Proto-Zanahic: Difference between revisions

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Line 264: Line 264:
! Refl. !! All !! All
! Refl. !! All !! All
| — || *hwé || *hóy || *hébi || *hwéṭ || *héwe || *hóy || *he || *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
| — || *hwé || *hóy || *hébi || *hwéṭ || *héwe || *hóy || *he || *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
! rowspan="9" | 3 !! rowspan="3"| S !! M
| *hó || *tóm || *téynoʔ || *téhmey || *téhmeṭ || *téhyo || *téhmi || colspan="2" rowspan="9"| —
|-
! F
| *híʔ || *híʔm || *táʔyeʔ || *téhyaʔay || *téhyāṭ || *téhyāh || *téhyaʔ
|-
! N
| *tóṭ || *tóṭ || *téynoʔ || *téhmey || *téhmeṭ || *téhyo || *téhmi
|-
! rowspan="3"| D !! M
| *hóʔ || *tóʔ || colspan="3"| *téyboʔ || colspan="2"| *téyʔowš
|-
! F
| colspan="2"| *híʔʔe || colspan="3"| *híʔboʔ || colspan="2"| *híʔboʔowš
|-
! N
| *tóy || *tóy || colspan="3"| *téyboʔ || colspan="2"| *téyʔowš
|-
! rowspan="3"| P !! M
| *tṓh || *tónh || *téybiš || *téymoh || *téymoh || *téyšoʔom || *téyšu
|-
! F
| *tíʔah || *tíʔn̥h || *tíʔbiš || *tíʔmoh || *tíʔmoh || *tíʔoʔom || *tíʔšu
|-
! N
| *táʔ || *táʔ || *téybiš || *téymoh || *téymoh || *téyšoʔom || *téyšu
|-
|-
|}
|}
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! 2SM
! 2SM

Revision as of 17:25, 18 February 2024

Introduction

Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Stop voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/ /ʔ/
voiced *b /b/ *d /d/ *g /ɡ/
ejective *ṗ /pʼ/ *ṭ /tʼ/ *ḳ /kʼ/
Affricate voiceless *s /ts/
voiced *z /dz/
ejective *ṣ /tsʼ/
Fricative /ɕ ~ ç/ *h /h ~ x ~ θ/
Trill *r /r/
Approximant *l /l/ *y /j/ *w /w/

Vowels and Syllabics

Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close *i /i/ *u /u/ /iː/ /uː/
Mid *e /ɛ/ /ɛː/
Open *a /a/ *o /ɒ/ /aː/ /ɒː/
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
/i/ /u/ /i/ /u/
/ɛ/ *ey /ɛi/ *ew /ɛu/ *ēy /ɛːi/ *ēw /ɛːu/
/a/ *ay /ai/ *aw /au/ *āy /aːi/ *āw /aːu/
/ɒ/ *oy /ɒi/ *ow /ɒu/ *ōy /ɒːi/ *ōw /ɒːu/
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
Consonant Short Long
*/m/ *m̥ /m̩/ *m̥̄ /m̩ː/
*/n/ *n̥ /n̩/ *n̥̄ /n̩ː/
*/r/ *r̥ /r̩/ *r̥̄ /r̩ː/
*/l/ *l̥ /l̩/ *l̥̄ /l̩ː/
*/ʔ/ /ə/ *əʔ /əʔ/

Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.

Orthography

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

(IN PROGRESS)

Nominals

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
Person Number Gender Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Clitic Possessive pronoun
1 S M/F *ʔéṣ *mé *móy *mébi *méṭ *méme *móy *me *móh, -áʔ, -óm
D *wéʔ *n̥ʔwé *n̥ʔúboʔ *n̥ʔwéy *n̥ʔwéṭ *n̥ʔówš *n̥ʔwí *nō̆ʔ *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
P *wéyeh *n̥hmé *n̥hm̥bíš *n̥hméy *n̥hméṭ *n̥hóʔom *n̥hméy *nō̆h *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
2 S M/F *túʔ *twé *tóy *tébi *twéṭ *téwe *tóy *te *twóh, -áʔ, -óm
D *yúʔ *uʔwé *uʔúboʔ *uʔwéy *uʔwéṭ *uʔówš *uʔwí *wō̆ʔ *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
P *yū́h *ušmé *ušm̥bíš *ušméy *ušméṭ *ušóʔom *ušmí *wō̆h *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
Refl. All All *hwé *hóy *hébi *hwéṭ *héwe *hóy *he *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm


Demonstrative pronouns

.

Numerals

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
Symbol Cardinal number Ordinal number
masc. fem. neuter
1 *ʔóynoh *ʔóynaʔ *ʔóynom *pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
2 *ṭúwoʔ *ṭúwaʔʔe *ṭúwoʔ *ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
3 *tréyeh *tréyeh *tríʔ *tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
4 *keturéh *keturéh *ketúrʔ *keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
5 *pénke *penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
6 *šésš *šesštóh, -áʔ, -óm
7 *heptḿ̥ *heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
8 *ʔostṓ *ʔostowóh, -áʔ, -óm
9 *néwn̥ *newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
10 *ṭésm̥ *ṭesn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
20 *ṭwíʔsn̥ti *ṭwiʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
30 *triʔsónt *triʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
40 *keturʔsónt *keturʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
50 *penkeʔsónt *penkeʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
60 *šesšʔsónt *šesšʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
70 *heptm̥ʔsónt *heptm̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
80 *ʔoctōʔsónt *ʔoctōʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
90 *newn̥ʔsónt *newn̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
100 *sn̥tóm
1000 *zéhlom

Verbs

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

  • holʔwoh monewoʔom muktonh homʔonhke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. ???-ṭoʔ-??? ???-ker-??? ???-braʔter-taʔt-???
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.

Other resources