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| :[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]]
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| :[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]]
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| [[File:Idavic map.png|thumbnail|Rough sketch of the distribution of the major Idavic languages in its native continent]]
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| In the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline, the '''Idavic languages ''' are a family of in-universe conlangs by conlanger and composer Edna Ashe. The family is intended to blend IE, Uralic, Salish, and Semitic phonaesthetics seamlessly.
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| ==Family tree==
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| *Idavic
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| **[[Shalaic]] (j > r, dł > l?)
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| ***[[Shalaian]] (Salisho-Welsh)
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| **Varkic
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| ***[[Varkun]] (Finno-Arabic)
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| ***Sami gibberish
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| **Netagic
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| ***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
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| **Nabŋaic
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| ***[[Nabbrzé]] (Russo-Arabic)
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| ***[[Ouřefr]] (Czech + Dutch)
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| ==Phonology==
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| *Consonants: b d dł j g gʷ p t tł č k kʷ q s ł š h ʔ m n ŋ l r w y ř (ř is a retroflex approx.)
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| *Vowels: a e i u ā ē ī ū
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| *Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''')
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| ** Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian and vowel shifts in Netagin.
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| **Vowels can only be long in stressed syllables.
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| ===Shalaian diachronics===
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| *b > v; ɓ > b; g > y, kh, or CL; j > ʒ; ng > ng3 > n3
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| *Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
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| *q G q' > H ayin q
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| *further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
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| *Vowel shifts: ā > ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
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| *final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
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| *Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
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| *Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| ====Allowed root clusters====
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| Allowed clusters with no glottal stop:
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| *mC: mn ml mr my m3 mb md mj mg mp mt mtł ms mł mč mk mkw mq mh
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| *nC: nm nr n3 ny nw nd ndł nj ng nt ntł ns nš nč nk nkw nq nh
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| *lC: lm ln l3 ly lw lb ld lj lg lp lt ls lč lk lkw lq lh
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| *rC: rm rn r3 ry rw rb rd rdł rj rg rp rt rł rtł rs rč rk rkw rq rh
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| *3C: 3m 3n 3l 3r 3y (never initial) 3w 3b 3d 3dł 3j 3g 3p 3t 3s 3ł 3tł 3č 3k 3kw 3q
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| *Cm: nm lm rm 3m dm jm gm tm sm šm čm łm tłm km kwm qm hm
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| *Cn: mn ln 3n bn dn jn gn pn tn sn šn čn łn tłn kn kwn qn hn
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| *Cl: ml nl 3l rl bl dl jl fl tl sl šl čl kl kwl ql hl
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| *Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr jr pr tr sr šr čr kr kwr qr hr
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| *Cy: my ny ly ry 3y (never initial) by py dy ty sy šy ły dły tły gy ky qy hy
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| *Cw: nw 3w dw dłw jw tw tłw sw łw čw qw
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| *C3: m3 n3 l3 r3 b3 d3 j3 p3 t3 tł3 ł3 s3 š3 č3 k3 kw3 q3
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| *XX: any cluster of 2 obstruents are allowed, as long as they agree in voicing and are not both dorsal (k, g, kw, gw, q); in addition, s + voiced stop and š + voiced stop
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| ==Morphology==
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| Combine German, Semitic and PIE morphologies
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| Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Idavic. Shalaic retained the Proto-Idavic accent system, while Netagic lost it with a shift to stem-initial stress and a vowel split conditioned by creaky voice.
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| The three genders, the three numbers and the possessive suffixes are Proto-Idavic features. Shalaian added a new alienable-inalienable possession distinction by creating alienable possessive prefixes from genitive pronouns.
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| ===Pronouns===
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| *independent: lī, dā, kʷā, nidí
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| *emphatic: *swi-li, *swi-da, *swi-kʷa, *swi-nídi
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| ===Root structure===
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| Idavic roots were consonantal roots similar to PIE and Semitic languages: most roots were biconsonantals C-C or triconsonantals alternating between CVC(ə)C (also called the ''segolate form'') and C(ə)CVC (also called the ''antisegolate form'') by Schwebeablaut.
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| 2-letter roots:
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| *√t-q 'to say' (a source of Shal. ''θāħ'')
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| *√ʕ-d 'to shine, to show' (source of Shal. ''lyd'' 'bright'; ''ládmar'' 'happiness' comes from a root extension √ʕ-dm)
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| *√ʕ-n 'high, raised'
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| 3-letter roots:
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| *√qdVb~qVdb 'true'
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| In Late Proto-Idavic, Schwebeablaut alternations are part of the inflectional morphology of a word. In Early Proto-Idavic they are thought to have been phonologically conditioned:
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| *The default state is the CVCC form: ''qidb'' 'to be true'; ''qidbti'' 'loyalty'
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| *With closed syllable in the prefix the segolate form is used: ''hin·qídb'' 'to verify' → ''li·hinqadb'' 'I verify'
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| *With open syllable in the prefix the antisegolate form is used: ''ri·qádb'' 'to stay true' → ''li·ríqdab'' 'I stay true'
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| ===Ablaut===
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| There were several ablaut grades:
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| *zero-grade (CC)
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| *a-grade (CaC ~ CCa or CaCC ~ CCaC)
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| *i-grade (CiC ~ CCi or CiCC ~ CCiC)
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| *u-grade (CuC ~ CCu or CuCC ~ CCuC)
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| *lengthened grades: ā, ī, ū-grades (intensive? transitive? plural? nominalization? pair up with short grades?) These are more derivational than inflectional.
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| *creaky voice: causative and intensive
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| Many prefixes and suffixes require certain ablaut grades.
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| [[Netagin]] is the only Idavic language to preserve the Proto-Idavic ablaut system and develop it into a system of verb conjugation, binyanim, and noun and adjective patterns. (How should it do that?)
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| ====Examples====
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| √ʕ-d 'to shine'
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| *Intransitive verbs: ''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine
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| *Adjectives: ''ʕīd'' = bright
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| *Noun:
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| **''ʕād'' = light
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| **''ʕā̃d'' = Sun, star? (singulativized collective)
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| **creaky voice marked singulatives: ''ʕãd'' = ray; they were honorific-gender
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| *Action or state noun: ''ʕud-ar'' = (state of) shining, brightness
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| *Deverbal nouns:
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| *Derived stems:
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| **''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish
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| **''ʕãd-ī́r'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''għa'téer'' 'to prove')
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| **''ʕád-m-ar'' = (root extension) happiness, joy
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| **''ʕíd-n-ar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance
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| ===Nouns===
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| TODO: needs a more PIE-like feel; shift accents, lengthen/change root vowels
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| Proto-Idavic had 3 genders: inanimate (i), animate (a), and abstract (h). The abstract gender evolved to serve honorific functions in Shalaian, hence the abbreviation "h".
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| Nouns declined for four cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive) and three numbers (singular, dual, plural).
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| Idavic nouns could have plurals marked with case suffixes (''weak nouns'') and sometimes with ablaut and/or reduplication and then marked with singular suffixes (''strong nouns''). Broken plurals often developed into lexicalized singular nouns in Shalaian.
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| ====Animate====
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| {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;" | |
| |+ ''rū̃sa'' 'dog'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Dual
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| !| Nominative
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| | ''rū̃sa'' || ''rū̃sandi'' || ''rusā́n''
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| |-
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| !| Accusative
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| | ''rū̃say'' || ''rūsandi'' || ''rusī́k''
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| |-
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| !| Dative
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| | ''rū̃sam'' || ''???'' || ''rusī́s''
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| |-
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| !| Genitive
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| | ''rū̃sat'' || ''???'' || ''rusā́ka''
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| |}
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| ====Inanimate====
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| acc = nom for inanimates and abstracts
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| {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+ ''šármi'' 'stone'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Dual
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| !| Nominative
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| | ''šármi'' || ''šármindi'' || ''šarmā́t''
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| |-
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| !| Accusative
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| | ''šármi'' || ''šármindi'' || ''šarmā́t''
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| |-
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| !| Dative
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| | ''šármin'' || ''???'' || ''šarmī́s''
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| |-
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| !| Genitive
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| | ''šármit'' || ''???'' || ''šarmā́ka''
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| |}
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| ====Abstract====
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| {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+ ''ʕídnas'' 'radiance'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Dual
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| !| Nominative
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| | ''ʕídnasi'' || ''ʕídnasandi'' || ''ʕidnā́si''
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| |-
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| !| Accusative
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| | ''ʕídnasi'' || ''ʕídnasandi'' || ''ʕidnā́si''
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| |-
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| !| Dative
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| | ''ʕidnásin'' || ''???'' || ''ʕidnā́sin''
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| |-
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| !| Genitive
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| | ''ʕidnást'' || ''???'' || ''ʕidnā́sit''
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| |}
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| ====Possessive suffixes====
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| Possessive suffixes were added directly to the case form of a noun.
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| ! Possessor !! Suffix
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| |-
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| ! First person singular
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| | *-li
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| |-
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| ! Second person singular
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| | *-di
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| |-
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| ! Third person singular
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| | *-hī ~ *-sī (his/her)<br/>*-ha ~ *-sa (its)
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| |-
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| ! First person plural
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| | *-kʷi
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| |-
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| ! Second person plural
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| | *-nikʷi
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| |-
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| ! Third person plural
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| | *-hist ~ *-sist
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| |}
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives agreed with nouns in number, gender and case.
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| Adverbs were formed from adjectives by replacing the case suffix with ''-u''.
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| ====Class 1====
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| {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+ ''ʕīd-'' 'bright'
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! colspan="3" | singular
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| ! colspan="3" | plural
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| |-
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| !animate
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| !inanimate
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| !abstract
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| !animate
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| !inanimate
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| !abstract
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
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| | ''ʕī́da'' || ''ʕī́du'' || ''ʕī́das'' || ''ʕidā́n'' || ''ʕidā́'' || ''ʕidā́si''
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| |-
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| ! Accusative
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| | ''ʕī́day'' || ''ʕī́di'' || ''ʕī́dasi'' || ''ʕidī́'' || ''ʕīdā́ka'' || ''ʕīdā́si''
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| |-
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| ! Dative
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| | ''ʕī́dam'' || ''ʕī́din'' || ''ʕī́dasin'' || ''ʕidī́s'' || ''ʕidī́s'' || ''ʕidā́sin''
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| |-
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| ! Genitive
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| | ''ʕī́dat'' || ''ʕī́dit'' || ''ʕī́dasit'' || ''ʕidā́ka'' || ''ʕidā́ka'' || ''ʕidā́sit''
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| |}
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| ====Class 2====
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| Broken plurals; no gender distinction in plural
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs had the following forms:
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| *imperative
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| *imperfect (either nonpast or imperfective aspect)
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| *past participle
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| *infinitive or verbal noun
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| *mi-infinitive (analogous to the German zu-infinitive)
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| *mi-participle (analogous to the German zu-participle)
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| Verbs were not inflected for person.
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| ====Paradigms====
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| There were two regular classes of verbs, strong and weak verbs, much like strong and weak verbs in Germanic. Note: The infinitive was formed in a variety of ways.
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| ! !! weak-unprefixed !! weak with separable prefix !! strong-unprefixed !! strong with separable prefix
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| |-
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| ! imperative
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| | ''kadár! ''||'' kadár čal! ''||'' ʔakʷ! ''||'' ʔakʷ nuš!''
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| |-
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| ! imperfect
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| | ''kadī́rik ''||'' čal·kadī́r ''||'' ʔákʷik ''||'' nuš·ʔákʷ''
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| |-
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| ! active participle
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| | ''kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' čal·kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' ʔákʷiškʷ- ''||'' nuš·ʔákʷiškʷ-''
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| |-
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| ! passive participle
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| | ''ʔa·kadirī́n- ''||'' čálʔa·kadirī́n- ''||''ʔa·ʔúkʷč- ''||''núšʔa·ʔúkʷč-''
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| |-
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| ! infinitive
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| | ''kadérti ''||'' čálkadérti ''||'' ʔā́kʷi~ʔãkʷi~ʔā̃kʷi~ʔekʷi ''||'' núšʔakʷi, núšʔekʷi, etc.''
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| |-
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| ! mi-infinitive
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| | ''mi·kadérti ''||'' čálmikaderti ''||'' mi·ʔā́kʷi~mi·ʔãkʷi~mi·ʔā̃kʷi ''||'' núšmiʔakʷi, núšmiʔekʷi, etc.''
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| |-
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| ! mi-participle
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| | ''mi·kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' čálmikadiriškʷ- ''||''mi·ʔákʷiškʷ- ''||'' núšmiʔakʷiškʷ-'' etc.
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| |}
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| ====Auxiliaries====
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| Auxiliaries conjugated in imperfect and preterite tenses, in addition to the usual verb forms.
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| *''kan-'' 'to have' = haben
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| *''hī-'', ''hā-'' 'to be' = sein
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| *''łar'' 'to come'/''tay-'' 'to become' = werden
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| need modals
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| ==Syntax==
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| Lifted from German: V2, SAuxOV, verb final in subordinate clauses
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| ==Derivation==
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| Proto-Idavic had an extensive array of derivational affixes.
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| Root extensions: suffixes
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| *Creaky voice marked intensive or transitive verbs like the Semitic geminate binyan
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| *''-ay'' (h): deverbal noun
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| *With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n 'to rest' → ·ríkʷan 'rest'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in [[Shalaian]] (''riwháin, ríwhain'' 'sleep').
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| *''-gʷidi'' (i): augmentative; derives nouns
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| *''-t'' (i): verbal noun, resultative
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| *''-aʕ'' (a): agentive
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| *''-ī́r'': causative verbs
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| *''-áy'': causative, change of state
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| *''-ā́l'': transitive or causative verbs
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| *''dan-'': applicative, like German ''be-''
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| *''tar-'': frequentative
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| *''nar-'': telic
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| *''šu-'': mis-, over-
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| *''ur-'': causative, change of state
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| *''ri-'': detransitivizer, passive
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| *''-mak'': nominalizer
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| *{{angbr|''n''}}: continuative? frequentative?
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| *C1aC2- reduplicant: graduative
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| *''-jan'': instrument noun
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| Todo: separable prefixes
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| [[Category:Language families]]
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