User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.9

Muna
Pronunciation	[ˈmuna]
Created by	Miguel Bartelsman
Date	2015
Setting	Fantasy world
Language family	language isolate Muna
Early form	Proto-Muna
Writing system	Krotan alphabet Latin alphabet
Language codes
CLCR	qmu

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop		p		t			k
Nasal		m		n			ŋ
Fricative	Spirant	β	ɸ	ð	θ		ɣ	h
	Silibant			s
Liquid	Flap			ɾ
	Approx.			l
Glide	Approx.					j	w

Vowels

	Front	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a	ɒ

Diphthongs

	a	e	ɒ	o
i	ai	ei	—	—
u	—	—	ɒu	ou

Phonotactics

Syllable (σ)
Onset (ω)		Rime (ρ)
Initial (ι)	Medial (μ)	Nucleus (ν)	Coda (κ)
Consonant /s/ + stop	Semivowel Liquid /s/	Vowel Diphthong	Nasal Liquid Fricative Liquid + fricative Liquid + nasal

Initial (ι)

• Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
• Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
• /s/ + stop is only allowed word-initially

Medial (μ)

• Medials are optional
• Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
• Plosives are only allowed after /s/
• /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
• /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a closed syllable

Nucleus (ν)

• Nuclei are mandatory
• Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel

Coda (κ)

• Codas are optional
• Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
• Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
• Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally

Stress

Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.

Allophony

• Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives

[βp] → [bː]

• Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals

[ðn] → [dn]

[tɣ] → [tg]

• A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal

[nɾ] → [nðɾ]

• The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant

[ehn] → [e̥n]

• The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and the lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive

[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]

• The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal

[nj] → [ɲ]

• The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant

[sj] → [ʃ]

• The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative

[hj] → [ɧ]

• The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant

[hw] → [ʍ]

• The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant

[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]

• The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially

[∅j] → [ʝ]

• The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially

[∅w] → [ʋ]

Orthography

Muna Spoken Language Transcription (MSLT)

Muna Spoken Language Transcription is a romanization system which focuses on rendering the sounds of the Muna language instead of the characters of the Krotan script, encompassing universal allophonic changes within its rules.

Standard Krotan Transliteration (SKT)

Standard Krotan Transliteration is a writing system transliterated from Krotan used to render Muna in the latin script. SKT does not use digraphs, instead it uses a set of diacritics and extended glyphs to render characters in a more intuitive way.

Basic Krotan Transliteration (BKT)

Basic Krotan Transliteration is used for the same purposes as SKT, but it focuses on ease of typing instead of appearance and one-on-one correspondence.

Transliteration table

Krotan
SKT	k	r	o	t	a	n	h	e	s	þ	b	v	f	p	ø	ŋ	l	j	d	i	m	u	g
BKT	k	r	o	t	a	n	h	e	s	dh	b	w	f	p	ao	ng	l	j	d	i	m	u	g

Verbs

Verbs agree with the most active argument in both number and person.

Verb morphology

Verbs can be conjugated for:

• Tense
  • Past
  • Present
  • Future
• Polarity
  • Positive
  • Negative

Coverbs may be used to mark:

• Aspect
  • Perfective
  • Imperfective
  • Ingressive
  • Pausative
  • Resumptive
  • Egressive

• Mood
  • Volitive
  • Potential
  • Conditional
  • Imperative
    • Prohibitive

Conjugations

Verbs in Muna have three conjugations depending on the 'thematic vowel' of the verb (the nucleus of the penultimate syllable of the base form). Verbs are named based on the second person Singular / singulative future suffix.

Ir-verbs

Ir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either a or e and are not preceded by j and are characterized by raising of the thematic vowel in the future tense

	Singular / singulative			Plural / plurative
	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Infinitive	v-a
Past	v-e	v-er		v-ohan	v-orn	v-on
Present	v-a	v-ar		v-ahan	v-arn	v-an
Future	v̝-i	v̝-ir		v̝-ihan	v̝-irn	v̝-in

hema	Singular / singulative			Plural / plurative
	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Infinitive	hema
Past	heme	hemer		hemohan	hemorn	hemon
Present	hema	hemar		hemahan	hemarn	heman
Future	himi	himir		himihan	himirn	himin

-Air verbs

Air-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either a or e and are preceded by j and are characterized by backing of the thematic vowel in the future tense

	Singular / singulative			Plural / plurative
	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Infinitive	v-a
Past	v-e	v-er		v-ohan	v-orn	v-on
Present	v-a	v-ar		v-ahan	v-arn	v-an
Future	v̙-i	v̙-air	v̙-ir	v̙-aihan	v̙-airn	v̙-ain

kjesta	Singular / singulative			Plural / plurative
	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Infinitive	kjesta
Past	kjeste	kjester		kjestohan	kjestorn	kjeston
Present	kjesta	kjestar		kjestahan	kjestarn	kjestan
Future	kjosti	kjostair	kjostir	kjostaihan	kjostairn	kjostain

-Asir verbs

Asir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is not a nor e, these verbs do not have their thematic vowel modified.

	Singular / singulative			Plural / plurative
	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Infinitive	-a
Past	-as	-aser	-ase	-ahon	-aron
Present	-a	-asar	-asa	-ahan	-aran
Future	-ai	-asir	-asi	-aihan	-airan

runa	Singular / singulative			Plural / plurative
	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Infinitive	runa
Past	runas	runaser	runase	runahon	runaron
Present	runa	runasar	runasa	runahan	runaran
Future	runai	runasir	runasi	runaihan	runairan

Negative polarity

To invert a verb's polarity the suffix nja is appended after conjugating the verb. If the verb already ends in a nasal consonant then ja is added instead

Nouns

Phonotactic restrictions

All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:

• -a(C)(C)
• -e(C)(C)
• -i(C)(C)

Noun classes

Gender

• Feminine
• Masculine
• Neuter

Weight

• Light
• Heavy

Case

• Nominative
• Absolutive
• Dative
• Genitive
• Locative
• Instrumental

Number

• Singular
• Plural
• Singulative
• Plurative

Dependency structure

Genitive	Determiner	Quantifier	Adjective	Noun
				Root	Case	Number

Syntax

In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.

Passive

Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb

Anti-Passive

Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb

Standard

Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Involuntary action

Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Assisted action

Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Interrogative

Verb + ... + (Oblique)

Muna Versions

• Muna v2.10
• Muna v2.8
• Muna v2.1