Idavic languages: Difference between revisions

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Ashe and Hirst's Shalaian grammar provides the following reconstruction of Proto-Shalaian.
:[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]]
:[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]]
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
| name        = Idavic
| familycolor = dodellic
| family      = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
}}
 
'''Idavic''' (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic ''*ʔidawi'' 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic.
The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.
 
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical [[Netagin]]. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.
 
==Family tree==
==Family tree==
*[[Shalaian/Proto-Shalaic|Shalaic]]
*Idavic
**[[Shalaian]]
** A language with Uralic grammar
**[[Nădoghin]]
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
** Hmoob-like language
** [[Whitmer]]
** [[Pategian]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b d j g p’ t’ ł’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s ł h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
=== Consonants ===
*Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''')
 
===Diachronics===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
*b > v; ɓ > b; g > y, kh, or CL; j > ʒ; ng > ng3 > n3
! colspan="2" |
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
! |Labial
*q G q' > H ayin q
! |Front coronal
*further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
! |Back coronal
*Vowel shifts: ā > /ɛɪ/ (except before pharyngeals); ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
! |Front velar
*final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
! |Labiovelar
*Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
! |Back velar
*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
! |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
| |'''m''' /m/
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
|colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
| |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t̪/
|'''ť''' /t&#800;/
|'''ḱ''' /k&#799;/
|'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/
|'''k''' /k&#800;/
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|'''ď''' /d&#800;/
|'''ǵ''' /g&#799;/
|'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/
|'''g''' /g&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|
|'''s''' /s&#799;/
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''x́''' /x&#799;/
|'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/
|'''x''' /x&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|'''c''' /t&#810;s&#799;/
|'''č''' /t&#800;s̠/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''l''' /l&#810;/
| '''r''' /r/, '''ľ''' /ɺ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
'''s c''' were lamino-dental, and '''š č''' were retracted apico-alveolar.
 
=== Vowels ===
Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Proto-Netagin vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ī''' /i:/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ū''' /u:/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /æ/
| '''ē''' /æ:/
| '''a''' /ɑ/
| '''ā''' /ɑ:/
|}
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/


===Phonotactics===
===Suprasegmentals ===
====Allowed root clusters====
Allowed clusters with no glottal stop:
*mC: mn ml mr my m3 mb md mj mg mb' mt' mč' mk' mkw' mq' mp mt ms mč mk mkw mq mh
*nC: nm nr n3 ny nw nd nj ng nt' nč' nk' nkw' nq' nt ns nč nk nkw nq nh
*lC: lm ln l3 ly lw lb ld lj lg lb' lt' lč' lk' lkw' lq' lp lt ls lč lk lkw lq lh
*rC: rm rn r3 ry rw rb rd rj rg rb' rt' rč' rk' rkw' rq' rp rt rs rč rk rkw rq rh
*3C: 3m 3n 3l 3r 3y (never initial) 3w 3b 3d 3j 3g 3b' 3t' 3k' 3p 3t 3s 3č 3k 3kw 3q
*Cm: nm lm rm 3m dm jm gm t'm č'm k'm kw'm q'm tm sm čm km kwm qm hm
*Cn: mn ln 3n bn dn jn gn b'n t'n č'n k'n kw'n q'n pn tn sn čn kn kwn qn hn
*Cl: ml nl 3l rl bl dl jl b'l t'l č'l k'l kw'l q'l fl tl sl čl kl kwl ql hl
*Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr jr t'r č'r k'r kw'r q'r pr tr sr čr kr kwr qr hr
*Cy: my ny ly ry 3y (never initial) by b'y dy t'y č'y k'y q'y py ty sy ky qy hy
*Cw: nw 3w dw jw t'w č'w q'w tw sw čw qw
*C3: m3 n3 l3 r3 b3 d3 j3 b'3 t'3 č'3 k'3 kw'3 q'3 p3 t3 s3 č3 k3 kw3 q3
*XX: bd bj bg bt' bč' bk' bs bkw'  bq' pt pč pk pq db dg tb' t'k' t'q' tp tk tq jb jd jg čb' č't' č'k' čp čt čs čq gb gd gj kb' k't' k's k'č' kp kt kč ks kwb' kw't' kw's kw'č' kwp kwt kws kwč qb' q't' q'č' qp qt qs qč sb sd sg sb' st' sč' sk' sq' sp st sč sk sq


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Shalaian, as in Modern Shalaian.
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this
 
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.


The three genders, the strong and weak declensions and the two sets of possessive markers are all Proto-Shalaian features. Verbs were not inflected for tense or person, and were syntactically verbal nouns; it is thought that verbs developed personal marking later from possessed (even doubly-possessed) verbal noun forms.
Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.
===Root structure===
=== Pronouns ===
Consonantal roots, halfway between IE and Semitic? Old Irishy allomorphy?
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
!| ||  1sg || 2sg ||  3sg  ||  1pl || 2pl || 3pl
|-
! Independent
| ''*wēlu'' || ''*wēbu'' || ''-'' || ''*wēći'' || ''*wēnīʔi'' || ''-''
|-
! Emphatic
| ''*hanlī'' || ''*hanbā'' || (demonstratives) || ''*hanćā''  || ''*hannīʔi'' || (demonstratives)
|-
! Alienable
| ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-''
|-
! Inalienable
| ''*-alu'' || ''*-abu'' || ''*-ī'' || ''*-ćā'' || ''*-nīʔi'' || ''*-iś''
|-
|}


1- or 2- syllabic roots most common: CVC, CVCC, CVCC, CVCVC, CVCCVC, CVCVCC
=== Nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| decl. A
! colspan=2| decl. B
! colspan=2| decl. D
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
|''lēti'' ||''lētāla''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi'''''
||''-īni''||''-ijē''
|-
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
|''lēta-'' ||''lētā-''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-'''''
||''-''||''-''
|}


===Nouns===
=== Verbs ===
Noun plurals: -ōk, -ā, -ī, -ir, ablaut and/or redup
Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:
* ʔ- dynamic
** infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
* ŋ- causative
* s-infix: to do in advance
* various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"


===Adjectives===
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
===Verbs===
|-
====The auxiliary====
! Stem !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun
Should be as far from cartesian product as possible. Justify with analytic constructions; relex Welsh
|-
*direct imperfect: ''vor'' ← *bō ʕar = mae e'n, ''mar'' ← *bō mad ʕar = dydy e ddim yn
! a-stem
*direct perfect: ''lōkh'' ← *li ʔōkʷ = mi naeth e, ''vizha'' ← *bō hašgā = mae e heb
| ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ā3'' || ''*1a2ī3i'', ''*1e2ī3i''
*direct irrealis: ''zhar't'' ← *jar kʷãtʼ = lit. stands before
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Proto-Shalaian TAM markers'''  
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"| imperfect
!colspan="2"| perfect
!colspan="2"| irrealis
|-
|-
! <small>pos.</small></small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>pos.</small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>pos.</small> || <small>neg.</small>
! e-stem
| ''*1a2e3'' || ''*-12e3'' || ''*-1in2e3'' || ''*ʔa1e2ā3'' || ''*12e3eḱi''
|-
|-
! direct (verbal)
! ʔ-prefix stem
| ''bō ʕar''
| ''*ʔa12e3'' || ''*-ʔa12u3'' || ''*-ʔi1en2i3'' || ''*ʔa12ā3'' || ''*ʔa12ē3i''
| ''bō mad ʕar''
| ''li ʔōkʷ''
| ''bō ašgā''
| ''jar kʷãt''
| ''bãy''
|-
|-
! question
! {{ng}}-prefix stem
| ''ʔam''
| ''*{{ng}}a12e3'' || ''*-ŋ1a2u3'' || ''*-{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ā3'' || ''*12ū3eḱi''
| ''ʔam yankʷid''
| ''ʔōkʷ''
| ''ʔōkʷ rāk''
| ''ʔam nayd''
| ''ʔam tuhar nayd''
|-
|-
! relativizer (direct)
! š-infix stem
| ''bī''
| ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i''
| ''dō bī''
| ''bī ʔōkʷ''
| ''dō bī ʔōkʷ rāk''
| ''bī kʷãt''
| ''dō bī kʷãt''
|-
|-
! relativizer (indirect)
! ʔ-infix stem
| ''čʼã''
| ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i''
| ''dō čʼã''
| ''čʼã ʔōkʷ''
| ''dō čʼã ʔōkʷ rāk''
| ''čʼã jar kʷãt''
| ''dō čʼã jar kʷãt''
|-
|-
! complementizer
! 2-redup
| ''ʔit''
| ''*21a2e3'' || ''*-2a12u3'' || ''*-21in2u3'' || ''*21a2ā3'' || ''*21a23eḱi''
| ''dō rāk ʔikʷ''
| ''ʔit hin''
| ''dō rāk hin''
| ''napā''
| ''dō jar rā ʔikʷ''
|-
|-
! if (real)
! 3-redup
| ''čīr''
| ''*1i2a3e3'' || ''*-1a23u3'' || ''*-1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ā3'' || ''*12a3ē3i''
| ''čīr rāk ʔikʷ''
| ''čīr hin''
| ''čīr rāk hin''
| ''(ʔam) kʷid ʔit''
| ''yankʷid rā ʔikʷ''
|-
|-
! if (irreal or less vivid)
! 13-redup
| ''rū ʕar ʔit''
| ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3''
| ''rū ʕar rāk ʔikʷ''
| ''rū ʕar bō hin ʔit''
| ''rū ʕar rāk hin''
| ''rū ʕar kʷid rā ʔit''
| ''rū ʕar yankʷid rā ʔikʷ''
|}
|}


====The verb forms====
===Derivation===
*The imperative
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3''
*The first infinitive: origin of the finite verbs; some conflation with imperative
* ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*The second infinitive (more of a lexical deverbal noun): origin of the infinitives
*''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun
*''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives
*''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X
*''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure
*''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
*''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective
*''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective
*''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective
*''1e2ā3'' = event
*''śi12ū3'' = event
*''tawa12a3''
*''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument
*''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession
*''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process
*''wa12ū3'' = patient noun
*''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:
Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.
*Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
 
*Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
[[Category:Language families]]
*Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)

Latest revision as of 20:21, 3 November 2022

Idavic languages/Lexicon
Idavic languages/Swadesh
Idavic
Created by–
Geographic
distribution		Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Idavic (PId)

Idavic (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic *ʔidawi 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.

Family tree

  • Idavic
    • A language with Uralic grammar
    • Netagic (the only tricons branch)
    • Hmoob-like language
    • Whitmer
    • Pategian

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.

Labial Front coronal Back coronal Front velar Labiovelar Back velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪~n̠/ ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t̪/ ť /t̠/ ḱ /k̟/ kʷ /kʷ/ k /k̠/ ʔ /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d̪/ ď /d̠/ ǵ /g̟/ gʷ /gʷ/ g /g̠/
Fricative s /s̟/ š /s̠/ x́ /x̟/ xʷ /xʷ/ x /x̠/
Affricate c /t̪s̟/ č /t̠s̠/
Resonant w /w/ l /l̪/ r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ y /j/

s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.

Vowels

Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Netagin vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i /ɪ/ ī /i:/ u /ʊ/ ū /u:/
Open e /æ/ ē /æ:/ a /ɑ/ ā /ɑ:/

Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/

Suprasegmentals

Morphology

Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this

Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.

Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, *mi. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.

Pronouns

1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
Independent *wēlu *wēbu - *wēći *wēnīʔi -
Emphatic *hanlī *hanbā (demonstratives) *hanćā *hannīʔi (demonstratives)
Alienable *le- *be- *ʔin- *će- *neś- *ʔeś-
Inalienable *-alu *-abu *-ī *-ćā *-nīʔi *-iś

Nouns

decl. A decl. B decl. D
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Absolute state lēti lētāla ʔisteleḱi ʔistelahaḱi -īni -ijē
Construct state lēta- lētā- ʔisteleḱa- ʔistelahaḱa- - -

Verbs

Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:

  • ʔ- dynamic
    • infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
  • ŋ- causative
  • s-infix: to do in advance
  • various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
Stem Intransitive Transitive Applicative Transgressive Verbal noun
a-stem *1i2a3 *-(e)12a3 *-1in2a3 *1a2ā3 *1a2ī3i, *1e2ī3i
e-stem *1a2e3 *-12e3 *-1in2e3 *ʔa1e2ā3 *12e3eḱi
ʔ-prefix stem *ʔa12e3 *-ʔa12u3 *-ʔi1en2i3 *ʔa12ā3 *ʔa12ē3i
ŋ-prefix stem *ŋa12e3 *-ŋ1a2u3 *-ŋ1in2i3 *ŋa12ā3 *12ū3eḱi
š-infix stem *1aš2e3 *-1aš2u3 *-1išin2o3 *1aš2ā3 *1aš2ē3i
ʔ-infix stem *1aʔ2e3 *-1aʔ2u3 *-1iʔin2i3 *1aʔ2ā3 *te1aʔ2e3i
2-redup *21a2e3 *-2a12u3 *-21in2u3 *21a2ā3 *21a23eḱi
3-redup *1i2a3e3 *-1a23u3 *-1in2i3u3 *1a2a3ā3 *12a3ē3i
13-redup *1i31a2e3 *-1i3a12u3 *-1i31in2u3 *1i31a2ā3 *1i31a2ē3

Derivation

  • Noun patterns: 1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3
  • 1aʔ2ū3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
  • ʔe12ā3 = agent noun
  • 1iʔ2i3 = resultatives
  • 1aʔ2e3 = tendency/quality of X
  • 1iʔ2a3 = degree/measure
  • -ām = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
  • -ān = abstract noun, collective
  • 1a2ī3 = quality adjective
  • 1u2a3 = resultative adjective
  • 1e2ā3 = event
  • śi12ū3 = event
  • tawa12a3
  • śi12a3/śi12i3 = instrument
  • wa12ē3/wa12ī3 = profession
  • ti12a3/ti12e3 = process
  • wa12ū3 = patient noun
  • wa12ā3 = resultative noun

Syntax

Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.

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