Is Burunking/history

Proto-Burunking

Consonants

Nasal	m [m]	n [n]
Aspirated Stop	p [pʰ]	t [tʰ]	k [kʰ]
Unaspirated Stop	b [b]	d [d]	g [g]
Fricative		s [s]		h [h]
Liquid		l [l] r [r]

Vowels

High	i [i]	u [u]
Mid	e [e]	o [o]
Low	a [a]

Phonotactics

In the earliest period the minimal syllable structure was a single vowel. The maximal structure was:

sC₁VC₂s

• Syllables could begin with any single consonant or sp, sk, st.
• V could be any vowel.
• Syllables could end with single l, r, n, s or complex ls, rs, ns.

Roots and Derivation

Proto-Burunking words consisted of a root, which usually took the form of a CVC, CVCV or CVCVC. Roots had no particular part of speech (though they were more commonly nominal or adjectival in their base form), and the inflexional morphology determined the semantics of a root. Vowel-final roots may take an extension, mainly -n, -, -r or -s which does not alter the meaning fundamentally.

Some common prefixes include:

• *ha- to create nominals
• *he- to create a non-finite verb
• *hi- a collective

Some common suffixes include:

• -i past participle
• *-hi attributive
• *-s creates nominals

Chronology of Changes

• Initial Cluster simplification: initial sp, sk, st became s [s] while earlier s > sh'.
  • New s also develops after final l, n, r.
• P becomes f
• H-loss: occurred in the following stages:
  • initially, leading to word-initial vowels (e.g. ha- > a-)
  • after l, n, r which became L, N, R
  • medially, giving rise to new long vowels and diphthongs:

	ha	he	hi	hu	hu
a	aa > a	ae > ee > e	ai	ao > oo > o	au
e	ea > aa > a	ee > e	ei	eo > oo > o	eu
i	ya	ye	ii > i	yo	yu
o	oa > aa > a	oe > ee > e	oi	oo > o	ou
u	ua	ue	ui	uo	uu > u

• Fortition of final consonants: l > L, n > N, r > R, (merging with existing L, N, R < lh, nh, rh), and s > ts, s > tsh
  • Strong consonants are retained in derived words between vowels but return to their weak counterparts before consonants
• Changes to diphthongs: following the reduction of earlier long vowels, diphthongs become long vowels and then diphthongs:
  • ai > ɛː > ya
  • au > ɔː > ua
  • ei > eː > ye
  • eu, ou > oː > ue
  • oi > øː > yo
• Elimination of final clusters:
  • l is vocalised to u before all consonants leading to new diphthongs au, eu, yu, ou and long uu, so Vlts > Vuts
  • nts becomes ts
  • rts becomes rVts
    • elsewhere within a root, rC > rVC (e.g. erdi > eredi).
• Vowel Raising: i and u raise a, e, o to e/o, i, u in a preceding vowel. This process is regressive so a new i or u raises the preceding vowel again, e.g. eredi > eridi > iridi.
• Lenition of medial s, sh to h, x and ts, tsh to s, sh.
  • This creates new diphthongs and long vowels as VhC, VxC become VVC, ViC.
• N, L, R become ɲ, ʎ, ʐ then ng, i, z.
• Palatalization of t, d, s to ch, j, sh before i, y and n, l, r become ɲ, ʎ, ʐ then ng, i, z.
• Labialization of k, g, t, d, ng to p, b, s, z, m before u.
• Vowel Lowering: an a causes a preceding i, u to become e, o, except where it is blocked by an intervening semivowel.
• rC > CC

Vowel affection:

	_a	_i	_u
a		e	o
e		i
i	e
o		u	u
u	o

Syllables

		p	b	t	d	k	g	x	h	sh	s	n	N	l	L	r	R
a	a	fa	ba	ta	da	ka	ga	xa	ha	sha	sa	na	nga	la	ya	ra	za
e	e	fe	be	te	de	ke	ge	xe	he	she	se	ne	nge	le	ye	re	ze
o	o	fo	bo	to	do	ko	go	xo	ho	sho	so	no	ngo	lo	yo	ro	zo
i	i	fi	bi	chi	ji	ki	gi	xi	shi	ni	ngi	li	yi	ri	zi
ya	ya	bya	cha	ja	kya	gya	xa	sha	nga	ya	za
ye	ye	bye	che	je	kye	gye	xe	she	nge	ye	ze
yo	yo	byo	cho	jo	kyo	gyo	xo	sho	ngo	yo	zo
u	u	fu	bu	su	zu	pu	bu	xu	fu	shu	su	nu	mu	lu	yu	ru	zu
ua	ua	fua	bua	sua	zua	pua	bua	xua	fa	shua	sua	nua	mua	lua	yua	rua	zua
ue	ue	fue	bue	sue	zue	pue	bue	xue	fe	shue	sue	nue	mue	lue	yue	rue	zue
uo	uo	fuo	buo	suo	zuo	puo	buo	xuo	fo	shuo	suo	nuo	muo	luo	yuo	ruo	zuo
+C		iCVL	:CVL	nC, mC		uC		CC
Final		sh	s		ng		i		z