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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|Wortebouch (Lexicon)]]<br/>
"Broad-slender Persian"
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
 
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische Sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or ''d'Allemañisch'') is a High German language spoken in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]'s Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
 
Numbers: ''ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên'' /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/
 
''Cl'' = /Cw/?
 
''r'' = /j/; ''kr, gr'' = /tɕ, dʑ/; ''k, g, ch'' + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ''ch'' = /x/
 
''s'' = /s/; ''z'' = /θ/; ''sch/tr'' = /sʰ/; ''dr'' = /z/
 
''(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr'' /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/
*''dez Hlauz'' /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate
 
''a'' = /a/, ''â'' = /aʊ/, ''âr'' = /aɪ/, ''au, aun'' = /o~oʊ/
 
''e'' = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ''ê'' = /aɪ/, ''eau, eaun'' = /ø/
 
''eu'' = /y/
 
''é, en, én'' = /e~eɪ/
 
''i'' = /ə/
 
''î, in'' = /i/
 
''u, un, an'' = /ɔ/
 
''û'' = /u/
 
Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise
 
==Todo==
Some sentences:
*''Ich spreche fon de Leaube und de Haz.'' [əx p˭jɛx fu də løb un də has]
*''Ist'z daz du behaltes ez fur mir ?'' [it˭as t˭u bəhaltʰ əs fy mi]
*''Wir leaubons him, darum wir fîrons sîn Inwîung.'' [wi løbu hiŋ dɔjuŋ wi fiju siŋ iŋwijuŋ]
*''Ez git an mir Hunger.'' [əs k˭ət am mi huŋi]
*''Hwaz ist'z daz ez ?'' [w̥as itas əs] "What is it?"
Sound changes:
*"pin-pen merger" (to /i/) before final weakening
 
Some words:
*''de Deaumout'' /døy.moʊʔ/ = meekness, humility, submission
**''deaumoutig'' /døy.moʊ.ti/ = meek, humble
*''de Hnacken'' /n̊a.k˭u/ = neck
*''nein'' /neɪŋ/ = no; ''neau'' /nø/ = not
*''denken'' /diŋ.kʰu/ = think
*''de Stein'' /t˭eɪŋ/ = stone
*''de Schlange'' /l̥aŋ/ = snake
*''de Himel'' /hi.məl/ = sky
*''d'Eauligheit'' /ø.li.kʰeɪʔ/ = eternity
**''eaulig'' /ø.li/ = eternal
*''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition)
*''de Schneau'' = snow
 
==Phonology==
Unusually for an L-European language, {{PAGENAME}} has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written {{angbr|''sch''}} or {{angbr|''tr''}}).
===Orthography===
 
===Consonants===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2"|Nasal
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|/m̊/
|colspan="2"|/n̊/
|
|
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|/m/
|colspan="2"|/n/
|/ɲ/
|/ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3"|Stop
! | <small>plain</small>
|/pʰ/
|/tʰ/
|
|/tɕʰ/
|/kʰ/
|rowspan="3"|/ʔ/
|-
! | <small>tense</small>
|/p˭/
|/t˭/
|
|[tɕ˭]
|/k˭/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|/b/
|/d/
|
|/d͡ʑ/
|/g/
|-
! rowspan="3"|Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|/f/
|/θ/
|/s/
|/ʃ/
|
|rowspan="3"|/h/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|[v]
|[ð]
|/z/
|
|
|-
! | <small>aspirated</small>
|
|
|/sʰ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Approximant
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|/w̥/
|/l̥/
|
|
|
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|/w/
|/l/
|
|/j/
|
|
|}
*/h/ may be written as either {{angbr|''h''}} or {{angbr|''ch''}}; it is pronounced [x] after consonants.
 
===Vowels===
vowels: /a ə i u y ɔ~aʊ ɛ~aɪ e~eɪ o~oʊ ø~øy/, ~ denotes alternation.
 
The Allemañisch alternation is conditioned by the following rule:
 
*diphthongs before /ʔ, s, ŋ/ OR before nasals
*monophthongs otherwise?
 
The alternants are marginally phonemic, e.g. before consonants that don't alternate like /l, h/.
 
It originally came from the rule "diphthongs in closed syllables, monophthongs in open syllables" (plus diphthongization before /n, s/). This alternation operates after r, -nj > j and attendant vowel coloring.
 
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
====Liaison====
====Alternations upon suffixation====
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Indefinite article:
*''a, az, et'' /ə, əs, əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl)
 
Definite article:
*''de/d', dez, deu'' /də, dəs, dy/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl.)
 
Common nouns: ''-0/-e, -er''
*''de Frau, deu Frauer'' /də fjo, dy fjoji/ 'woman'
*''de Hrabe, deu Hraber'' /də ʃap, dy ʃabi/ 'raven'
 
Neuter nouns: ''-0, -e''
*''dez Kind, deu Kinde'' /də siŋʔ, dy sint/ 'child'
 
Neuter n-stem nouns: ''-e, -en''
*''dez Name, deu Namen'' /dəs nam, dy namu/ 'name'
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e''
*''Er stark.'' /e t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.' (cf. [[Venetian Hebrew]] spoken in the vicinity.)
*''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'
 
===Verbs===
Infinitive:
*''machen'' /maxu/
 
Imperative:
*''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [no number distinction]
*''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'
 
Present simple:
*''ich mache'' /əx max/
*''du maches'' /du max/
*''er/seu/ez machet'' /eː max/
*''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/
*''irl  machet'' /il max/
*''deul machent'' /dyl max/
 
Present progressive:
*''ich bî machen''
*''du bî machen''
*''er bî machen''
*''wir bî machen''
*''irl bî machen''
*''deul bî machen''
 
Past:
*''ich ha gemachet'' /əx hagəmax/
*''du has gemachet'' /du hak˭əmax/
*''er/seu/ez hat gemachet'' /eː hak˭əmax/
*''wir hans gemachet'' /wiː hɔŋəmax/
*''irl hat gemachet'' /il hak˭əmax/
*''deul hant gemachet'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/
 
Future tense:
*''ich will machen, du willt machen, ...''
Question marker: ''ist'z daz'' = /it˭as/ (e.g. ''Ist'z daz du leaubes mir ?'' /it˭as t˭u løp mi/ 'Do you love me?')
 
Inversion for questions is allowed for pronominal subjects only: e.g. ''Leaubes-du mir ?'' /løp t˭u mi/
*''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/
*''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/
*''leaubet-er'' /løpte/, ''leaubet-eu'' /løpty/, ''leaubet-ez'' /løptis/
*''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/
*''leaubet-irl'' /løptil/
*''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/
 
The past tense auxiliary ''han'' is inverted as follows:
*''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'')
*''has-du'' /hat˭u/
*''hat-er'' /hate/, ''hat-eu'' /haty/, ''hat-ez'' /hatis/
*''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/
*''hat-irl'' /hatil/
*''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/
====Class 1 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
*''bîzen'' /bisu/ 'to bite'
 
Imperative:
*''bîze !'' /bis/
 
Present simple:
*''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/
*''du bîzes'' /du bis/
*''er/seu/ez bîzet'' /eː bis/
*''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/
*''irl bîzet'' /il bis/
*''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/
 
Past:
*''ich ha gebizet'' /əx hagəbəs/
*''du has gebizet'' /du hak˭əbəs/
*''er/seu/ez hat gebizet'' /eː hak˭əbəs/
*''wir hans gebizet'' /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
*''irl hat gebizet'' /il hak˭əbəs/
*''deul hant gebizet'' /dyl hɔŋəbəs/
====Class 2 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
*''fleaugen'' /føgu/ 'to fly'
 
Imperative:
*''fleauge !'' /føg/
 
Present simple:
*''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/
*''du fleauges'' /du føg/
*''er/seu/ez fleauget'' /eː føg/
*''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/
*''irl fleauget'' /il føg/
*''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/
 
Past:
*''ich ha gefloget'' /əx hagəfɔg/
*''du has gefloget'' /du hak˭əfɔg/
*''er/seu/ez hat gefloget'' /eː hak˭əfɔg/
*''wir hans gefloget'' /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
*''irl hat gefloget'' /il hak˭əfɔg/
*''deul hant gefloget'' /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/
 
====Class 3 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
*''trinken'' /tɕiŋku/ 'to drink'
 
Imperative:
*''trinke !'' /tɕiŋk/
 
Present simple:
*''ich trinke'' /əx tɕiŋk/
*''du trinkes'' /du tɕiŋk/
*''er/seu/ez trinket'' /eː tɕiŋk/
*''wir trinkons'' /wiː tɕiŋku/
*''irl trinket'' /il tɕiŋk/
*''deul trinkent'' /dyl tɕiŋk/
 
Past:
*''ich ha getrunket'' /əx hagətɕuŋk/
*''du has getrunket'' /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''er/seu/ez hat getrunket'' /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''wir hans getrunket'' /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
*''irl hat getrunket'' /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''deul hant getrunket'' /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/
====Class 4 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
*''sterben'' /t˭eːbu/ 'to die'
 
Imperative:
*''sterbe !'' /t˭eːb/
 
Present simple:
*''ich sterbe''
*''du sterbes'' (no stem vowel change unlike in German)
*''er/seu/ez sterbet''
*''wir sterbons''
*''irl sterbet''
*''deul sterbent''
 
Past:
*''ich ha gestorbet''
*''du has gestorbet''
*''er/seu/ez hat gestorbet''
*''wir hans gestorbet''
*''irl hat gestorbet''
*''deul hant gestorbet''
 
====Copula====
The copula is ''wesen'' in the infinitive. Inverted forms of the copula exist, but only for pronominal subjects.
 
Inverted copula:
*''em-ich'' = /eməx/
*''eres-du'' = /it˭u/
*''ist-er'' = /it˭e/
*''eront-wir'' = /ʊŋwi/
*''eret-irl'' =  /it˭il/
*''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/
 
Past tense copula:
 
*''ich was''
*''du wast''
*''er was''
*''wir wârons''
*''irl wâret''
*''deul wârent''
 
Inverted:
 
*''was-ich'' /wasəx/
*''was-du'' /wast˭u/
*''was-er'' /wase/
*''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/
*''wâret-irl'' /waɪjil/
*''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/
 
===Pronouns===
The personal pronouns are as follows:
 
(The 2pl and 3pl nominative forms ''irl'' and ''deul'' are etymologically from ''*ir alliu'' 'you all' and ''*diu alliu'' 'they all'.)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl.
|-
! 'he' || 'she' || 'it' (n.)
|-
! nom.
| ''ich''<br/>/əx/ || ''du''<br/>/du/ || ''er''<br/>/e/ || ''seu''<br/>/sy/
|rowspan="2"| ''ez''<br/>/is, əs/ || ''wir''<br/>/wi/ || ''irl''<br/>/il/ || ''deul''<br/>/dyl/
|-
! obj.
| ''mir''<br/>/mi/ || ''dir''<br/>/di/ || ''im''<br/>/iŋ/ || ''ir''<br/>/i/ || ''uns''<br/>/u/ || ''euch''<br/>/yx/ || ''deim''<br/>/deɪŋ/
|-
! poss.
| ''mîn''<br/>/miŋ/ || ''dîn''<br/>/diŋ/
|colspan="3"| ''sîn''<br/>/siŋ/ || ''unser''<br/>/usi/ || ''eucher''<br/>/yxi/ || ''deir''<br/>/de/
|}
 
*In questions that use inversion, ''eu'' /y/ is used instead of ''seu''.
 
''mîn, dîn, sîn'' are inflected as follows:
*sg. common ''mîn'' /miŋ~mi.n‿-/, sg. neuter ''mîz'' /mis~mi.z‿-/, pl. ''mîne'' /min/
 
==Syntax==
{{PAGENAME}} is SVO (not V2) and zero-copula.
===Negation===
The negative particle ''neau'' /nø/ is placed after a verbal phrase but before a predicative adjective:
 
*''Ich haze dir neau.'' /əx haz di nø/ "I don't hate you."
*''Ez neau grauz genoug.'' /əs nø dʑoʊs gənoʊʔ/ "It's not big enough."
 
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
''Alle Menschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wurde und Rechte. Deul sint begâbet mit Verstand und Gewissen und moussent benêmen mit ein Geist von Brouderligheit.''
 
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]

Latest revision as of 03:56, 19 December 2022

"Broad-slender Persian"

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