saying the car and that car in English. This is also true for the indefinite forms (en)/(an)

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns change depending on the case they are used in. (Nominative, Accusative, or Genitive) Possessive Pronouns change depending on the gender of the noun they possess.

Case 1st person
Singular Plural
Nominative jíg vi
Accusative míg oss
Genitive min / mina / mit / mine vår /våre
Case 2nd person
Singular Plural
Nominative du i
Accusative díg ig
Genitive din / dina / dit / dine iger / ige
Case 3rd person
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative han hun det de
Accusative ham hun det de
Genitive hans hinnes dettes deres

The possessive pronouns (min) and (din) change based on gender, but their plural versions, (iger) and (vår) do not distinguish gender, only plurality.

Also, it is important to remember that (han) changes to (ham) in the Accusative, but back to (hans) in Genitive.

There is no true Gentitive case in Alska, only possessive pronouns. There is no Dative case at all.

Adjectives

Adjectives in Alska are inflected for gender and number, in the same mode as nouns are made definite with (-e), (-a) and (-t). The plural ending is always (-e), adjectives do not inflect for gender in the plural. If a noun is masculine or feminine, and is indefinite, the adjective does not have to be inflected. If the noun is neuter, a (-t) must be added even if the noun is indefinite. If the noun is indefinite and plural, the noun must be inflected.

Here are some examples:

Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Definite Plural
feminine:
an smuk jinte smukke jintar dan smukka jinte smukke jintana / de smukke jintar
a pretty girl pretty girls the pretty girl the pretty girls
masculine:
en vak dríng vakke drínger den vakke dríng vakke dríngerne / de vakke drínger
a handsome boy handsome boys the handsome boy the handsome boys
neuter:
et gult hus gule huse det gult hus gule husene / de gule huse
a yellow house yellow houses the yellow house the yellow houses


It is important to notice that some adjectives gain a double consonant when they are in their definite forms: (vak - vakke)/(smuk - smukke). This would not happen if these adjectives were inflected for neuter gender: (smuk - smukt)/(vak - vakt). Other adjectives do not gain a double consonant, such as (gul). This does not change the pronunciation of the vowel proceeding the double consonant, although many times double consonants indicate a short vowel before them.

Comparative

The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding (-er)/(-ara) to the adjective. The word 'enn' precedes the noun being compared. The adjective is inflected for the gender of the first noun being compared. One may also use the construction X er mer ___ enn Y. In this case, the adjective does not inflect for gender.

For example:

  • den man er stérker enn danne jinte - the man is stronger than that girl.
  • danne jinte er mer stérk enn denne man. - that girl is stronger than that man.


If something is being compared on the same level, (så) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after. Additionally, the adjective is not inflected, as the two nouns being compared are of equal status. It is also acceptable to say X er ____ som Y. Once again, in this construction, the adjective does not inflect, although this implies a slight difference: using this construction means that X has an attribute like Y, but does not necessarily imply that the two are on the same level exactly.

  • danne jinte er så stérk som danne jinte - that girl is (just) as strong as that girl.
  • det hus er pént som det hus (derover) - the house is pretty like that house (over there).


If something is being compared as less than another noun, (mintre)/(mintra) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after. The adjective is inflected normally for the gender of the first noun. (This can also be acheived by saying X er ikke så ____ som Y)

  • det hus er mintre smukt enn dette hus - the house is less beautiful than that house.
  • den man er ikke så store som denne man - the man is not so large as that man.

Irregular Adjectives

Irregular adjectives are normal until they reach the comparative stage. Instead of adding the suffix 'ere', these irregular adjectives are usually put into the comparative by changing the entire word (compare to English 'good', 'better', 'best')

Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.

  • det hus er godt - the house is good
  • det hus er bettre - the house is better
  • det hus er (det) beste - the house is (the) best
  • dette hus er bettre en det hus - this house is better than that house

Superlative

The superlative form of an adjective is used when saying something is the 'best'. For regular adjectives, the superlative ending is '-est'. Irregular verbs usually end in '-est', but it is part of the stem, or root. In other words, the adjective changes twice, once for comparative, again for superlative, and the superlative version ends in '-est'.

Here is a table showing regular and irregular adjectives in their three forms:

Regular Adjective Comparative Superlative Meaning Irregular Adjective Comparative Superlative Meaning
stérk stérkere stérkest strong god bettre beste good
lang langere langest long, tall makket mere mest much
ung ungere ungest young gamell eltre eltest old
kold koldere koldest cold lille småler smålest little, small
  • (smål) by itself is the plural version of (lille)

Numbers

Number Cardinal Ordinal
0 null
1 en vørste
2 to annen
3 tre trede
4 fjir fjerde
5 fimm fimmte
6 sex sjett
7 syv syvente
8 åtte åttente
9 ni niente
10 ti tiente
11 ellfu ellfte
12 tolfu tolfte
13 treten tretante
14 fjirten fjyrtente
15 fimmten fimmtente
16 sejksten sejkstente
17 sytten syttente
18 atten attente
19 nitten nittente
20 tjyve tjyvente
21 tjyveen tjyveente
22 tjyveto tjyvetoente
30 treti tretiente
31 tretien tretiente
40 fjyrti fjyrtiente
50 fimmti fimmtiente
60 sexti sextiente
70 syvti syvtiente
80 jåtti jåttiente
90 niti nitiente
100 hundre hundrete

Forming numbers higher than 19 works on the same principles as English, except the hyphen is not used to seperate the numbers: (Tjyve) and (En) combined make (Tjyveen) - (Twenty-one). Numbers with hundreds and thousands work the same way.

Ordinal numbers are formed by suffixing either (-ente) or (-te) to the number in question, except for the numbers 1 to 4, which are irregular in their ordinal versions.

Interrogatives

Interrogatives
English Alska
who vem
what vad
where vor
why vorfor
how vorden
when vornår
which vilke / vilka / vilket
  • vornår is the interrogative version of når, which is used for other time-statements.

Adverbs

Adverbs are not distinguished from adjectives, and are not inflected. They can be placed before or after a verb, although they are generally placed after.

Examples:

  • han kan løpe - he can run
  • han kan løpe hurtig - he can run quickly (lit. he runs fast)
  • han løper god - he runs well (lit. he runs good)
  • han kan god løbe - he is up for running / he would like to run (right now)

When using the adjective (god) as an adverb, it is important to recognize the difference between placing (god) before or after the verb. When placed after the verb, it indicates that the subject does the verb well. However, when placed before the verb, it changes the meaning of the entire sentence. (god) now indicates that the subject would like to perform the verb, or is receptive to the idea of doing the verb's action. See the last example above for clarification.

(god) may still be used before the verb, but it must be used in a different construction where the main verb becomes a sort of infinitive gerund and (er) becomes the main verb in the sentence. This form is often used in the vernacular over example 3 above:

  • han er god til at løpe - he is good at running (lit. he is good at to run)

Verbs

Verbs in the infinitive form are accompanied by 'ett', and 'e' on the end. For example: Kyk - Cook, ett Kyke - to cook. There are almost no irregular verbs, and conjugation of most verbs is done by adding the suffix '-r' to the infinitive.

'-r' is used for all pronouns

  • Jeg kyker i dag - I cook today/I'm cooking today
  • Du kyker i dag - You cook today/You're cooking today

Er is used only in the context of 'to be', not as an auxiliary verb, as in English 'I am writing'. In Alska this would be Jeg skriver, NOT Jeg er ett skrive.

Verbs appear in their full infinitive form in a sentence when another primary verb is being used, often preceded by for, but not always. The verb+e version of the infinitive can appear after a modal verb.

Here is an example of all three forms:

  • Jeg skriver - I write
  • Jeg vil skrive - I want to write
  • Jeg skriver over for ett kyke - I write about cooking

Past Tense

Past tense of verbs is usually done through suffixing, although a small portion of them go through stem vowel changes.

The suffixes for most words are '-dde', or '-te'.

Verb Present Past Meaning
ett Skrive skriver skrivte to write
ett Kyke kyker kykte to cook
ett Lufe lufer lufte to run
ett Finne finner finnedde to find
ett Spise spiser spisedde to eat
ett Gå går gir to go

Irregular Past Tense

There is a very short list of verbs that undergo a stem-vowel change for their past tense form, although there is order to this and if one learns what each vowel changes to, they must simply remember the specific word it occurs in.

Vowel Changes To
a e
e a
i u
o/å/ø i
u o



Here is a table showing the stem vowel changes for certain verbs:

Verb Present Past Tense Meaning
ett Gå går gir (gikk in some dialects) to go
ett Vere er var to be
ett Hive hiver huver to heave, lift

Note how the '-r' is not changed, even when the verb is in the past tense.

Forming Commands

Forming commands in Alska is quite simple. When one wants to form a command, such as 'give me that', they need only to move the verb to the beginning of the sentence. The verb being used as a command stays in its present tense conjugation, and will always stay in that form no matter what tense the rest of the sentence is in.

This rule applies in English, also: One might say, 'give me that' in the present tense, but later say, 'I told him to give me it.' Notice how the commanding verb is the same, even though the speaker of the sentence is referring to the actual command in the past tense.

Additionally, when referring to one's self in a command statement, the accusative form of the personal pronouns must be used.

Here are some examples:

  • Giver mig det - Give me that (Jeg - Mig)
  • Holder dette - Hold this
  • Hjelper mig hiver den! - Help me lift this!

Notice how in all of these statements, the second person is never acknowledged (du). It is understood that you are telling another person to perform an action, so no form of du needs to be used in the sentence. However, if you were to use the verb ett Måe - (Must) in the statement, du would have to be used:

  • Snaker med han - Speak with him
  • Du må snaker med han - You must speak with him

Past Participle

The past participle form of a verb always comes with the verb ha - to have. Ha is always conjugated in the present tense, but the verb main verb is always in the past tense. Past participle forms retain the same suffixes they had in their regular past tense form.

For example:

  • Jeg har gir till Alsland - I have gone to Alsland (before)

The main verb, or the verb in the past tense, does not have to be in any specific place in the sentence as long as it is after ha; It is just as acceptable to say Jeg har till Alsland gir

Syntax

Syntax in Alska has a rather straightfoward SVO pattern, like most Germanic langauages. Also like most Germanic languages is the switch to VSO for interrogative statements.

  • Jeg vil lufe - I want to run
  • Vil jeg lufe? - (Do) I want to run?

Notice how there is no auxiliary verb in the second example. Translated literally, it means 'Want I run?'.

Cases

Alska has 4 grammatical cases: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genitive.

Nominative

Nominative Case is used to show the subject of a sentence, although there is no case marking for this case in Alska.

Accusative

Accusative Case shows the direct object of a sentence, and once again there are no case markings for it.

While there is no direct marking on the noun, pronouns do change to conform to Accusative case.

  • jeg - mig
  • du - dig

Dative

Dative Case shows the indirect object of a sentence, and is the one case where case marking occurs. The indefinite and definite articles undergo a vowel shift, from 'e' to 'a'.

  • en/et - an/at
  • *den/det - dan/dat

Genitive

Genitive Case shows possession of a noun by another entity, and is the only case that has in-depth rules.

Possession can be shown in two ways: with a possessive pronoun or in an 'of the' phrase. Using a possessive pronoun is more common in speech, although there are situations where an 'of the' phrase would be more accurate.

When showing possession with a pronoun, one simply puts the pronoun in front of the noun being possessed. For example:

  • minn skole - my school
  • ditt hus - your hus

Notice how the syntax here is exactly like English. This is by far the easiest way to use Genitive case. Also notice how 'dinn' changes to 'ditt'. This is because 'hus' is neuter in gender. This change applies to most possessive pronouns when they own a neuter word.

There is no actual 'of the' phrase in Alska, instead the noun being possessed is made definite and put in front of a possessive pronoun:

  • skolen minn - the school (of) me
  • huset hans - the house (of) his/his house

'Hans' and 'huns' are the only two pronouns that do not undergo the 'tt' change when possessing a neuter noun. They are also used instead of 'sinn

'Sinn' is used for the first kind of possession, and hans/huns is used for the second.

When a proper noun is possessing something, the suffixes '-s', or '-es' are used. '-s' is suffixed onto proper nouns, such as names and places, and '-es' is suffixed onto regular nouns. If the noun is definite, the genitive suffix comes after the enclitic article. This happens in both types of possession:

  • Alslands fylger/Flygene alslands - Alslands women/the women of Alsland
  • Kattenes ball/Ballet kattenes - The cat's ball/The ball of the cat


Ja and Ju

In Alska there are two affirmative words: Ja, which is used for regular yes/no answers, and Ju, which is used for negative questions.

Negative Questions are formed when ikke is used. Observe the difference between these two questions:

  • Vil du lufer med mig? - Do you want to run with me?
  • Vil du ikke lufer med mig? - Don't you want to run with me?

The answer to the first question would be Ja, while Ju would have to be used in the second question if the person does in fact want to go running.

This helps with the confusion that occurs with negative questions. For example, in English, the question 'don't you want to run with me?' is not seen as an inherently negative statement, but when one separates 'don't', the statement's implied meaning changes. Now it becomes 'do you not want to run with me?'. Answering yes to this question would mean that you do not want to run. However, if you do want to run, you would have to clarify the statement: 'Yes, I do want to run with you.'

The use of Ju eliminates the need for this confusion.

Examples

Here is the Lord's prayer translated from English into Alska:

The Lord's Prayer
English Alska
Our Father in heaven, Vår Féðer i himmell,
hallowed be your name. helige er din Nán.
Your kingdom come, din kongdøm kommer,
your will be done, din will skal gøres,
on earth as it is in heaven. på jorden som det er i himmell.
Give us this day our daily bread, giv oss vår daglig brød,
and forgive us our debts, og tillgiv oss våre skulder,
as we also have forgiven our debtors. ligesom vi har tilgiveðe våre skuldmen.
And lead us not into temptation, og led oss ikke i på frissthellse,
but deliver us from evil. men fremlév oss fra onda.


Notes:

  • while (féðer) is the 'proper' word for (father), it is usually replaced by (far) in common speech.
  • (nán) is pronounced exactly the sae as Danish (navn), but may be confusing to some because of its drastically changed orthography)
  • (will) is the noun version of (vil) - (to want, will), and borrows it's orthography from English to prevent confusion.


Comparison to Modern Scandinavian Languages

Here is a table which compares words in Alska to their Scandinavian equivalents as well as German, and shows their English meaning:

Alska Danish Norwegian Swedish Icelandic German English
man mand mann man maður Mann man
fot fod fot fot fót fuß foot
land land land land land Land land, country
himmell himmel himmel himmel himinn Himmel sky, heaven
sku sko sko sko skór Schuh shoe
ljys lys lys ljus ljós Licht light
live liv liv liv líf Leben life
tir dyr dyr djur dýr Tier animal