Varangian: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 108: Line 108:
| Î î || Ы ы || ɨ || Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /e/ or /i/.
| Î î || Ы ы || ɨ || Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /e/ or /i/.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| J j || Й й || rowspan="2"| j ||
| rowspan="2"| J j || Ј ј || rowspan="2"| j ||
|-
|-
| Ь ь || After consonants except /l, n, r/.
| Ь ь || After consonants except /l, n, r/.
Line 130: Line 130:
| R r || Р р || r ||
| R r || Р р || r ||
|-
|-
| Ř ř || Рь рь || ||
| Ř ř || Рь рь || ||
|-
|-
| S s || С с || s, z³ ||
| S s || С с || s, z³ ||
Line 142: Line 142:
| Þ þ || Ѳ ѳ || θ, ð³ ||
| Þ þ || Ѳ ѳ || θ, ð³ ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"|U u || У у || rowspan="2"|u ||
| U u || У у || u ||
|-
|-
<!--
| Ў ў || In closing diphthongs.
| Ў ў || In closing diphthongs.
|-
|-->
| V v || В в || v, f¹ ||
| V v || В в || v, f¹ ||
|-
|-

Revision as of 03:20, 17 June 2022

Varangian (Native: Verinskă /ˈverinskə/) is a North Germanic language that is part of the Balkan sprachbund.

Varangian
Verinskă tungă
Веринскъ тунгъ
Pronunciation[ˈverinskə ˈtuŋɡə]
Created byShariifka
Early forms
Old Norse
  • Old Varangian

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Varangian orthography
Letter IPA Remarks
Latin Cyrillic
A a А а a
Ă ă Ъ ъ ə
 â Ы ы ɨ Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /a/.
B b Б б b, p¹
C c Ц ц ts, dz²
Č č Ч ч tʃ, dʒ²
D d Д д d, t¹
Ð ð Ԁ ԁ ð, θ¹
Dz dz Ѕ ѕ dz, ts¹
Dž dž Џ џ dʒ, tʃ¹
E e Е е e
F f Ф ф f, v³
G g Г г ɣ, ɡ, k¹, x¹ Pronounced /ɡ/ (devoiced: /k/) initially and after /ŋ/; /ɣ/ (devoiced: /x/) otherwise.
Gg gg Ґ ґ ɡ, k¹ Not used initially or after /ŋ/.
H h Х х x, ɣ²
I i И и i
Î î Ы ы ɨ Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /e/ or /i/.
J j Ј ј j
Ь ь After consonants except /l, n, r/.
K k К к k, ɡ²
L l Л л l
Ľ ľ Ль ль (Љ љ) ʎ
M m М м m
N n Н н n, ŋ Pronounced /ŋ/ before velars; /n/ otherwise.
Ň ň Нь нь (Њ њ) ɲ
O o О о o
P p П п p, b²
R r Р р r
Ř ř Рь рь
S s С с s, z³
Š š Ш ш ʃ, ʒ³
Št št Щ щ ʃt, ʒd²
T t Т т t, d²
Þ þ Ѳ ѳ θ, ð³
U u У у u
V v В в v, f¹
Z z З з z, s¹
Ž ž Ж ж ʒ, ʃ¹

Notes:

¹ Voiced obstruents are devoiced before voiceless consonants.

² Voiceless stops and affricates are voiced before voiced consonants except /v/.

³ Voiceless fricatives are voiced when they occur between voiced sounds (including vowels). To remain unvoiced in such environments, they can be written doubled.

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

The following phonological transformations occur in certain environments:

First palatalization

  • t > c
  • d > dz
  • þ > s
  • ð > z
  • s > š
  • z > ž
  • k > č
  • g (as /ɡ/) > dž
  • g (as /ɣ/) > ž
  • h > š

Second palatalization

  • n > ň
  • l > ľ
  • r > ř

U-umlaut

  • a > o
  • ă, â > u

I-umlaut

  • a > e
  • ă, â, î > i
  • After consonants: jo, ju > i
  • After palatalized consonants: o > i
  • Otherwise: o > e
  • u > i

Disappearing -g-

  • Some verbs have a stem-final -g- that appears in certain morphological environments and disappears in others.

Disappearing -j-, -v-, and palatalization

  • Some consonant-final verbs, nouns, and adjectives have a final -j- or -v- or a palatalization of the final consonant which appear before vowels but are lost in other environments.

Dental past suffix

The dental past suffix varies between -t-, -d-, and -ð- depending on the context.

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources