User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

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===Allophony===
===Allophony===
* [β ð ɣ] undergo fortition [b d g] when adjacent to a stop or nasal
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
* Unvoiced stops and their voiced counterparts, when adjacent [pb bp td dt kg gk], become voiced and geminated [b: d: g:]
** [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>
* [ð] undergoes fortition [d] before [l]
 
* [l] becomes a lateral release [◌ˡ] after alveolar stops [t d]
* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
* [n ŋ] become palatal nasals [ɲ] before [j]
** [ðn] → [dn]
* [h] becomes [ɧ] before [j]
** [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
* vowels followed by [h] [ah eh] become voiceless vowels [ḁ e̥] before a sonorant
 
* [j] undergoes fortition [ʝ] word-initially
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* [ɣ g] become labialized [ɣʷ gʷ] before [w]
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
* [w] becomes [ʋ] word initially
**[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>
* [hw] becomes [ʍ]
 
* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
**[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>
 
* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
** [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>
 
* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
**[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>
 
* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
**[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>
 
* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
**[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>
 
* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
**[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>
 
* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
**[∅w] → [ʋ]


==Word Classes==
==Word Classes==

Revision as of 03:12, 9 May 2015

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative Spirant β ɸ ð θ ɣ h
Silibant s
Liquid Flap ɾ
Approx. l
Glide Approx. j w
    V • T • E

Vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a ɒ
    V • T • E

Diphthongs

i u
a ai
e ei
ɒ ɒu
o ou
    V • T • E

Phonotactics

Syllable (σ)
Onset (ω) Rime (ρ)
Initial (ι) Medial (μ) Nucleus (ν) Coda (κ)
  • Consonant
  • Semivowel
  • Liquid
  • Plosive
  • /s/
  • Vowel
  • Diphthong
  • Nasal
  • Liquid
  • Fricative
  • Liquid + fricative
  • Liquid + nasal
    V • T • E

Initial (ι)

  • Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
  • Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda

Medial (μ)

  • Medials re optional
  • Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
  • /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
  • /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda

Nucleus (ν)

  • Nuclei are mandatory
  • Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel

Coda (κ)

  • Codas are optional
  • Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
  • Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally

Stress

Stress is often placed on the first syllable, sometimes on the second.

Allophony

  • Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
    • [βp] → [bː]

  • Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
    • [ðn] → [dn]
    • [tɣ] → [tg]

  • The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
  • The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
    • [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]

  • The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
    • [nj] → [ɲ]

  • The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
    • [sj] → [ʃ]

  • The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
    • [hj] → [ɧ]

  • The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
    • [hw] → [ʍ]

  • The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
    • [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]

  • The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
    • [∅j] → [ʝ]

  • The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
    • [∅w] → [ʋ]

Word Classes

Nouns

Dependency Structure

Determiner Quantifier Noun Case Adjective Genitive
Root Number

Number

Number Suffix Example Use
Singular Single instance of a count and mass nouns (pen, water)
Singulative Single unit from a mass noun (a drop of water)
Plurative Multiple instances of count and mass nouns (pens, waters)

Case

Case Particle Example Use
Nominative Agent of transitive verbs and active subject of intransitive verbs
Absolutive Object of transitive verbs and passive subject of intransitive verbs
Dative Indirect object of a verb
Genitive Indicates rossession, relation or reference
Locative Place or time of the action
Instrumental Indicates a tool or associate with which the action is performed

Verbs

Dependency Structure

Adverb of manner Verbal phrase Adverb of time
Derivative preposition Aspectual preposition Verb

Aspects

Internal aspects
Aspect Preposition Use English equivalent
Perfective Action without temporal structure He eats
Progressive Action described as ongoing He is eating
Ingressive Beginning of an action He started his meal
Egressive End of an action He finished his meal
Pausative Pausing or stopping of an action He stopped eating
Resumptive Continuation of an unfinished action He continued eating
Protractive Repetition of the internal action He eats on and on
Iterative Repetition of a whole action He eats again and again
Completive Performing an action completely He ate his entire meal
Incompletive Performing and action incompletely He barely touched his meal
External aspects
Aspect Adverb Use English equivalent
Retrospective Action before the time of reference He has eaten
Prospective Action after the time of reference He is going to eat

Muna Versions

Current version is v2.7, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below

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