Hondish: Difference between revisions

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(vowels orthography)
(Initial mutations)
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| [n] ⟨n⟩
| [n] ⟨n⟩
| style="border-style: solid solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="border-style: solid solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [ɲ] ⟨ņ⟩ || [ŋ] ⟨ng, ngh⟩
| [ɲ] ⟨ņ⟩ || [ŋ] ⟨ng⟩
| rowspan=3 style="background: #F5F5F5;"|
| rowspan=3 style="background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
Line 67: Line 67:
| [b] ⟨b⟩  
| [b] ⟨b⟩  
| [d] ⟨d⟩
| [d] ⟨d⟩
| [g] ⟨gh⟩
| [g] ⟨g⟩
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | '''Fricative'''
! rowspan=2 | '''Fricative'''
Line 282: Line 282:
|}
|}


===[[w:Consonant_mutation|Consonant mutations]]===


===Prosody===
Like other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax.
====Stress====
 
====Intonation====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! '''Radical'''
! '''Lenition'''
! '''Nasalisation'''
! '''Aspiration'''
|-
| p || b || m || f
|-
| b || v || m || v
|-
| t || d || n || θ
|-
| ts || z || ɲ || θj
|-
| d || ð || n || ð
|-
| rowspan=2 | z
| ðj || ɲ || ðj
|-
| colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| ⠀
|-
| k || h || ŋ || x
|-
| tʃ || ʒ || ŋj || xj
|-
|  rowspan=2 | h
| w || ŋ || w (ɣ)
|-
| ∅ || n
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| ʒ || j || ŋj || j (ɣj)
|-
| ð || j || n || dj
|-
| j
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɲ || dj
|-
| w
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| nw
| gw
|-
| ɥ
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɲw
| gɥ
|-
| l
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hl
|-
| ʎ
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hʎ
|-
| ɹ
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hɹ
|-
| f || v || v
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| hj || j || ɲ
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| x || w || ŋ
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| ʃ || j || ŋj
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| s || z
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| θ || ð
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| v || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| m || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| n || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| ɲ || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| V
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| n-V ||h-V
|}


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->

Revision as of 00:01, 13 July 2023



Hondish
Onnezearag
Pronunciation[onəzea̯rak]
Created byUser:Uspesny mekkys
Date2022
Official status
Official language in
Hondey
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Hondish (Onnezearag) is a Celtic language spoken on the island of Hondey in the North Sea. It is closely related to other living Celtic languages and forms its own distinct group in the Insular Celtic language group. Thorought history it has been significantly influenced by the Germanic languages, most notably Old Norse and its descendants, North Germanic languages as well as West Germanic languages, namely Dutch and to a lesser degree English. These influences manifest primarily in Hondish vocabulary and phonology, its morphology and syntax have been less affected.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal [m] ⟨m⟩ [n] ⟨n⟩ [ɲ] ⟨ņ⟩ [ŋ] ⟨ng⟩
Plosive voiced [p] ⟨p⟩ [t] ⟨t⟩ [k] ⟨k⟩
voiceless [b] ⟨b⟩ [d] ⟨d⟩ [g] ⟨g⟩
Fricative voiced [f] ⟨f⟩ [θ] ⟨th⟩ [s] ⟨s⟩ [ʃ] ⟨sc⟩ [x] ⟨ch⟩ [h] ⟨h⟩
voiceless [v] ⟨v⟩ [ð] ⟨dh⟩ [z] ⟨z⟩ [ʒ] ⟨zc⟩ [ɣ] ⟨g⟩
Affricate voiced [ts] ⟨ts⟩ [tʃ] ⟨tsc⟩
voiceless ([dz] ⟨ds⟩) ([dʒ] ⟨dsc⟩)
Approximant plain [ɹ] ⟨r⟩ [j] ⟨j⟩
labialised [ɥ] ⟨w̦⟩ [w] ⟨w⟩
Lateral approximant [l] ⟨l⟩ [ʎ] ⟨ļ⟩

Vowels

Hondish vowels can be divided into those under primary stress, secondary stress and those that are unstressed. In Hondish linguistics, those are conventionally markes as P, S and u respectively. Hondish stress is almost universally on the first syllable of the word, secondary stress is distributed according to following rules:

  1. final syllables usually carry secondary stress
  2. every odd syllable (ie. 3rd, 5th, etc.) can carry secondary stress
  3. every stressed syllable (primary or secondary) must be separated by an unstressed syllable, except for disyllabic words

These rules give the following possible syllable patterns:
P
PS
PuS
PuuS
PuSuS
PuSuuS
etc.

Primarily stressed vowels

Monophthongs
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long short long
High [ɪ] ⟨i⟩ [ei̯] ⟨ÿ⟩ [ʏ] ⟨y⟩ [øy̯] ⟨ye⟩ [ʉ] ⟨u⟩ [æʉ̯] ⟨au⟩ [ɯ] ⟨eu⟩ [ɯi̯] ⟨ei⟩ [ʊ] ⟨o⟩ ([uː] ⟨ôe⟩)
[iː] ⟨ie⟩ [yː] ⟨ŷe⟩ [ʉː] ⟨ue⟩ [ɯː] ⟨êu⟩ [ou̯] ⟨ou⟩
Mid [e] ⟨e⟩ [i̯e] ⟨ee⟩ [ø] ⟨ø⟩ [y̯ø] ⟨øe⟩ [o] ⟨o⟩ [u̯o] ⟨oe⟩
([eː] ⟨êe⟩) ([øː] ⟨ø̂e⟩) ([oː] ⟨ôe⟩)
Low [æ] ⟨a, æ⟩ [æː] ⟨ae, æ⟩ [a] ⟨a⟩ [aː] ⟨ae⟩
Diphthongs
ə i u
a [ai̯] ⟨ai⟩ [au̯] ⟨au⟩
e [eə̯] ⟨ea⟩ [eu̯] ⟨eü⟩
o [oə̯] ⟨oa⟩

Secondarily stressed vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded rounded unrounded rounded
High [i] ⟨i⟩ [y] ⟨y⟩ [ʉ] ⟨u⟩ [ɯ] ⟨eu⟩ [u] ⟨o⟩
Mid [e] ⟨e⟩ [ø] ⟨ø⟩ ([o] ⟨o⟩)
Low [æ] ⟨a, æ⟩ [a] ⟨a⟩
Dipththongs [ai̯] ⟨ai⟩ [au̯] ⟨au⟩

Unstressed vowels

Unrounded Rounded
High [ɪ] ⟨i⟩ [ʉ] ⟨u⟩
Mid [ə] ⟨e⟩ [ɵ] ⟨o⟩
Low [ɐ] ⟨a⟩

Consonant mutations

Like other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax.

Radical Lenition Nasalisation Aspiration
p b m f
b v m v
t d n θ
ts z ɲ θj
d ð n ð
z ðj ɲ ðj
k h ŋ x
ʒ ŋj xj
h w ŋ w (ɣ)
n
ʒ j ŋj j (ɣj)
ð j n dj
j ɲ dj
w nw gw
ɥ ɲw
l hl
ʎ
ɹ
f v v
hj j ɲ
x w ŋ
ʃ j ŋj
s z
θ ð
v
m
n
ɲ
V n-V h-V

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources