Idavic languages: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(665 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Ashe and Hirst's Shalaian grammar provides the following diachronics:
:[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]]
:[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]]
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
| name        = Idavic
| familycolor = dodellic
| family      = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
}}
 
'''Idavic''' (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic ''*ʔidawi'' 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic.
The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.
 
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical [[Netagin]]. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.
 
==Family tree==
*Idavic
** A language with Uralic grammar
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
** Hmoob-like language
** [[Whitmer]]
** [[Pategian]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b d j g ɓ t’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
=== Consonants ===
*Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''aˀ''')
 
===Diachronics===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
*b > v; ɓ > b; g > għ-, -j; j > ʒ
! colspan="2" |
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
! |Labial
*q G q' > H ayin q
! |Front coronal
*further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
! |Back coronal
*Vowel shifts: ā > /ɛɪ/ (except before pharyngeals); ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
! |Front velar
*final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
! |Labiovelar
*Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
! |Back velar
*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
! |Glottal
===Phonotactics===
|-
1- or 2- syllabic roots most common: CVC, CVCC, CVCCa, CVCVC, CVCCVC
! colspan="2" |Nasal
====Allowed root clusters====
| |'''m''' /m/
*mC: mn ml mr my mgħ mb md mzh mt mch mk mq mth ms msh mkh mħ mh
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
*nC: nm nr ngħ nv nw nd nzh nt nch nk nq nf nth ns nsh nkh nwh nħ nh
|colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
*lC: lm ln lgħ lv lw lb ld lzh lt lch lk lq lf lth ls lsh lkh lwh lħ lh
| |
*rC
|-
*għC: għm għn għl għr għy għw għv għb għd għzh għt għk għf għth għs għsh għkh għwh
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
*Cm: nm lm għm dm zhm tm chm km qm thm sm shm khm ħm hm
! <small>voiceless</small>
*Cn: mn ln għn vn bn dn zhn tn chn kn qn fn thn sn shn khn whn ħn hn
|'''p''' /p/
*Cl: ml għl vl bl dl zhl tl chl kl ql fl thl sl shl khl whl ħl hl
|'''t''' /t̪/
*Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr zhr tr chr kr qr fr thr sr shr khr whr ħr hr
|'''ť''' /t&#800;/
*Cy: my ny għy (never initial) vy by dy ty ky qy fy thy sy khy ħy hy
|'''ḱ''' /k&#799;/
*Cw: nw għw dw zhw tw chw kw qw thw sw shw ħw
|'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/
*Cgħ: mgħ ngħ lgħ vgħ bgħ dgħ zhgħ tgħ chgħ kgħ fgħ thgħ sgħ shgħ khgħ whgħ
|'''k''' /k&#800;/
*XX: vd vzh bv bd bzh bt bk bs bwh  bħ dv db zhv zhb zhd tf tk tq tħ cht chk chf chs kt kch kq kf ks ksh kħ qt qch qf qs qsh ft fk fs fsh fħ thb [ðb] thk thf thħ sb [zb] sd [zd] st sk sf sħ sht shch shk shf shħ khf kht khs khsh wht whch whf whth whs whsh ħt ħch ħf ħs
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|'''ď''' /d&#800;/
|'''ǵ''' /g&#799;/
|'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/
|'''g''' /g&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|
|'''s''' /s&#799;/
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''x́''' /x&#799;/
|'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/
|'''x''' /x&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|'''c''' /t&#810;s&#799;/
|'''č''' /t&#800;s̠/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''l''' /l&#810;/
| '''r''' /r/, '''ľ''' /ɺ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
'''s c''' were lamino-dental, and '''š č''' were retracted apico-alveolar.
 
=== Vowels ===
Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Proto-Netagin vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ī''' /i:/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ū''' /u:/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /æ/
| '''ē''' /æ:/
| '''a''' /ɑ/
| '''ā''' /ɑ:/
|}
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/
 
===Suprasegmentals ===


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Shalaian, as in Modern Shalaian.
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this


The three genders, the strong and weak declensions and the two sets of possessive markers are all Proto-Shalaian features. Verbs were not inflected for tense or person, and were syntactically verbal nouns; it is thought that verbs developed personal marking later from possessed (even doubly-possessed) verbal noun forms.
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
===Nouns===
 
===Adjectives===
Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.
===Verbs===
=== Pronouns ===
====The auxiliary====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
Should be as far from cartesian product as possible. Like Welsh?
!| || 1sg || 2sg ||  3sg  ||  1pl || 2pl || 3pl
*present: mae e'n, dydy e ddim yn
*past: mae e wedi, mae e heb, naeth e, na naeth e (which ones?)
*future: mae e ar, na neith e
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Inflection of the preverb'''
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="3"| present
!colspan="3"| past
!colspan="3"| future/subjunctive
|-
|-
! <small>pos.</small></small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small> || <small>pos.</small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small> || <small>pos.</small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small>
! Independent
| ''*wēlu'' || ''*wēbu'' || ''-'' || ''*wēći'' || ''*wēnīʔi'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! direct (verbal)
! Emphatic
| ''vor''
| ''*hanlī'' || ''*hanbā'' || (demonstratives) || ''*hanćā'' || ''*hannīʔi'' || (demonstratives)
| ''mar''
| ''thom' ''
| ''lōkh''
| ''larra''
| ''lōm'''
| ''zhar't'', ∅
| ''bai'''
| ''zharm'''
|-
|-
! mirative
! Alienable
| ''thwal''
| ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-''  
| ''lizhmer''
| ''thwal'om'''
| ''thwakh''
| ''thwakhra''
| ''thwakh lōm'''
| ''thwal zhar't''
| ''thwal bai'''
| ''thwal zharm'''
|-
|-
! hearsay
! Inalienable
| ''shaf''
| ''*-alu'' || ''*-abu'' || ''*-ī'' || ''*-ćā'' || ''*-nīʔi'' || ''*-iś''  
| ''shaf mar''
| ''shafom' ''
| ''shafakh''
| ''shafra''
| ''shaf lōm'''
| ''shaf zhar't''
| ''shaf bai'''
| ''shaf zharm' ''
|-
|-
! inferential
|}
| ''tib''
 
| ''tib mar''
=== Nouns ===
| ''tib thom' ''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
| ''tílakh''
| ''tib ra''
| ''tib lōm'''
| ''tib zhar't''
| ''tib bai'''
| ''tib zharm' ''
|-
|-
! question
!
| ''am''
! colspan=2| decl. A
| ''maand''
! colspan=2| decl. B
| ''am thom' ''
! colspan=2| decl. D
| ''okh''
| ''morra''
| ''okh thom'''
| ''ner't''
| ''ner'bai'''
| ''nerm'''
|-
|-
! relativizer (direct)
!
| ''vi''
!singular
| ''dov''
!plural
| ''vi thom'''
!singular
| ''vikh''
!plural
| ''dover''
!singular
| ''vikh thom'''
!plural
| ''ver't''
| ''do'ft''
| ''verm'''
|-
|-
! relativizer (indirect)
|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
| ''cha' ''
|''lēti'' ||''lētāla''
| ''do'ch''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi'''''
| ''cha' thom'''
||''-īni''||''-ijē''
| ''chakh''
| ''do'char''
| ''chakh thom'''
| ''char't''
| ''do'cht''
| ''charm'''
|-
|-
! complementizer
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
| ''ith''
|''lēta-'' ||''lētā-''
| ''dor''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-'''''
| ''ith thom' ''
||''-''||''-''
| ''ian''
|}
| ''dorn''
 
| ''ian thom' ''
=== Verbs ===
| ''naaf''
Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:
| ''dor't''
* ʔ- dynamic
| ''naaf thom' ''
** infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
* ŋ- causative
* s-infix: to do in advance
* various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! Stem !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun
|-
|-
! if (real)
! a-stem
| ''sher''
| ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ā3'' || ''*1a2ī3i'', ''*1e2ī3i''
| ''rikh''
| ''sher thom' ''
| ''shern''
| ''reen''
| ''shern thom' ''
| ''wher't''
| ''reer't''
| ''wher't thom' ''
|-
|-
! if (irreal or less vivid)
! e-stem
| ''roogħ''
| ''*1a2e3'' || ''*-12e3'' || ''*-1in2e3'' || ''*ʔa1e2ā3'' || ''*12e3eḱi''
| ''rikh''
|-
| ''roogħ thom' ''
! ʔ-prefix stem
| ''roogħan''
| ''*ʔa12e3'' || ''*-ʔa12u3'' || ''*-ʔi1en2i3'' || ''*ʔa12ā3'' || ''*ʔa12ē3i''
| ''reen''
|-
| ''roogħan thom' ''
! {{ng}}-prefix stem
| ''roor't''
| ''*{{ng}}a12e3'' || ''*-ŋ1a2u3'' || ''*-{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ā3'' || ''*12ū3eḱi''
| ''reer't''
|-
| ''roogħ zhar't thom' ''
! š-infix stem
| ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i''
|-
! ʔ-infix stem
| ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i''
|-
! 2-redup
| ''*21a2e3'' || ''*-2a12u3'' || ''*-21in2u3'' || ''*21a2ā3'' || ''*21a23eḱi''
|-
! 3-redup
| ''*1i2a3e3'' || ''*-1a23u3'' || ''*-1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ā3'' || ''*12a3ē3i''
|-
! 13-redup
| ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3''
|}
|}
===Derivation===
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3''
* ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun
*''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives
*''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X
*''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure
*''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
*''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective
*''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective
*''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective
*''1e2ā3'' = event
*''śi12ū3'' = event
*''tawa12a3''
*''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument
*''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession
*''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process
*''wa12ū3'' = patient noun
*''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:
Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.
*Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
 
*Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
[[Category:Language families]]
*Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)

Latest revision as of 20:21, 3 November 2022

Idavic languages/Lexicon
Idavic languages/Swadesh
Idavic
Created by–
Geographic
distribution		Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Idavic (PId)

Idavic (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic *ʔidawi 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.

Family tree

  • Idavic
    • A language with Uralic grammar
    • Netagic (the only tricons branch)
    • Hmoob-like language
    • Whitmer
    • Pategian

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.

Labial Front coronal Back coronal Front velar Labiovelar Back velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪~n̠/ ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t̪/ ť /t̠/ ḱ /k̟/ kʷ /kʷ/ k /k̠/ ʔ /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d̪/ ď /d̠/ ǵ /g̟/ gʷ /gʷ/ g /g̠/
Fricative s /s̟/ š /s̠/ x́ /x̟/ xʷ /xʷ/ x /x̠/
Affricate c /t̪s̟/ č /t̠s̠/
Resonant w /w/ l /l̪/ r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ y /j/

s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.

Vowels

Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Netagin vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i /ɪ/ ī /i:/ u /ʊ/ ū /u:/
Open e /æ/ ē /æ:/ a /ɑ/ ā /ɑ:/

Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/

Suprasegmentals

Morphology

Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this

Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.

Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, *mi. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.

Pronouns

1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
Independent *wēlu *wēbu - *wēći *wēnīʔi -
Emphatic *hanlī *hanbā (demonstratives) *hanćā *hannīʔi (demonstratives)
Alienable *le- *be- *ʔin- *će- *neś- *ʔeś-
Inalienable *-alu *-abu *-ī *-ćā *-nīʔi *-iś

Nouns

decl. A decl. B decl. D
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Absolute state lēti lētāla ʔisteleḱi ʔistelahaḱi -īni -ijē
Construct state lēta- lētā- ʔisteleḱa- ʔistelahaḱa- - -

Verbs

Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:

  • ʔ- dynamic
    • infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
  • ŋ- causative
  • s-infix: to do in advance
  • various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
Stem Intransitive Transitive Applicative Transgressive Verbal noun
a-stem *1i2a3 *-(e)12a3 *-1in2a3 *1a2ā3 *1a2ī3i, *1e2ī3i
e-stem *1a2e3 *-12e3 *-1in2e3 *ʔa1e2ā3 *12e3eḱi
ʔ-prefix stem *ʔa12e3 *-ʔa12u3 *-ʔi1en2i3 *ʔa12ā3 *ʔa12ē3i
ŋ-prefix stem *ŋa12e3 *-ŋ1a2u3 *-ŋ1in2i3 *ŋa12ā3 *12ū3eḱi
š-infix stem *1aš2e3 *-1aš2u3 *-1išin2o3 *1aš2ā3 *1aš2ē3i
ʔ-infix stem *1aʔ2e3 *-1aʔ2u3 *-1iʔin2i3 *1aʔ2ā3 *te1aʔ2e3i
2-redup *21a2e3 *-2a12u3 *-21in2u3 *21a2ā3 *21a23eḱi
3-redup *1i2a3e3 *-1a23u3 *-1in2i3u3 *1a2a3ā3 *12a3ē3i
13-redup *1i31a2e3 *-1i3a12u3 *-1i31in2u3 *1i31a2ā3 *1i31a2ē3

Derivation

  • Noun patterns: 1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3
  • 1aʔ2ū3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
  • ʔe12ā3 = agent noun
  • 1iʔ2i3 = resultatives
  • 1aʔ2e3 = tendency/quality of X
  • 1iʔ2a3 = degree/measure
  • -ām = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
  • -ān = abstract noun, collective
  • 1a2ī3 = quality adjective
  • 1u2a3 = resultative adjective
  • 1e2ā3 = event
  • śi12ū3 = event
  • tawa12a3
  • śi12a3/śi12i3 = instrument
  • wa12ē3/wa12ī3 = profession
  • ti12a3/ti12e3 = process
  • wa12ū3 = patient noun
  • wa12ā3 = resultative noun

Syntax

Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Idavic_languages&oldid=291194"