Varangian: Difference between revisions

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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
The following phonological transformations occur in certain environments:
====First palatalization====
*t > c
*d > dz
*þ > s
*ð > z
*s > š
*z > ž
*k > č
*g (as /ɡ/) > dž
*g (as /ɣ/) > ž
*h > š
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{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ 1st palatalization
! Consonant !! Result
|-
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====Second palatalization====
*n > ň
*l > ľ
*r > ř
====U-Umlaut====
*a > o
*ă > u
*â > u
====I-Umlaut====
*a > e
*ă > i
*â > i
*jo, ju > i
*After palatalized consonants: o > i
*Otherwise: o > e
*u > i
====Disappearing ''-g-''====
*Some verbs have a medial ''-g-'' that appears in certain environments and disappear in others.
====Disappearing ''-j-, -v-,'' and palatalization====
*Some verbs, nouns, and adjectives have a final ''-j-'' or ''-v-'' or a palatalization of the final consonant which appear before vowels but are lost in other environments.
====Dental past suffix====
The dental past suffix varies between ''-t-, -d-,'' and ''-ð-'' depending on the context.
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->

Revision as of 05:39, 16 June 2022

Varangian (Native: Verinskă /ˈverinskə/) is a North Germanic language that is part of the Balkan sprachbund.

Varangian
Verinskă tungă
Веринскъ тунгъ
Pronunciation[ˈverinskə ˈtuŋɡə]
Created byShariifka
Early forms
Old Norse
  • Old Varangian

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Varangian orthography
Letter IPA Remarks
Latin Cyrillic
A a А а a
Ă ă Ъ ъ ə
 â Ы ы ɨ Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /a/.
B b Б б b, p¹
C c Ц ц ts, dz²
Č č Ч ч tʃ, dʒ²
D d Д д d, t¹
Ð ð Ԁ ԁ ð, θ¹
Dz dz Ѕ ѕ dz, ts¹
Dž dž Џ џ dʒ, tʃ¹
E e Е е e
F f Ф ф f, v³
G g Г г ɣ, ɡ, k¹, x¹ Pronounced /ɡ/ (devoiced: /k/) initially and after /ŋ/; /ɣ/ (devoiced: /x/) otherwise.
Gg gg Ґ ґ ɡ, k¹ Not used initially or after /ŋ/.
H h Х х x, ɣ²
I i И и i
Î î Ы ы ɨ Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /e/ or /i/.
J j Й й j
Ь ь After consonants except /l, n, r/.
K k К к k, ɡ²
L l Л л l
Ľ ľ Ль ль (Љ љ) ʎ
M m М м m
N n Н н n, ŋ Pronounced /ŋ/ before velars; /n/ otherwise.
Ň ň Нь нь (Њ њ) ɲ
O o О о o
P p П п p, b²
R r Р р r
Ř ř Рь рь
S s С с s, z³
Š š Ш ш ʃ, ʒ³
Št št Щ щ ʃt, ʒd²
T t Т т t, d²
Þ þ Ѳ ѳ θ, ð³
U u У у u
Ў ў In closing diphthongs.
V v В в v, f¹
Z z З з z, s¹
Ž ž Ж ж ʒ, ʃ¹

Notes:

¹ Voiced obstruents are devoiced before voiceless consonants.

² Voiceless stops and affricates are voiced before voiced consonants except /v/.

³ Voiceless fricatives are voiced when they occur between voiced sounds (including vowels). To remain unvoiced in such environments, they can be written doubled.

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

The following phonological transformations occur in certain environments:

First palatalization

  • t > c
  • d > dz
  • þ > s
  • ð > z
  • s > š
  • z > ž
  • k > č
  • g (as /ɡ/) > dž
  • g (as /ɣ/) > ž
  • h > š

Second palatalization

  • n > ň
  • l > ľ
  • r > ř

U-Umlaut

  • a > o
  • ă > u
  • â > u

I-Umlaut

  • a > e
  • ă > i
  • â > i
  • jo, ju > i
  • After palatalized consonants: o > i
  • Otherwise: o > e
  • u > i

Disappearing -g-

  • Some verbs have a medial -g- that appears in certain environments and disappear in others.

Disappearing -j-, -v-, and palatalization

  • Some verbs, nouns, and adjectives have a final -j- or -v- or a palatalization of the final consonant which appear before vowels but are lost in other environments.

Dental past suffix

The dental past suffix varies between -t-, -d-, and -ð- depending on the context.

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources