User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive		p		t			k
Nasal		m		n			ŋ
Fricative	Spirant	β	ɸ	ð	θ		ɣ	h
	Silibant			s
Liquid	Flap			ɾ
	Approx.			l
Glide	Approx.					j	w

Vowels

	Front	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a	ɒ

Diphthongs

	i	u
a	ai
e	ei
ɒ		ɒu
o		ou

Phonotactics

Syllable (σ)
Onset (ω)		Rime (ρ)
Initial (ι)	Medial (μ)	Nucleus (ν)	Coda (κ)
Consonant	Semivowel Liquid Plosive /s/	Vowel Diphthong	Nasal Liquid Fricative Liquid + fricative Liquid + nasal

Initial (ι)

• Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
• Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda

Medial (μ)

• Medials re optional
• Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
• /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
• /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda

Nucleus (ν)

• Nuclei are mandatory
• Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel

Coda (κ)

• Codas are optional
• Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
• Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally

Stress

Stress is often placed on the first syllable, sometimes on the second.

Allophony

• [β ð ɣ] undergo fortition [b d g] when adjacent to a stop or nasal
• Unvoiced stops and their voiced counterparts, when adjacent [pb bp td dt kg gk], become voiced and geminated [b: d: g:]
• [ð] undergoes fortition [d] before [l]
• [l] becomes a lateral release [◌ˡ] after alveolar stops [t d]
• [n ŋ] become palatal nasals [ɲ] before [j]
• [h] becomes [ɧ] before [j]
• vowels followed by [h] [ah eh] become voiceless vowels [ḁ e̥] before a sonorant
• [j] undergoes fortition [ʝ] word-initially
• [ɣ g] become labialized [ɣʷ gʷ] before [w]
• [w] becomes [ʋ] word initially
• [hw] becomes [ʍ]

Word Classes

Nouns

Dependency Structure

Determiner	Quantifier	Noun		Case	Adjective	Genitive
		Root	Number

Number

Number	Suffix	Example	Use
Singular			Single instance of a count and mass nouns (pen, water)
Singulative			Single unit from a mass noun (a drop of water)
Plurative			Multiple instances of count and mass nouns (pens, waters)

Case

Case	Particle	Example	Use
Nominative			Agent of transitive verbs and active subject of intransitive verbs
Absolutive			Object of transitive verbs and passive subject of intransitive verbs
Dative			Indirect object of a verb
Genitive			Indicates rossession, relation or reference
Locative			Place or time of the action
Instrumental			Indicates a tool or associate with which the action is performed

Verbs

Dependency Structure

Adverb of manner	Verbal phrase			Adverb of time
	Derivative preposition	Aspectual preposition	Verb

Aspects

Internal aspects
Aspect	Preposition	Use	English equivalent
Perfective		Action without temporal structure	He eats
Progressive		Action described as ongoing	He is eating
Ingressive		Beginning of an action	He started his meal
Egressive		End of an action	He finished his meal
Pausative		Pausing or stopping of an action	He stopped eating
Resumptive		Continuation of an unfinished action	He continued eating
Protractive		Repetition of the internal action	He eats on and on
Iterative		Repetition of a whole action	He eats again and again
Completive		Performing an action completely	He ate his entire meal
Incompletive		Performing and action incompletely	He barely touched his meal
External aspects
Aspect	Adverb	Use	English equivalent
Retrospective		Action before the time of reference	He has eaten
Prospective		Action after the time of reference	He is going to eat

Muna Versions

Current version is v2.7, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below

• Muna v21