Is Burunking/history

Proto-Burunking

Consonants

Nasal	m [m]	n [n]
Aspirated Stop	p [pʰ]	t [tʰ]	k [kʰ]
Unaspirated Stop	b [b]	d [d]	g [g]
Fricative		s [s]		h [h]
Liquid		l [l] r [r]

Vowels

High	i [i]	u [u]
Mid	e [e]	o [o]
Low	a [a]

Phonotactics

In the earliest period the minimal syllable structure was a single vowel. The maximal structure was:

sC₁VC₂s

• Syllables could begin with any single consonant or sp, sk, st.
• V could be any vowel.
• Syllables could end with single l, r, n, s or complex ls, rs, ns.

Several early processes changed this situation:

• Initial sp, sk, st and final ps, ks, ts became z [s] while s was [s̟].
• h was lost leading to the development of long vowels and diphthongs. This initially appears to have occurred between a non-high vowel and a high vowel, leading to the development of ai, au, ei, eu, oi which were later monophthongised. After lh, nh, rh became ll, nn, rr.
• The syllable-final consonants l, n, r, s, z altered in word-final and pre-consonantal position, becoming i, ng, z, sh, s in the former and u, n, -, i, - in the latter.

New Vowels

First h-loss:

	hi	hu
a	ai > ɛː > ya	au > ɔː > ua
e	ei > eː > ye	eu > oː > ue
i	ii	yu
o	oi > øː > yo	ou > oː > ue
u	ui	uu

Second h-loss:

	ha	he	ho
a	aa	ae > ai	ao > au
e	ya	ee	eo > eu
i	ya	ye	yo
o	ua	ue	oo
u	ua	ue	uo

Vowel affection:

	_a	_i	_u
a		e	o
e		i
i	e
o		u
u	o

Syllables

		p	b	t	d	k	g	x	h	sh	s	n	N	l	L	r	R
a	a	fa	ba	ta	da	ka	ga	xa	ha	sha	sa	na	nga	la	ya	ra	za
e	e	fe	be	te	de	ke	ge	xe	he	she	se	ne	nge	le	ye	re	ze
o	o	fo	bo	to	do	ko	go	xo	ho	sho	so	no	ngo	lo	yo	ro	zo
i	i	fi	bi	chi	ji	ki	gi	xi	shi	ni	ngi	li	yi	ri	zi
ya	ya	bya	cha	ja	kya	gya	xa	sha	nga	ya	za
ye	ye	bye	che	je	kye	gye	xe	she	nge	ye	ze
yo	yo	byo	cho	jo	kyo	gyo	xo	sho	ngo	yo	zo
u	u	fu	bu	su	zu	pu	bu	xu	fu	shu	su	nu	mu	lu	yu	ru	zu
ua	ua	fua	bua	sua	zua	pua	bua	xua	fa	shua	sua	nua	mua	lua	yua	rua	zua
ue	ue	fue	bue	sue	zue	pue	bue	xue	fe	shue	sue	nue	mue	lue	yue	rue	zue
uo	uo	fuo	buo	suo	zuo	puo	buo	xuo	fo	shuo	suo	nuo	muo	luo	yuo	ruo	zuo
+C		iCVL	:CVL	nC, mC		uC		CC
Final		sh	s	ng		i		z

	Ø	Fortis	Lenis
p	t	k	tz	ts	N	L	R	b	d	g	z	s	n	l	r
a	a	fa	ta	ka	sa	sha	nga	ya	za	ba	da	ga	ha	xa	na	la	ra
e	e	fe	te	ke	se	she	nge	ye	ze	be	de	ge	he	xe	ne	le	re
o	o	fo	to	ko	so	sho	ngo	yo	zo	bo	do	go	ho	xo	no	lo	ro
i	i	fi	chi	ki	shi	ngi	yi	zi	bi	ji	gi	xi	ni	li	ri
ai	ya	cha	kya	sha	nga	ya	za	bya	ja	gya	xa	nga	ya	za
ei	ye	che	kye	she	nge	ye	ze	bye	je	gye	xe	nge	ye	ze
eu	yo	cho	kyo	sho	ngo	yo	zo	byo	jo	gyo	xo	ngo	yo	zo
u	u	fu	su	pu	su	shu	mu	yu	zu	bu	zu	bu	fu	xu	nu	lu	ru
au	ua	fa	sua	pa	sua	shua	ma	yua	zua	bua	zua	ba	fa	nua	lua	rua
oi	ue	fe	sue	pe	sue	shue	me	yue	zue	bue	zue	be	fe	nue	lue	rue
+C		VVCVL	ViCVL	n, m	u	rV
Fin.		s	sh	ng	i	z

Chronology

1. p > f, tz > s, ts > sh
2. Vowel affection
3. diphthong change
4. palatalisation
5. velarisation