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==Gauf phonology==
 
==Swadesh list==
#I: nu
#thou: sei
#he/she/it: was/wie/wem
#we: wind
#ye: lind
#they: wen/wes/wer
#this: ma
#that: đa
#here: ming
#there: ang
#who: ja
#what: jähl
#where: jang
#when: jester
#how: jahr
#not: ihren
#all: bies
#many: auer
#some: kieŧ
#few: ŧich
#other: mach
#one: wahm
#two: dieser
#three: narg
#four: đauf
#five: säl
#big: halm
#long: gau
#wide: ŧriech
#thick: lauch (viscous, dense), schab (of a 2-dimensional object), ŧühr (of a 1-dimensional object)
#heavy: garm
#small: binđ
#short: kass
#narrow: bisch
#thin: retz (not viscous), đipfer (of a 2-dimensional object), zast (of a 1-dimensional object)
#woman: Samm, Sämmer
#man: Ŧall, Ŧalle
#human: Wahr, Währer
#child: Bieh, Biehe
#wife: Heste, Hester
#husband: Jern, Jerne
#mother: Mahl, Mahler
#father: Ahn, Ahnen
#animal: Schleck, Schlecke
#fish: Hilm, Hilme
#bird: Ŧehr, Ŧehret
#[a common pet]: Rüß
#insect: Đichlein
#snake?
#worm: Fitt
#tree: Gein
#forest: Rampf
#stick: Bachs
#fruit: Nind
#seed: Pfatts
#leaf: Nitt
#root: Flaun
#bark: Krau
#flower: Näpf
#grass: Knohe
#rope: Geletts
#skin: Spang
#meat/flesh: Ŧeid
#blood: Mänz
#bone: Anđ
#fat: Schnebe
#egg: Bimm
#horn: Pfächte
#tail: Behr
#feather: Hufs
#hair: Appe,
#head: Bast
#ear: Đüsser
#eye: Feich
#nose: Bien
#mouth: Kühm, Kuhme
#tooth: Schwalf, Schwalfet
#tongue: Sahr, Sähre
#fingernail: Quab, Quäber
#foot: Mage, Mager
#leg: Mage, Mager
#knee: Stegel
#hand: Seime, Seimer
#wing: Irbe, Irbet
#belly: Đänge, Đange
#guts: Ŧüffer
#neck: Ŧrapf, Ŧrapfe
#back: Bleit, Bleite
#breast: Dack, Däcker
#heart: Auben, Auben
#liver: Sürŧel, Surŧel
#drink: điels, đühls, Geđiels
#eat: haff, hiff, Haffs
#bite: kar, kier, karen
#suck: ŧarg, ŧirg, Ŧargs
#spit: speŧŧ, speŧŧe, Speŧŧel
#vomit: begrall, begrälle, Begralls
#blow: schwecht, schwechte, Schwechts
#breathe: pfach, pfich, Pfachs
#laugh: rack, rick, Räckel (smile: racknung, racknünge, Racknungs)
#see: doss, döss, Dössel
#hear: ŧall, ŧill, Ŧalls
#know: gad, gied, Gads
#think: iem, ieme, Iems
#smell: blung, blunge, Blungs
#fear: knatz, knitz, Geknatz
#sleep: drau, dräue, Dräuel
#live: jund, jünde, Junds
#die: schern, schirne, Scherns
#kill: entschern, entschirne, Entscherns
#fight: stieb, stiebe, stiebel
 
==Place names==
==Place names==
<poem>
<poem>
''Hauerreberjamms'' - capital of Wiobermin
''Hauerreberjamms'' - capital of Wiobermin - Redo bloated spelling of Hauerreberjamms after reworking sound changes
''Walsterschmerg''
''Gertraucherzweidung''
''Deschrüssmeder''
''Ingsthanz''
''Gemastkriebing''
''Tübederchung''
''Iosmahrlinde''
''Geschelinde''
''Greichŧrister''
''Uobensbarr''
''Wuscherŧrungen''
''Wuscherŧrungen''
''Flaŧŧsschmängs''
''Flaŧŧsschmängs''
''Ämmerbraum''
''Ämmerbraum''
''Pfeune'' - river name
''Gefahl''
''Keime''
</poem>
</poem>


==Calendar==
leap every 10 unless divisible by 50 unless divisible by 1500
===Month names===
*Lucht (autumn):
**Kriefacht (Clofabic krif-akt)
**Ŧauer
**Fiege
*Bürgend (winter):
**Geseck
**Seibel (''Seib'' = snow)
**Motzen
*Schweg (spring):
**Sopfer
**Schratze
**Hünke
*Pfein (summer):
**Geschlaub
**Bräckel (''Brack'' = light)
**Ŧemmen


==Words==
==Words==
<poem>
<poem>
Ŧime 'hand' > ''dzym1''
kub = poor
beŧim 'touch, handle' MGW ''śym1''
schngett = lively, wild
Ŧehr 'bird' > dzai1
Ing (n.) = water
Ŧepps 'ice' > dzai2
Witte (m.) = sky (Wittel = sky-god)
enŧepp 'freeze' > ńyp2
Stein (n.) = house
Früngli - farmer
so = here
Riffer = corn
bespüdern = protect
Keif-Schnast = plosive
Gestehns-Schnast = fricative
Sanzer-Schnast = sibilant
Ŧreibs-Schnast = click
Entbiens-Schnast = nasal
Schlauer-Schnast = liquid
Schnast: sound, phone
Gluft: healing, medicine
schund: sick
spag: narrow
spick: good
ngollen: boil
ngummen: rumble
rapfen: i bark
ŧacken - agree
scherchen - sizzle
Stühne (f) = honor
Rütze (n) = a red jewel
Tiel (m) = a tree species
Ŧwahn (m) = drum
Sische (f) = flute
Geđeich (m) = plucked string instrument
Strach (f) = trumpet
Schibbel (m) = reed instrument
Siebel = reed
Betz = stick
beđülsch - worship
gebründ - protect
Schngie, Schngie (sg. /ʃŋiː/, pl. /ˈʃŋiːə/) - beast
drahl, dreil, Gedrahl - follow
gürf, gürfe, Gürfel - absorb
zieb, ziebe, Ziebel: give birth
entzieb, entziebe, Entziebel: be born
Schast (m): child
Schlieber, Schliebern (f): butterfly
Gette, Getten (f): hammer
Gogen, Gogen (m): stone
Đruche, Đruchen (f) (< Primitive Tergetian) - lips
Kacke (f) - crap, shit
Flünde (f) - bravery
Müđungtruhn (m) - dictionary
Đrust (m) - clay
Himmer (f) - milk
Đorn, Đornet (f) - spirit
Hader, Hadert (m) - flower
Schweich /ʃvaɪç/, Schweicher (f) 'bow (weapon)'
Scharung (m) 'thread, yarn' (< PPfK *sqar- 'twist' + *-ong 'singulative')
zarb, zirb, Zärbel (m) 'reckoning, calculation, explanation'
Fleide (f) - ray
ach! - oh! ah! alas!
o! - O!
ei! - O (vocative, also used to call for listener's attention)
bleug, blug, Bleugen: 'exchange'
Meitel 'gift'
meit, meite, Meits 'give'
Schwetel - faith (from schwet, schwiet, Schwetel 'believe')
Geseck (f) - winter solstice
Geschlaub (f) - summer solstice
Schrindke (m) - festival
Wumper, Wumper (m) 'platypus'
Flau, Flauet (m) 'suffering, agony'
Brühme (f) 'loyalty, faithfulness'
Hauchs, Hauchse, Hauchsen (m.) 'raven' < from Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian *kawqs (stolen from Lushootseed)
Rohne, Rohnen (f): lye
Schwalts (m): bread
Died (m), Diedet: mountain
Ŧriefke (f): poem
beđach, beđiech-, beđachs 'be well-formed, to hold/be valid'
Träuße, Träußer (f): thought, mind
ŧack /!ak/ 'right, correct'
Fricht, Frichte, Früchten (f) - smoke
hock, höck-, Höckel 'to hurt, injure'
Đifte, Điften (f) = frog
zub: new
Schnamm, Schnämmer (m): year
Reid, Reide (m) = fire
Truhn, Trühner (m) = book
quard, querde, Quards: love
Quärde: love (f)
spring: Schwerg, Schwergen (m)
summer: Pfeine, Pfeinen (f)
autumn: Lucht, Lüchter (f)
winter: Bürgend, Bürgende (m) (PPf {{recon|burginþi}} < PQuame {{recon|burɢinti}})
north: simm
south: ŧeng
east: gatter
west: schuft
luh (PGam lax̌ʷ) - be
immer - now
Rund (nom sg), Ründe (nom pl), Ränden (gen pl) - bear
today - mesend
yesterday - wurn
tomorrow - gufter
Haugen - ice
datz - sweet
Datzes - sweet, confectionary
sie, schnie, Sies = cover
sie - or
Sie (f), Sien - star
Schmarst, Schmärster (f) - spider
Đerz (m) - wish
Hase, Haser (f) 'city'
Unde, Under (f) 'sun'
Schnilŧ 'pod' > scha-nil > ha níl > niin > Nohn 'spice'
Pfing, Pfinge (m) 'day'
Ŧehr (m) 'bird'
entŧepf 'freeze' (trans.)
Früngli (m) - farmer
früngs, früngs, Früngs - farm
früngs, früngs, Früngs - farm
Huß, Hußer - world
Huss, Husser (m) - world
Mauch, Mauchet - ball, sphere > mao5
Mauch, Mauchet (f) - ball, sphere
Wister - unit of length
Wister - unit of length
Stuchs - pace, rhythm
Stuchs - pace, rhythm
enschläb - lower
entschläb - lower
enfens - raise
entfehns - raise
Bezwanns - ladder, scale
Bezwands - ladder, scale
bekiod - mourn, grieve
bekied - mourn, grieve
Esch - voice
Esch - voice
Dioder - great mountain (Surname)
Dieder - great mountain (Surname)
</poem>
Disserbast - dvandva
 
Wiehung, Wiehunger 'kernel'
==Sound changes==
Ŧeib, Ŧeibe (m) - chalice
===Initials===
<poem>
p > b /ɓ/ high class
sp > p /pʰ/ high class
b > p low class
m > m low class
schm > m high class
w > w low class
schw > w high class
pf > pf high class
f > f high class
enpf, enf > w high class
schm, schw + séimhiú > m, w L
urú
np > b > p L
nb > m > m L
nf > mhf > w L
npf > w L
aspirate mutation
s-m > m H
s-p > p H
s-b > p H
s-w > w H
s-z > tʰ H
t > ɗ H
z > t H
st > tʰ H
d > tʰ L
n > n L
l > l L
schn > n H
schl > l H
z > t H
s > z H
ss > s H
 
séimhiú:
t-sé > s H
d-sé > s L
z-se > s H
 
uru:
nt: t̓ʰ H
nd: n L
ns: z H
nss: z H
nl > ł L
nschl > ł H
nschr > ż H
 
ŧ > dź H
sŧ > ć H
đ > ć L
ŧh > ś H
đh > ś L
nŧ > ć H
nđ > ł L
pl, kl > dź H
spl > ć H
bl, gl > ć L
Npl, Nkl > ć H
Nbl, Ngl > ł L
phl, khl > ś H
bhl, ghl > ś L
ml, schml > ł H, ł L
 
pr, pfr, tr, kr > dż H
spr, str > cz H
br, dr, gr > cz L
fr, schr > sz H
r > ż L
mr > nz L
schmr > nz H
thr > sz H
dhr > sz L
mhr > ż L?
 
ntr > cz H
ndr > nz L
nschr, nfr > ż H
 
palatals
 
ti, ki > dzi H
sti > ci H
di, gi > ci L
ssi, schi > si H
ni > ni L
schni > ni H
si > zi H
dzi H + se > si H
ci L + se > ni L
 
nti > ci L
ndi > ni L
nsi, nssi, nschi > zi H
 
 
k > g H
g > k L
tes-k > k-H
kh > ch H
gh > ch L
oh and
kn, schng > ng H
gn, ng > ng L
sch > ch H\
nk > k L
ng > ng L
nsch > ng H
wi > zi L
schwi > zi H
</poem>
</poem>
===Rimes===
<poem>
' = palatalization of dentals, velars and w to palatals


short i > -y-
==Historical phonology==
long i > -'ei, -yC
short e > -y-
long e > -e-
long/short ä > -'a-
long/short ü > -'ư
long/short ö > -ơ
short u > -u-
long u > -y-
long/short o > -u-
long/short å > -o-
short a > -o
long a > -'a
-ie > -'i-
-io > -'u-
-ia > -'o-
-iu > -'ư-
-uo > -u-
-üö > -'ơ
-äu > -e
-au > -au, -uC
-ei > -a
</poem>

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

Swadesh list

  1. I: nu
  2. thou: sei
  3. he/she/it: was/wie/wem
  4. we: wind
  5. ye: lind
  6. they: wen/wes/wer
  7. this: ma
  8. that: đa
  9. here: ming
  10. there: ang
  11. who: ja
  12. what: jähl
  13. where: jang
  14. when: jester
  15. how: jahr
  16. not: ihren
  17. all: bies
  18. many: auer
  19. some: kieŧ
  20. few: ŧich
  21. other: mach
  22. one: wahm
  23. two: dieser
  24. three: narg
  25. four: đauf
  26. five: säl
  27. big: halm
  28. long: gau
  29. wide: ŧriech
  30. thick: lauch (viscous, dense), schab (of a 2-dimensional object), ŧühr (of a 1-dimensional object)
  31. heavy: garm
  32. small: binđ
  33. short: kass
  34. narrow: bisch
  35. thin: retz (not viscous), đipfer (of a 2-dimensional object), zast (of a 1-dimensional object)
  36. woman: Samm, Sämmer
  37. man: Ŧall, Ŧalle
  38. human: Wahr, Währer
  39. child: Bieh, Biehe
  40. wife: Heste, Hester
  41. husband: Jern, Jerne
  42. mother: Mahl, Mahler
  43. father: Ahn, Ahnen
  44. animal: Schleck, Schlecke
  45. fish: Hilm, Hilme
  46. bird: Ŧehr, Ŧehret
  47. [a common pet]: Rüß
  48. insect: Đichlein
  49. snake?
  50. worm: Fitt
  51. tree: Gein
  52. forest: Rampf
  53. stick: Bachs
  54. fruit: Nind
  55. seed: Pfatts
  56. leaf: Nitt
  57. root: Flaun
  58. bark: Krau
  59. flower: Näpf
  60. grass: Knohe
  61. rope: Geletts
  62. skin: Spang
  63. meat/flesh: Ŧeid
  64. blood: Mänz
  65. bone: Anđ
  66. fat: Schnebe
  67. egg: Bimm
  68. horn: Pfächte
  69. tail: Behr
  70. feather: Hufs
  71. hair: Appe,
  72. head: Bast
  73. ear: Đüsser
  74. eye: Feich
  75. nose: Bien
  76. mouth: Kühm, Kuhme
  77. tooth: Schwalf, Schwalfet
  78. tongue: Sahr, Sähre
  79. fingernail: Quab, Quäber
  80. foot: Mage, Mager
  81. leg: Mage, Mager
  82. knee: Stegel
  83. hand: Seime, Seimer
  84. wing: Irbe, Irbet
  85. belly: Đänge, Đange
  86. guts: Ŧüffer
  87. neck: Ŧrapf, Ŧrapfe
  88. back: Bleit, Bleite
  89. breast: Dack, Däcker
  90. heart: Auben, Auben
  91. liver: Sürŧel, Surŧel
  92. drink: điels, đühls, Geđiels
  93. eat: haff, hiff, Haffs
  94. bite: kar, kier, karen
  95. suck: ŧarg, ŧirg, Ŧargs
  96. spit: speŧŧ, speŧŧe, Speŧŧel
  97. vomit: begrall, begrälle, Begralls
  98. blow: schwecht, schwechte, Schwechts
  99. breathe: pfach, pfich, Pfachs
  100. laugh: rack, rick, Räckel (smile: racknung, racknünge, Racknungs)
  101. see: doss, döss, Dössel
  102. hear: ŧall, ŧill, Ŧalls
  103. know: gad, gied, Gads
  104. think: iem, ieme, Iems
  105. smell: blung, blunge, Blungs
  106. fear: knatz, knitz, Geknatz
  107. sleep: drau, dräue, Dräuel
  108. live: jund, jünde, Junds
  109. die: schern, schirne, Scherns
  110. kill: entschern, entschirne, Entscherns
  111. fight: stieb, stiebe, stiebel

Place names

Hauerreberjamms - capital of Wiobermin - Redo bloated spelling of Hauerreberjamms after reworking sound changes
Wuscherŧrungen
Flaŧŧsschmängs
Ämmerbraum
Pfeune - river name
Gefahl
Keime

Calendar

leap every 10 unless divisible by 50 unless divisible by 1500

Month names

  • Lucht (autumn):
    • Kriefacht (Clofabic krif-akt)
    • Ŧauer
    • Fiege
  • Bürgend (winter):
    • Geseck
    • Seibel (Seib = snow)
    • Motzen
  • Schweg (spring):
    • Sopfer
    • Schratze
    • Hünke
  • Pfein (summer):
    • Geschlaub
    • Bräckel (Brack = light)
    • Ŧemmen

Words

kub = poor
schngett = lively, wild
Ing (n.) = water
Witte (m.) = sky (Wittel = sky-god)
Stein (n.) = house
so = here
Riffer = corn
bespüdern = protect
Keif-Schnast = plosive
Gestehns-Schnast = fricative
Sanzer-Schnast = sibilant
Ŧreibs-Schnast = click
Entbiens-Schnast = nasal
Schlauer-Schnast = liquid
Schnast: sound, phone
Gluft: healing, medicine
schund: sick
spag: narrow
spick: good
ngollen: boil
ngummen: rumble
rapfen: i bark
ŧacken - agree
scherchen - sizzle
Stühne (f) = honor
Rütze (n) = a red jewel
Tiel (m) = a tree species
Ŧwahn (m) = drum
Sische (f) = flute
Geđeich (m) = plucked string instrument
Strach (f) = trumpet
Schibbel (m) = reed instrument
Siebel = reed
Betz = stick
beđülsch - worship
gebründ - protect
Schngie, Schngie (sg. /ʃŋiː/, pl. /ˈʃŋiːə/) - beast
drahl, dreil, Gedrahl - follow
gürf, gürfe, Gürfel - absorb
zieb, ziebe, Ziebel: give birth
entzieb, entziebe, Entziebel: be born
Schast (m): child
Schlieber, Schliebern (f): butterfly
Gette, Getten (f): hammer
Gogen, Gogen (m): stone
Đruche, Đruchen (f) (< Primitive Tergetian) - lips
Kacke (f) - crap, shit
Flünde (f) - bravery
Müđungtruhn (m) - dictionary
Đrust (m) - clay
Himmer (f) - milk
Đorn, Đornet (f) - spirit
Hader, Hadert (m) - flower
Schweich /ʃvaɪç/, Schweicher (f) 'bow (weapon)'
Scharung (m) 'thread, yarn' (< PPfK *sqar- 'twist' + *-ong 'singulative')
zarb, zirb, Zärbel (m) 'reckoning, calculation, explanation'
Fleide (f) - ray
ach! - oh! ah! alas!
o! - O!
ei! - O (vocative, also used to call for listener's attention)
bleug, blug, Bleugen: 'exchange'
Meitel 'gift'
meit, meite, Meits 'give'
Schwetel - faith (from schwet, schwiet, Schwetel 'believe')
Geseck (f) - winter solstice
Geschlaub (f) - summer solstice
Schrindke (m) - festival
Wumper, Wumper (m) 'platypus'
Flau, Flauet (m) 'suffering, agony'
Brühme (f) 'loyalty, faithfulness'
Hauchs, Hauchse, Hauchsen (m.) 'raven' < from Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian *kawqs (stolen from Lushootseed)
Rohne, Rohnen (f): lye
Schwalts (m): bread
Died (m), Diedet: mountain
Ŧriefke (f): poem
beđach, beđiech-, beđachs 'be well-formed, to hold/be valid'
Träuße, Träußer (f): thought, mind
ŧack /!ak/ 'right, correct'
Fricht, Frichte, Früchten (f) - smoke
hock, höck-, Höckel 'to hurt, injure'
Đifte, Điften (f) = frog
zub: new
Schnamm, Schnämmer (m): year
Reid, Reide (m) = fire
Truhn, Trühner (m) = book
quard, querde, Quards: love
Quärde: love (f)
spring: Schwerg, Schwergen (m)
summer: Pfeine, Pfeinen (f)
autumn: Lucht, Lüchter (f)
winter: Bürgend, Bürgende (m) (PPf *burginþi < PQuame *burɢinti)
north: simm
south: ŧeng
east: gatter
west: schuft
luh (PGam lax̌ʷ) - be
immer - now
Rund (nom sg), Ründe (nom pl), Ränden (gen pl) - bear
today - mesend
yesterday - wurn
tomorrow - gufter
Haugen - ice
datz - sweet
Datzes - sweet, confectionary
sie, schnie, Sies = cover
sie - or
Sie (f), Sien - star
Schmarst, Schmärster (f) - spider
Đerz (m) - wish
Hase, Haser (f) 'city'
Unde, Under (f) 'sun'
Schnilŧ 'pod' > scha-nil > ha níl > niin > Nohn 'spice'
Pfing, Pfinge (m) 'day'
Ŧehr (m) 'bird'
entŧepf 'freeze' (trans.)
Früngli (m) - farmer
früngs, früngs, Früngs - farm
Huss, Husser (m) - world
Mauch, Mauchet (f) - ball, sphere
Wister - unit of length
Stuchs - pace, rhythm
entschläb - lower
entfehns - raise
Bezwands - ladder, scale
bekied - mourn, grieve
Esch - voice
Dieder - great mountain (Surname)
Disserbast - dvandva
Wiehung, Wiehunger 'kernel'
Ŧeib, Ŧeibe (m) - chalice

Historical phonology

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