Albionian: Difference between revisions

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'''Netažin''' (''ta netažčina'' or ''tet netažskej jiezyk'') is a Slavic language spoken in crackfic Bjeheond. It has phonologically conservative features but is mutually intelligible with our Slavic languages, especially Czech and Slovak. It's notable for having vowel umlaut.
British branch of Maghrebi Arabic with loosely Danish sound changes


==Todo==
Fortis and lenis resonants; uvularization kept as 2ndary articulation of consonants
* no vowel length, try to get ü
* Should be less head-initial than canon Bjeheond; should be a German~Icelandic relex?
* Netažka = Netažin woman, Netažie = plural
*soft yer unconditionally causes umlaut (unless analogized away or blocked by /w/) and umlaut caused by i/j is stress dependent (o and lengthened á get umlaut if unstressed)
*the big Celtic things are: unaspirated-aspirated with some preaspiration, θ ð corresponding pretty much 1-1 to Polish c dz, lack of metathesis and some Irish-inspired things like how čelweak is pronounced /tʃʰɛləβɪhk/; articles
*sv, zv > skw, zgw
*Initial stress, vowel reduction of short vowels, some umlaut to get ở, no yer-deletion if syllable is initial
*Changes found in other Slavic languages like vowel length and relative lack of palatalization from Czech (especially Common Czech), PSlav v > /w/, as well as some /l/ > /w/ as in Ukrainian; some /g/ > /ɣ/, also reminiscent of Czech
*the b~β~w allophony
*Made some weird choices in verb forms, like generalizing the PSlav 1st person *-xǔ in imperfect and aorist to all past forms, getting 1sg -ns in present from -m azǔ/-ǫ azǔ
 
*''Goworins o tỷ milơsti al o tỷ nenởwisti.''
*''Ċi charnỉṡ ty to dlamnie?''
*''Miluêm my jei, toġ ċtỉm my jeo prỉchod.''
 
*Sort out -e vs -ia vs -iả
**''a'' after soft > ''e'' or ''ia''?
**''ĭja'' > ''ia'' or ''iả''?
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Standard Albionian in Albion has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 27 consonants.
 
(Albionian orthography is fairly deep; the orthographic values in the table shouldn't be taken completely at face value.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>unaspirated</small>
| '''b''' /p/
| '''d''' /t/
| ('''dž''' /tʃ/)
| '''ď, di''' /c/
| '''g''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/
| '''t''' /tʰ/
| '''č''' /tʃʰ/
| '''ť, ti''' /cʰ/
| '''k''' /kʰ/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| [b]
| [d]
| [dʒ]
| [ɟ]
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''þ''' /θ/
|
|
| '''ch''' /χ/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''w''' /β/
| '''ð''' /ð/
|
|
| [ɣ]
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Non-spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| 
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || '''šč''' /ɕː/ || || '''-t''' ''etc.'' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''z''' /z/ || '''ž, ždž''' /ʒ/ || ||  ||
|-
!colspan="2"| Resonant
| '''-w, -g''' ''etc.'' /w/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''r''' /ɾ/
| '''j, -i, -g''' ''etc.'' /j/
| [ɤ̃ˤʶ]
|
|}
 
*Historical unvoiced /k/ is always written '''c''' in native words and loans from classical languages. The sequence ''ci'' may be found in foreign words, for example ''cinetica'' [ˈkʰɪnɪcʰɪkʰə] 'kinetics'.
* Voiced and voiceless stops have shifted to unaspirated and aspirated, as in Icelandic
** /sk sc st sp/ are spelled ''sc sṫ/sti st sp''.
** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''scweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫʊ~ˈskwɛːɬˠːʊ] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ].
**  Word-final ''c'' is never preaspirated.
**Consonant assimilations:
***unaspirated stops voice before or after any voiced sound (vowel, resonant or voiced fricative)
* ''h'' is silent as in Romance languages (when not used in a digraph).
* ''c ch g w ng'' = /kʰ χ k b~β~w ŋ/
**''w'' has many allophones:
*** [w] or [ʍ] when it follows a consonant, according as whether the consonant is aspirated or not: ''scweat'' [skwɛ:h] 'world', ''cweat'' [kʰʍɛ:h] 'flower'.
*** [w] when not before a vowel: e.g. ''staw'' [staw] '(flowery) state, condition', ''o wṡich wảs'' [ɔwˈʃɪχʍɔ:s] 'about all of you'. However, between words it may still be dropped: ''o wṡich wảs'' [ɔˈʃɪχʍɔ:s].
*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/: ''weċer'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening', ''inventiä'' [ˈɪmbɨncɪjə] 'invention (musical form)'. 
*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''wċera'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.
***''w'' as [v~f] is a feature of some dialects, which may be transcribed as ''vv'', ''vf'', or ''ff'' in eye dialects.
**{{ast}}/nk/ assimilates to /ŋk/ (cf. Czech).
**Medial ''g'' (when it is not ''ng'') lenites and has complex pronunciation rules, similar to rules for writing the hamza in Arabic. These rules are listed in the order of decreasing priority (i.e. attempt to apply a rule if the conditions for the rules above it are not met):
**#After /j/ or /w/, ''g'' is always silent: ''sảg'' [saw] 'ledge', ''tauga'' [tʰœjə] 'honey' (term of affection for spouse; a doublet of ''tônga'' [tʰuəŋə] 'desire').
**#After /r/ or /l/, ''g'' vocalizes to [ʊ] when non-prevocalic, and is pronounced [w] when prevocalic: ''dảrga'' /ˈtawɾwə/ 'a road'; ''dảrg'' /ˈtawɾʊ/ 'of roads'.
**#After other consonants, ''g'' is pronounced /k/ and devoices a preceding fricative: ''mozg'' /mɔsk/ 'brain'.
**#Unstressed ''go'' is pronounced /w/: ''jagoda'' 'berry' = [jawdə].
**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [pjɛ:ɤ̃ʶ], ''beagla'' ['pjɛ:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['pjɛ:lɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.
**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [pjɛːj] 'running; race course', ''nogy'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.
**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''ê ô'':
**#*If the ''g'' is not prevocalic or precedes /a ə a:/, it is silent and a preceding /a/ is lengthened to /a:/: ''sarchag'' /saɾəχə/ 'coffin'. In the case of ''ga'', the following schwa /ə/ is dropped as well: ''braga'' [pɾa:] 'yeast'.
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front unrounded vowel /ɛ ɪ/, it is pronounced /j/: ''bragy'' [pɾajɪ] 'yeast (gen. sg. or nom. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front rounded vowel /œ ʏ/, it is pronounced /β/: ''sarchagum'' [saɾəχəβʏm] 'coffins (dat. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a back vowel /ɔ ʊ/, it is pronounced /w/: ''brago'' [prawʊ] 'yeast (voc. sg.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''prebiêgả'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.
* The letter ''ṙ'' for formerly palatalized /r/ was used inconsistently in Early Modern Albionian and quickly fell out of use. It corresponds to the Czech ''ř'' sound, voiceless /r/ or trilled /r/ in dialects.
* th ð = /θ ð/ in Standard Albionian. Nonstandard accents of Standard Albionian have various realizations for these sounds, such as [f v], [ts dz], slit fricatives or retroflexes: ''se nơth'' 'tonight' [sɨ'nœf~sɨ'nœθ&#800;~sɨ'nœʂ~sɨ'nœts].
* /l/ is velarized before back vowels. It is vocalized to a nasalized pharyngealized uvular approximant in coda: ''postel'' 'bed' [pʰɔstɤ̃ˤʶ].
*Voiced fricatives are not devoiced at ends of words.
 
'''h q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch cw w cs f'''. For example: ''humanismus, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈʊmənʲɪsmʏs, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə].
====Pleophony====
CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''smyrt'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''galwa'' 'head' = /ˈkaɫəβə/, ''derwo'' 'tree' = /ˈtɛɾəβo/, ''welkej'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.
 
-w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: ''pozdarw'' [ˈpʰɔzdərʏ] 'greeting; regards (when signing a letter)'; ''dảrg'' /ˈtaːɾʊ/ 'of roads'.
 
===Vowels===
Counting length and diphthongs but not counting vowels with final glides, Standard British Albionian has 13 vowels in stressed syllables:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Netažskej vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ/
| /iː/
| [ʏ]
|
| [ɨ]
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| /ɛ/
| /ɛː/
| /œ/
| /œː/
| [ə]
|
| /ɔ~o/, [ɤ̃ʶ]
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| /a/
| /aː/
|
|
|-
! style="" |Diphthong
| colspan=2|/iə~ɪː/
|
|
|
|
| colspan=2|/uə/
|}
 
a e i/y o u/w ơ (ag) ả ẻ ea ỉ ỏ/og ở/uê ủ au ê/iê ô eo/ẻo ỉo ỵ ỷ/ei/eu = (unreduced) /a ɛ ɪ ɔ u œ aː aw ɛː jɛː iː ow øː uː œj iə uə ɛw~əw ɪw iː ɛj/
*''cy gy'' are pronounced /kʰɪ kɪ/, not /kʰɨ kɨ/.
*In standard Albionian, ''ea'' is pronounced as palatalizing long /ɛː/ when not reduced: ''jeat wy'' [ˈjɛːtʰ ʍɪ] 'y'all (familiar) eat'. After alveolar sibilants /θ ð s z ʃ ʒ/ it becomes /ɛː/.
*/ɛː/ shifts to /iː/ in basilectal southern accents.
*Initial ji jỉ jê > i ỉ ê in casual speech. For example, ''jiezyk'' /'jiəzɪk/ 'tongue; language' is pronounced ['iəzɪk].
*In noninitial syllables, historical short vowels are reduced and longs are shortened.
**/a/ reduces to /ə/
**/ɛ e/ reduces to non-palatalizing /ɨ/
**/jɛː ɪ/ reduces to palatalizing /ɪ/
**/ɔ/ reduces to /o/
***''slowo'' [sɫɔβo] 'a word'
**/œ ʊ/ reduces to /ʏ/
***''steam deatum'' 'with the children' [scɪm ˈcɛːtʰʏm]
***''mơžnơst'' 'possibility' [ˈmœʒnʏst]
*/ɛɪ/ reduces to /ɪj/
 
===Stress and tone===
Stress is always initial. Long vowels have two possible registers: stød and no stød. Stød is marked in dictionaries using the underdot.
 
===Intonation===
Similar to Danish or Hiberno-English
 
==Dialects==
===Albion===
In Albion, the relationship between Albionian dialects and Standard Albionian is like the relationship between German dialects and Standard German. Traditionally, nonstandard dialects were used in local everyday speech and Standard Albionian is used in writing, formal or religious contexts or in contexts where speakers from different backgrounds need to understand each other. Today, regional dialects are under pressure due to modern societal conditions, such as public education and mass media. Some Albion dialects even have retroflex stops and resonants /ɳ ɭ ʈ ɖ/.
 
American Albionian is much more uniform and closer to the standard, with comparatively minor regional differences in accent and vocabulary.
 
 
Various dialectal isoglosses:
*/dl/ (Standard) ~ /ɾl/ ~ /ɭ/ ~ /ɻ/ ~ /l/
**'soap': ''mỵdlo'' (Southern to Midlands) ~ ''mȳrlo''/''mȳḷo''/''mȳzho'' (Bristol) ~ ''mýlo'' (Northern England)
*Liquid pleophony vs metathesis vs none
**metathesis (Some Scottish dialects)
**pleophony (Standard British, Midlands and Northern England, some Scottish dialects)
**no pleophony or metathesis (Southern dialects)
***r + coronal > retroflex (Bristol area, now only elderly speakers)
****'crow': ''wāṇa'' /'bǎ:ɳa/ (standard ''wảrna'' /'bawɾənə/)
*Common Slavic accent
**Common Slavic stress retained but not tone (northern and most Scottish dialects)
**4-tone system (Shetland, Church Alb.)
**3-tone systems (Midlands, Bristol area)
**2-tone systems (Modern Standard British Alb.)
**only length (Wales)
**new stress accent from length (Standard American Alb.)
 
==Writing==
Albionian uses the Latin alphabet, and the orthography has been significantly influenced by Latin and Romance languages. Palatalization is indicated with a dot diacritic when the consonant is not followed by a vowel. Example: ''weac'' ['bɛk] 'age', ''weaċnỷ'' ['bɛtʃnɛɪ] 'eternal'. Certain letters can take a palatalizing i which works much like in Italian and Polish: ''nia, tia, dia, nie, tie, die, ni, ti, di, etc.'' are read as ''ṅ ṫ ḋ'' + ''ia, e, ê, i, ỉ''.
 
The orthography is based on the relatively conservative southern dialect of ___ of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the pronunciation of the standard koine has absorbed influences from other dialects, such as liquid pleophony from the Gaelic-influenced northern dialects.
The underdot diacritic indicates the stød in dictionaries.
 
==Morphology==
 
===Nouns (''Substantỉva'')===
Like our Slavic, Albionian has masculine, feminine and neuter genders, and has the same gender markers as our Slavic. (For forms for enbies, see [[Albionian/Nonbinary forms]]).
 
Modern Standard Albionian nouns and adjectives have retained five of the seven Proto-Slavic cases: nominative (''nominatỉv''), dative (''datỉv''), genitive (''genitỉv''), allative (''allatỉv'') from the PSlav accusative after prepositions, and vocative (''vocatỉv''). (Dialects differ in the number of cases; some conservative dialects retain all 7 Proto-Slavic cases, while some dialects, particularly in the New World, have lost case entirely.) The nominative is used for both subjects and direct objects; the dative fills the role of dative nouns and after some prepositions in our Slavic languages. The instrumental (''instrumentởl'') is semi-productive in forming adverbs and expressions, e.g. ''prawdau'' 'really'; ''beagem'' 'during'; ''wuzglyndem'' 'owing to, in view of'; ''pomơthỉ'' 'with, using'; ''ynỷmi slowy'' 'in other words'.
 
The instrumental has been replaced with the dative in the following way:
*Instruments use the preposition ''se'' + dative (just like the comitative).
*After prepositions where our Slavic languages use the instrumental, such as ''nad'' 'above'.
*Predicate nouns and adjectives that denote becoming or ''change'' of state.
 
Some nouns have different stems for zero and nonzero endings: ''den'' 'day (nom.)' > ''dnea'' 'days (nom.)'; ''cuêṅ'' 'horse (nom.)' > ''cơnea'' 'horses (nom.)'.
====Some hard stem declensions====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''wylc'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=2| ''galwa'' (f.) = head<br/>''ġena'' (f.) = woman
! colspan=2| ''perdseada'' (m.) = chairman
! colspan=2| ''slowo'' (n.) = word
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''wylc'' ||''wylthi''
|''galwa''<br/>''ġena'' ||''galwy''<br/>''ġeny''
|''perdseada''|| ''perdseadi''
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wylca''  ||''wylcow''
|''galwy''<br/>''ġeny'' ||''galw''<br/>''ġen''
|''perdseady'' || ''perdseadow''
|''slowa'' ||''slow''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''wylcu''  ||''wylcum''
|''galwe''<br/>''ġenie'' ||''galwum''<br/>''ġenum''
|''perdseadie'' ||''perdseadum''
|''slowe'' ||''slowum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''wylc'' ||''wylcy''*
|''galwu''<br/>''ġenu'' ||''galwy''<br/>''ġeny''
|''perdseadu''|| ''perdseady''*
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''wylċe!''  ||''wylcy!''
|''galwo!''<br/>''ġeno!''||''galwy!''<br/>''ġeny!''
|''perdseado!'' || ''perdseady!''
|''slowo!'' ||''slowa!''
|}
{{ast}} Sometimes ''-owea'' for humans.
 
Some ''wylc'' nouns drop intervening ''e'' or ''y'' (from PS hard and soft yer respectively) when adding endings: ''pes'' 'dog' > gen. ''psa''; ''cơthec'' 'kitten' > gen. ''cơthca''.
 
In ''wylc'' nouns, -u is used for nouns ending in velars and ''-e'' for others.
 
The ending ''-e'' in the above declensions causes second palatalization: ''n ng t c d g ch'' become ''ṅ nn ṫ th ḋ ð s'', for example:
* ''stảrna'' 'side' > ''na tỷ stảrnie'' 'on the side'
* ''dảrga'' 'road' > ''na tỷ dảrðe'' 'on the road'
* ''tônga'' 'desire' > ''se tônne'' 'with desire'
* ''uċitelca'' 'teacher (f.)' > ''tỷ uċitelthe'' 'to/for the teacher'
 
====Some soft-stem declensions====
Some nouns like ''list'' 'leaf' and ''cơst'' 'bone' end in a hard consonant in the nominative.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''muġ'' (m.) = man<br/>''list'' (m.) = leaf
! colspan=2| ''cơst'' (f.) = bone<br/>''nơth'' (f.) = night
! colspan=2| ''zemea'' (f.) = earth
! colspan=2| ''syrthe'' (n.) = heart
! colspan=2| ''zdởniê'' (n.) = fact
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġowea, muġea''<br/>''listea''
|''cơst''<br/>''nơth'' ||''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''
|''zemea''  ||''zemi''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''zdởniê''  ||''zdởnia''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''muġea''<br/>''listea''  ||''muġỉ''<br/>''listỉ''
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơstỉ''<br/>''nơthỉ''
|''zemi''  ||''zemỉ''
|''syrtha'' || ''syrth''
|''zdởnia''  ||''zdơṅ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''muġi''<br/>''listi''  ||''muġim''<br/>''listim''
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơst'''u'''m''<br/>''nơth'''u'''m''
|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''syrthi'' || ''syrthim''
|''zdởnỉ''  ||''zdởnim''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġi''<br/>''listi''
|''cơst''<br/>''nơth'' ||''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''
|''zemi''  ||''zemi''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''zdởniê''  ||''zdởnia''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''muġi!''<br/>''listi!''  ||''muġea!''<br/>''listea!''
|''cơsti!''<br/>''nơthi!''  ||''cơsti!''<br/>''nơthi!''
|''zemie!''  ||''zemi!''
|''syrthe!'' ||''syrtha!''
|''zdởniê!''  ||''zdởnia!''
|}
 
====-ê nouns====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''ymê'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''zgwêrê'' (n.) = animal
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ymê'' ||''ymena''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrenta''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ymenia''  ||''ymen''
|''zgwêrentia'' ||''zgwêrent''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ymeni''  ||''ymenum''
|''zgwêrenti'' ||''zgwêrentum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''ymê'' ||''ymena''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrenta''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ymê!''  ||''ymena!''
|''zgwêrê!'' ||''zgwêrenta!''
|}
 
====Nouns with pseudo-duals====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''oco'' (n.) = eye
! colspan=2| ''ucho'' (n.) = ear
! colspan=2| ''runca'' (f.) = hand, arm
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''oco'' ||''ơċi''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''runca''  ||''runthe''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''oca''  ||''ơċỉ''
|''ucha'' ||''uṡỉ''
|''runcy'' ||''runthỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''othe''  ||''ơċim''
|''uṡe'' ||''uṡim''
|''runthe'' ||''runcum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''oco'' ||''ơċi''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''runcu''  ||''runthe''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''oco!''  ||''ơċi!''
|''ucho!'' ||''uṡi!''
|''runco!'' ||''runthe!''
|}
 
====Miscellaneous====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''ċelweac'' (m.) = human, person
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ċelweac'' ||''lidea''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ċelweaca''  ||''lidỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ċelweacu''  ||''lidum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''ċelweaca'' ||''lidi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ċelweaċe!''  ||''lidea!''
|}
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''ởteth'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ởteth'' ||''ởthy''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ởtha''  ||''ởthow''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ởthu''  ||''ởthum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''ởtha''  ||''ởthy''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ởċe!''  ||''ởthy!''
|}
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''sluġineth'' (m.) = child
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''sluġineth'' ||''deati''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''sluġintha''  ||''deatỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''sluġinthu''  ||''deatum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''sluġintha'' ||''deati''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''sluġinthe!''  ||''deati!''
|}
archaic singular: ''diềtiê, diềtintia, diềtinti''; ''diêtiê'' is still used as a vocative like "child" is in English (but is mainly literary).
 
====Loan declension====
Masculine and neuter words from Latin, Greek and Lithuanian remove their original nominative singular endings when declined.
*Second-declension nouns follow the ''wylc'' declension: for example, ''soċialismus'' 'socialism', ''mỷthos'' 'myth', ''Mindaugas'' 'Mindaugas (Lithuanian name)'.
*There is a tendency to keep nominative and oblique stems separate where the original languages do; this includes nouns such as ''thema, themata, thematu, thematu''.
*Second-declension words in ''-um'' or ''-on'' follow the ''slowo'' or ''syrthe'' declension: for example, ''practicum'' 'internship'; ''critẻrion'' 'criterion'.
*Nouns in ''-ẻ'' (for example, ''Athẻnẻ'' 'Athena') decline as feminine ''-e'' nouns; ''-ia'' nouns are a declension class of their own.
*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''ẻthos'' is ''ẻthosy''; using forms such as ''ẻthy'' would be hypercorrect.
 
Newer foreign ''-u'' names decline like ''slowo'' and ''-i'' names decline like ''-e'' nouns (allowed by Albionian vowel reduction). Female names ending in a consonant decline like ''cơst'': ''Ester'' becomes ''Esteri'' in the non-nominative cases. Names that don't fit into native patterns are indeclinable, and simply add the definite article: the female name Hanako becomes ''ta Hanako''. The definite article declines when the name needs to be declined: ''ty walsy tỷ Hanako'' 'Hanako's hair'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''mỷthos'' (m.) = myth
! colspan=2| ''practicum'' (n.) = internship
! colspan=2| ''critẻrion'' (n.) = criterion
! colspan=2| ''geometria'' (f.) = geometry
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''mỷthos'' ||''mỷthy''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''critẻrion''  ||''critẻria''
|''geometria'' || ''geometrii''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''mỷtha''  ||''mỷthow''
|''practica'' ||''practic''
|''critẻria'' ||''critẻriỉ''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometriỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''mỷthu''  ||''mỷthum''
|''practicu'' ||''practicum''
|''critẻrii'' ||''critẻriim''
|''geometrie'' || ''geometriim''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''mỷthos''  ||''mỷthy''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''critẻrion'' ||''critẻrii''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometrii''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''mỷthe!''  ||''mỷthy!''
|''practicum!'' ||''practica!''
|''critẻrion!'' ||''critẻria!''
|''geometrio!'' || ''geometrii''
|}
 
The only irregular loan has a mixed Slavic-Latin declension (''Christus'' 'Christ' is declined as a regular ''-us'' loan):
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! | ''Jẻsus'' (m.) = Jesus
|-
!
!singular
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''Jẻsus''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''Jẻsu''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''Jẻsu(i)''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''Jẻsus''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''Jẻsu!''
|}
 
====Pluralia tantum====
Neuter pluralia tantum in ''-a'', such as ''ủsta'' 'mouth', ''warta'' 'door', ''nebesa'' 'sky', ''slowesa'' 'speech, words' (as opposed to ''slowa'' which is used for individual words), ''data'', ''agenda'' are colloquially often feminine singular. (''Propaganda'' is sometimes treated as neuter plural, which is hypercorrect.)
 
===Articles (''Articuly'')===
Like Irish and Welsh, Albionian has a definite article but no indefinite article; ''ġảba'' means 'a frog', and ''ta ġảba'' means 'the frog'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tet'' 'the; that'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tet''* || ''ta'' || ''to'' || ''ti''** (m/f), ''ta'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''teo''  ||''tỷ'' || ''teo'' || ''teach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''tom''  ||''tỷ''||''tom'' ||''team''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''teo''  ||''tu''||''to'' ||''ty''
|}
{{ast}} /tʰɪ/ before ''z ġ''; /tʰɪh/ otherwise
 
{{ast}}{{ast}} The article and demonstrative ''ty'' is aspirated /tʰɨ/; the second-person pronoun ''ty'' is unaspirated /tɨ/.
 
===Prepositions (''Preposiċii'')===
Prepositions have meanings similar to their cognates in our Slavic languages: ''na, o(b), od, u (+gen), cu (+dat), do (+gen), wu, po, za, se (+dat), bez (+gen), dla (+gen), perz, pri, nad, pod, perd, ...'' The prepositions ''na, nad, o, po, pod, za, pers, perd, pri, wu'' take the nominative/accusative when they denote motion, and the dative when they denote location (depending on the preposition; the dative is used where our Slavic languages would use the instrumental or the locative). Unlike in our Slavic languages, there's no difference between comitative and instrumental; the preposition ''sâ'' is used for both.
 
''o'' is ''ob'' before a vowel.
 
Possession is indicated using the preposition ''u'', as in Russian: ''Les umne prỉclad.'' 'I have an example.'
 
Some things that look like prepositions are not: e.g. the ''se'' in fixed time expressions ''se den'', ''se jitro'', ''se weċer'', ''se nơth'' 'today, this morning, this evening, tonight' is actually a fossilized demonstrative from Proto-Slavic {{recon|sŭ}}.
====Preposition + pronoun combinations====
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the preposition + pronoun is written and pronounced as one word: ''Bunde weċerca u Catheriny, ċi poidem my cunỉ ċil ne?'' /pʊndɨ bɛtʃʰɪɾkʰə ʊ ˈkʰaθɨɾɪnɨ, tʃɪ ˈpɔɪdɨm mɨ ˈkʰʊnʲiː tʃɪw nɛ/ 'There's a party at Catherina's, are we going [to her house] or not?'. If a preposition combines with a personal pronoun, -e- may be added between the preposition and the pronoun: for example: ''nademnau, nadetau, podemnau, podetau, yzemnie, yzetwe, yzese, semnau, stau.''
 
====Preposition + article contractions====
''o, pri, na, cu, wu, po, za, se'' + ''tom'' > ''om, prim, nam, cum, wum, pom, zam, stom''
 
''se'' + ''team'' > ''steam''
 
===Adjectives (''Adjectỉva'')===
Predicative forms of ''-scỷ'' adjectives are in ''-scy''.
Hard stems:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''dobr'' 'good'
|-
!colspan=2|
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|colspan=2|'''Predicative'''
|colspan=4|''dobr''
|-
|colspan=2|'''Adverbial'''
|colspan=4|''dobre, dobro''
|-
|rowspan=4|'''Attributive'''
|'''Nom., Voc.'''
|''dobrỷ'' || ''dobrả'' || ''dobrẻ'' || ''dobrỉ'' (m), ''dobrê'' (f), ''dobrả'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dobrẻo''  ||''dobrỷ'' || ''dobrẻo'' || ''dobrỷch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''dobrẻm''  ||''dobrỷ''||''dobrẻm'' ||''dobrỷm''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''dobrẻo'' || ''dobrau'' || ''dobrẻ'' || ''dobrê'' (m/f), ''dobrả'' (n)
|}
 
Soft stems:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''ostateṅ'' 'remaining'
|-
!colspan=2|
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|colspan=2|'''Predicative'''
|colspan=4|''ostateṅ''
|-
|colspan=2|'''Adverbial'''
|colspan=4|''*ostatnie''
|-
|rowspan=4|'''Attributive'''
|align="right"|'''Nom., Voc.'''
|''ostatnỉ'' || ''ostatniả'' || ''ostatniê'' || ''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatniả'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ostatnỉo''  ||''ostatnỉ'' || ''ostatnỉo'' || ''ostatnỉch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ostatnỉm''  ||''ostatnỉ''||''ostatnỉm'' ||''ostatnỉm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''ostatnỉo''  ||''ostatnỉ''||''ostatniê'' ||''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatniả'' (n)
|}
====Possessive adjectives====
In colloquial language, only nouns denoting family members have possessive adjective forms.
 
''ởteth'' 'father' > ''ởthow, -owa, -owo'' 'father's'
 
''matca'' 'mother' > ''matċin, -ina, -ino''
 
For example: ''ởthow lewr'' /œ:θoʊ lɛʊr/ 'father's book'
 
In formal language, inherited possessive adjectives are used to denote concepts named after people (like German ''-sche''); e.g. ''zcusitelnơst Bayesowa'' 'Bayesian probability'; ''functiä Wesselowa'' 'Bessel function'.
 
===Verbs (''Verba'')===
Verbs retain the Proto-Slavic aspectual distinction. There are a number of analytic tenses like in English and modern Celtic languages, but often only one of the two aspects allow the constructions.
 
The conditional form is a bit unusual from the perspective of our Slavic; it continues the PS 1sg ''-xŭ'' and 1pl ''-xomŭ'' imperfective and aorist form, analogized to other persons and numbers. It corresponds to the L-participle + ''by'' construction in Russian, Polish, etc.. There is no distinction between present and past conditional, unlike in English; the Albionian conditional makes an aspect distinction rather than a tense one.
 
*present habitual: imperfective
*present progressive: imperfective
*present perfect: perfective
*past imperfect: imperfective
*past progressive: imperfective
*preterite: perfective
*future imperfective: imperfective (formed with a (fused) auxiliary)
*future perfective: perfective (formed like present)
*conditional can be either
 
3pl forms of verbs are only used with the plural pronoun ''ṡi'' (''...nt wṡi'' 'they all...'). Plural nouns and demonstratives take the 3sg form.
 
Special emphatic forms exist in the first person in formal language: ''senseṡ'' 'it's me'.
 
====Negation====
Verbs are negated using the circumfix ''ne VERB als'' (etym. ''*ne ... wals'' 'not a hair of'), or colloquially, often just with ''VERB als''. (''als'' is pronounced /aws/) ''Als'' precedes the absolutive argument of a negated verb, as well as any absolutive argument of any lexical verb, UNLESS it is a subject personal pronoun for an intransitive verb (''Chơdil sty als tam nicdy?'' = 'Have you never been there?').
*For intranstive verbs, especially ones that denote motion or a change of state, ''als'' precedes the subject (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''sein'').
*Otherwise, ''als'' precedes the direct object (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''haben'').
 
A noun preceded by ''als'' is required to be in the genitive: ''Cdoġ sparuê eaðen'''iê''' myns'''o'''? Ne sparuêns als eaðen'''ia''' myns'''a'''.'' [kʰtoʃ 'spaɾœ 'jɛðɪnʲiə 'mɨnsʊ || nɪ 'spaɾœns əws 'jɛðɪnʲə 'mɨnsə] (also ''eaðeniê mynsa'' in more informal contexts) = 'Who condones eating meat? I don't condone eating meat.'
In the following tables, grayed-out forms are used in formal or literary language.
 
====-aṫ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dealaṫ, zdealaṫ'' 'to do''''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''dealảns'' || ''dealảṡ ty'' || ''dealả'' || ''dealảm my'' || ''dealảt wy'' || ''dealản ṡi'' || ''dealả-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens dealảnth'' || ''sty dealảnth'' || ''les ton dealảnth'' || ''smy dealảnth'' || ''swy dealảnth'' || ''len ṡi dealảnth'' || ''dealảmo''
|-
! past
| ''dealalns, dealalans'' || ''dealal(a) sty'' || ''dealal on, ona; dealal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''dealai smy'' || ''dealai swy'' || ''dealai ṡi'' || ''dealalo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''dealachas'' || ''dealach ty'' || ''dealach'' || ''dealachum my'' || ''dealach wy, dealachet wy, {{gray|dealast wy}}'' || ''dealach ṡi, {{gray|dealaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''dealach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dealei!'' || ''-'' || ''dealeim!'' || ''dealeite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|dealảnthỷ}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''dealanỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''dealơniê''
|}
 
====-eaṫ, -iêṫ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wideaṫ, uwideaṫ'' 'to see''''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl || impersonal
|-
! present
| ''wiðuns'' || ''widiêṡ ty'' || ''widiê'' || ''widiêm my'' || ''widiêt wy'' || ''wiðôn ṡi'' || ''widiê-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens wiðônth'' || ''sty wiðônth'' || ''les ton wiðônth'' || ''smy wiðônth'' || ''swy wiðônth'' || ''len ṡi wiðônth'' || ''wiðemo''
|-
! past
| ''widealns, widealans'' || ''wideal(a) sty'' || ''wideal on(a/o); wideal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''wideai smy'' || ''wideai swy'' || ''wideai ṡi'' || ''widealo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''wideachas'' || ''wideach ty'' || ''wideach'' || ''wideachum my'' || ''wideach wy, wideachet wy, {{gray|wideast wy}}'' || ''wideach ṡi, {{gray|wideaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''wideach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''wið!'' || ''-'' || ''wiðem!'' || ''wiðete!'' || ''-'' ||
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|wiðônthỷ}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''wiðenỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''wiðeniê''
|}
 
====-iṫ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''nosiṫ'' 'to carry by foot (multidirectional); to wear; counterpart of ''nesṫ''' '''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''noṡins'' || ''nosỉṡ ty'' || ''nosỉ'' || ''nosỉm my'' || ''nosỉt wy'' || ''noṡên ṡi'' || ''nosỉ-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens noṡênth'' || ''sty noṡênth'' || ''les ton noṡênth'' || ''smy noṡênth'' || ''swy noṡênth'' || ''len ṡi noṡênth'' || ''noṡimo''
|-
! past
| ''nosilns, nosilans'' || ''nosil(a) sty'' || ''nosil on(a/o); nosil(a/o) NOUN'' || ''nosii smy'' || ''nosii swy'' || ''nosii ṡi'' || ''nosilo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''nosichas'' || ''nosich ty'' || ''nosich'' || ''nosichum my'' || ''nosich wy, nosichet wy, {{gray|nosist wy}}'' || ''nosich ṡi, {{gray|nosiṡin ṡi}}'' || ''nosich-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''nos!'' || ''-'' || ''nosem!'' || ''noste!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|noṡênthỷ}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''noṡenỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''noṡeniê''
|}
Changes in 1sg and 3pl present-system, participle and verbnoun forms: m p b n d t z s st > mj pj bj ṅ ð th ġ ṡ sċ
*''lơmiṫ'' "to break, to split (impf)" > ''lơmins, lơmieniê''
*''tơpiṫ'' "to heat (impf)" > ''tơpins, tơpieniê''
*''slabiṫ'' "to weaken (impf)" > ''slabins, slabieniê''
*''platiṫ'' "to pay (impf)" > ''plathins, platheniê''
*''rơdiṫ-sê'' "to be born (pf)" > ''rơðins-sê, rơðeniê''
*''zmeaniṫ'' "to change (pf)" > ''zmeanins, zmeanieniê''
*''rozcaziṫ'' "to decompose (pf)" > ''rozcaġins, rozcaġeniê''
*''zcusiṫ'' "to try (pf)" > ''zcuṡins, zcuṡeniê''
*''odpustiṫ'' "to forgive (pf)" > ''odpusċins, odpusċeniê''
 
====-owaṫ, -nơnṫ====
The -owaṫ (the ending -owaṫ is pronounced /-oʊc/) verbs are from PSlav -ovati verbs, the perfective counterpart is -nơnṫ from -nǫti.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''beseadowaṫ'' 'gather (imperfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''beseaduêns'' || ''beseaduêṡ ty'' || ''beseaduê'' || ''beseaduêm my'' || ''beseaduêt wy'' || ''beseaduên ṡi'' || ''beseaduê-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens beseaduênth'' || ''sty beseaduênth'' || ''les ton beseaduênth'' || ''smy beseaduênth'' || ''swy beseaduênth'' || ''len ṡi beseaduênth'' || ''beseaduêmo''
|-
! past
| ''beseadowalns, beseadowalans'' || ''beseadowal(a) sty'' || ''beseadowal on(a/o); beseadowal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadowai smy'' || ''beseadowai swy'' || ''beseadowai ṡi'' || ''beseadowalo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''beseadochas'' || ''beseadoch ty'' || ''beseadoch'' || ''beseadochum my'' || ''beseadoch wy, beseadochet wy, {{gray|beseadost wy}}'' || ''beseadoch ṡi, {{gray|beseadoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''beseadoch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''beseadui!'' || ''-'' || ''beseaduim!'' || ''beseaduite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|beseaduênthỷ}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''beseadowanỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''beseadowaniê''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''beseadnơnṫ'' 'gather (perfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! future perfective
| ''beseadnuns'' || ''beseadneṡ ty'' || ''beseadne'' || ''beseadnem my'' || ''beseadnet wy'' || ''beseadnôn ṡi'' || ''beseadne-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens beseadnunṡi'' || ''sty beseadnunṡi'' || ''les ton beseadnunṡi'' || ''smy beseadnunṡi'' || ''swy beseadnunṡi'' || ''len ṡi beseadnunṡi'' || ''beseadnunto''
|-
! preterite
| ''beseadnôlns, beseadnôlans'' || ''beseadnôl(a) sty'' || ''beseadnôl on(a/o), beseadnôl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadnôi smy'' || ''beseadnôi swy'' || ''beseadnôi ṡi '' || ''beseadnôlo-sê''
|-
! preterite
| ''beseadnuchas'' || ''beseadnuch ty'' || ''beseadnuch'' || ''beseadnuchum my'' || ''beseadnuch wy, beseadnuchet wy, {{gray|beseadnust wy}}'' || ''beseadnuch ṡi, {{gray|beseadnôṡin ṡi}}'' || ''beseadnuch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''beseadni!'' || ''-'' || ''beseadnim!'' || ''beseadnite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''beseadnuntỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''beseadnuntiê''
|}
 
===Irregular verbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''prỉnṫ'' 'to get, to obtain (perf. of ''prỉmaṫ'')' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''prỉmuns'' || ''prỉmeṡ ty'' || ''prỉme'' || ''prỉmem my'' || ''prỉmet wy'' || ''prỉmôn'' || ''prỉme-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens prỉnṡi'' || ''sty prỉnṡi'' || ''les ton prỉnṡi'' || ''smy prỉnṡi'' || ''swy prỉnṡi'' || ''len ṡi prỉnṡi'' || ''prỉnto''
|-
! past
| ''prijalns, prijalans'' (pronounced ''prỉlns'') || ''prijal(a) sty'' || ''prijal on(a/o); prijal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''prijai smy'' || ''prijai swy'' || ''prijai ṡi'' || ''prijalo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''prijachas'' || ''prijach ty'' || ''prijach'' || ''prijachum my'' || ''prijach wy, prijachet wy, {{gray|prijast wy}}'' || ''prijach ṡi, {{gray|prijaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''prijach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''prỉmi!'' || ''-'' || ''prỉmeam!'' || ''prỉmeate!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past active participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|prỉnṡi}}''
|-
! past passive participle
|colspan="7"| ''prỉnt''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''prỉntiê''
|}
 
====-ṫ====
''dẻrt'' 'to tear'
 
present: ''druns, dreṡ ty, dre, drem my, dret wy, drôn''
 
past: ''derl''
 
conditional analytic: ''deroch''
 
past participle: ''derto''
 
verbnoun: ''dertiê''
 
d/t-stems go like this:
 
''ċỉst, preċỉst'' 'to read' (from a combination of *ċisti and *ċitati):
 
present: ''ċituns, ċiteṡ ty, ċite ton, ċitem my, ċitet wy, ċitôn''
 
past: ''ċitl''
 
conditional analytic: ''ċitoch''
 
past participle: ''ċiteno''
 
verbnoun: ''ċiteniê''
 
''nẻst'' 'to carry (unidirectional)':
 
present: nesuns, neseṡ ty, nese ton, nesem my, neset wy, nesôn ṡi
 
past: ''nesl(a/o/i)''
 
conditional analytic: ''nesoch''
 
past participle: ''neseno''
 
verbnoun: ''neseniê''
 
imperative: ''nes! nesem! nesete!''
 
''iêsṫ, sêsṫ'' 'to eat' is irregular:
 
present: ''iêns, eaṡ ty, ea ton, eam my, eat wy, eaðôn''
 
past: ''eadl(a/o/i)''
 
conditional analytic: ''eadeach''
 
past participle: ''eaðeno''
 
verbnoun: ''eaðeniê''
 
Note: In consonant-stem verbs, the past tense plural ending is ''-li''. ''eadli smy'' = we used to eat (cf. ''arbii smy'' = we used to work)
 
====-th====
bẻrth, lẻth, mởth, biêth, riêth, liênth, pẻth, pônth, tẻth, tiênth, stẻrth, stỉth, strỉth, tẻlth, wẻlth, wẻrth, wyrth, ġẻth
 
From PS *-ťi verbs. Two subtypes: the *gti verbs and the *kti verbs.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bẻrth'' 'to care for (imperfect)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''berguns'' || ''berġeṡ ty'' || ''berġe'' || ''berġem my'' || ''berġet wy'' || ''bergôn ṡi'' || ''berġe-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens bergônth'' || ''sty bergônth'' || ''les ton bergônth'' || ''smy bergônth'' || ''swy bergônth'' || ''len ṡi bergônth'' || ''berġemo''
|-
! past
| ''berglns, berglans'' || ''bergl(a) sty'' || ''bergl on(a/o), bergl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''bergli smy'' || ''bergli swy'' || ''bergli ṡi'' || ''berglo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''bergochas'' || ''bergoch ty'' || ''bergoch on(a/o)'' || ''bergochum my'' || ''bergoch wy, bergochet wy, {{gray|bergost wy}}'' || ''bergoch ṡi, {{gray|bergoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''bergoch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''berð!'' || ''-'' || ''berðem!'' || ''berðete!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''bergônthỷ''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''berġenỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''berġeniê''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''riêth'' 'say (perfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! future perfective
| ''reacuns'' || ''reaċeṡ ty'' || ''reaċe'' || ''reaċem my'' || ''reaċet wy'' || ''reacôn ṡi'' || ''reaċe-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens reacṡi'' || ''sty reacṡi'' || ''les ton reacṡi'' || ''smy reacṡi'' || ''swy reacṡi'' || ''len ṡi reacṡi'' || ''reaċeno''
|-
! past
| ''realns, realans'' || ''real(a) sty'' || ''real on(a/o), real(a/o) NOUN'' || ''reali smy'' || ''reali swy'' || ''reali ṡi'' || ''realo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''reachas'' || ''reach ty'' || ''reach'' || ''reachum my'' || ''reach wy, reachet wy, {{gray|reacost wy}}'' || ''reach ṡi, {{gray|reacoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''reach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''reath!'' || ''-'' || ''reathem!'' || ''reathete!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''reaċenỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''reaċeniê''
|}
 
====''bỵṫ'' 'to be'====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bỵṫ'' 'to be' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''sens'' || ''sty'' || ''les on, os on, los on (colloq.) ġes on (relative), ċis on (interrogative)'' || ''smy'' || ''swy'' || ''len ṡi, ỏn ṡi, lỏn ṡi (colloq.) ġen ṡi (relative), ċin ṡi (interrogative), {{gray|lesun ṡi}}, {{gray|osun ṡi}}, {{gray|ġesun ṡi}}, {{gray|ċisun ṡi}}'' || ''les-sê''
|-
! habitual
| ''bỷwảns'' || ''bỷwảṡ ty'' || ''bỷwả'' || ''bỷwảm my'' || ''bỷwảt wy'' || ''bỷwản ṡi'' || ''bỷwả-sê''
|-
! past
| ''bylns, bylans'' || ''byl(a) sty'' || ''byl on(a/o); byl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''byi smy'' || ''byi swy'' || ''byi ṡi'' || ''bylo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''bychas'' || ''bych ty, byṡ ty'' || ''bych, by'' || ''bychum my'' || ''bych wy, bychet wy, {{gray|byst wy}}'' || ''bych ṡi, by ṡi, {{gray|byṡin ṡi}}'' || ''bych-sê''
|-
! future
| ''bunduns'' || ''bundeṡ ty'' || ''bunde'' || ''bundem my'' || ''bundet wy'' || ''bundôn ṡi'' || ''bunde-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bônḋ!'' || ''-'' || ''bôndiem!'' || ''bônḋte!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|sônthỷ}}''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''bytiê''
|}
 
====Verbs of motion====
*to go by foot: ỉsṫ (uni); chơdiṫ (multi)
*to go by vehicle: eachaṫ (uni); eazdiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by foot): nẻsṫ (uni); nơsiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by vehicle): wẻzṫ (uni); wơziṫ (multi)
*to run: biêth (uni); biêgaṫ (multi)
*to swim: plauṫ (uni); plewaṫ (multi)
*to fly: leateaṫ (uni); liêtaṫ (multi)
*to lead: wẻsṫ (uni); wơdiṫ (multi)
*to climb: liêzṫ (uni); laziṫ (multi)
*to chase: gnaṫ (uni); ganiaṫ (multi)
 
===Pronouns (''Pronỏmina'')===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (Albion; familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. (familiar in Albion) || rowspan="2" | 3pl., 2 formal in Albion || rowspan="2" | refl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom. (emphatic)
| ''aseṡ, -seṡ'' || ''tyṡ'' || ''(t)onṡ'' || ''(t)onaṡ'' || ''(t)onoṡ (an.), toṡ (inan.)'' || ''myṡ'' || ''wyṡ'' || ''ṡiṡ'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''miê, mnie, -mnie (prep)'' || ''tiê, tebe, -twe (prep)'' || ''jei, -niei (prep.)'' || ''ji, -ni (prep.)'' || ''to'' || ''nảs'' || ''wảs'' || ''je, -nie (prep.)'' || ''sê, -sê (prep)''
|-
! gen.
| ''men, -mnie (prep)'' || ''teb, -twe (prep)'' || ''jeo, -nieo (prep.)'' || ''jỉ, -nỉ (prep.)''  || ''teo'' || ''nảs'' || ''wảs'' || ''jich, -nich (prep.)'' || ''seb, -sê (prep)''
|-
! dat.
| ''mi, mnau, -mnau (prep)'' || ''ti, tau, -tau (prep)'' || ''jem, mu, -niem (prep.)'' || ''jỉ, -nỉ (prep.)'' || ''tom'' || ''nảm'' || ''wảm'' || ''jim, -nim (prep.)'' || ''si, sau, -sau (prep)''
|-
! poss.
| ''môi'' || ''tôi'' || ''jeo'' || ''jỉ'' || ''teo'' || ''nảṡ'' || ''wảṡ'' || ''jich'' || ''sôi; walsnỷ''
|}
The nominative forms ''ton'' etc. are used after verb forms ending in a vowel. Otherwise ''on'' etc. are used.
 
The form ''ṡi'' is from ''*vьśi'' 'all'. ''ṡi'' (same as the 3rd person plural) is also the standard polite pronoun in Albion. American Albionian uses ''wy'' for singular and plural familiar, ''wảsca'' for both singular and plural of neutral familiarity in the Americas, and ''tet pan, ta pani'' (pl. ''ty panowea, ty pani'') are very polite.
====Possessive pronouns====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''môi'' 'my'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''môi'' || ''mả'' || ''mẻ'' || ''mỉ'' (m), ''mê'' (f), ''mả'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''mẻo''  ||''mỷ'' || ''mẻo'' || ''mỷch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''mẻm''  ||''mỷ''||''mẻm'' ||''mỷm''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''mẻo''  ||''mau'' || ''mẻ'' || ''mê'' (m/f), ''mả'' (n)
|}
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tôi'' 'thy'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tôi'' || ''twả'' || ''twẻ'' || ''twỉ'' (m), ''twê'' (f), ''twả'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''twẻo''  ||''twỷ'' || ''twẻo'' || ''twỷch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''twẻm''  ||''twỷ''||''twẻm'' ||''twỷm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''twẻo'' || ''tau'' || ''twẻ'' || ''twê'' (m/f), ''twả'' (n)
|}
 
''sôi'' is similar to ''tôi'' but with ''s-'' where ''tw-'' is used.
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''nảṡ'' 'our'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''nảṡ'' || ''naṡa'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''naṡeo''  ||''naṡỉ'' || ''naṡeo'' || ''naṡich''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''naṡem''  ||''naṡỉ''||''naṡem'' ||''naṡim''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''naṡeo'' || ''naṡi'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|}
''wảṡ'' is similar.
 
====Uses of ''sảm''====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Declension of ''sảm''
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''sảm'' || ''sama'' || ''samo'' || ''sami (m); samy (f); sama (n)''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''samẻo''  ||''samỷ'' || ''samẻo'' || ''samỷch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''samẻm''  ||''samỷ''||''samẻm'' ||''samỷm''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''samẻo'' || ''samu'' || ''samo'' || ''samy (m/f); sama (n)''
|}
When ''sảm'' is used in ''X sảm'' (where ''sảm'' agrees with the gender and number of X), it is an intensifier, meaniing "X himself/herself" or "the very X". Similarly, ''sê sảm'' (where ''sảm'' agrees with the subject) is an emphasized reflexive pronoun.
 
''tet sảm'' is a 3rd person pronoun in formal or literary language. They work like the German anaphoric use of ''dieser'' and are usually used to refer to the latest noun that has been used.
 
====Demonstratives====
Modern Albionian has no words for deictic 'this' or 'that', instead the words ''seam'' 'here' and ''tam'' 'there' are used for deictic purposes: ''to seam'' is used for 'this (thing)' and ''to NOUN seam'' is used for 'this NOUN'. For anaphoric use one can simply use a definite article or a third-person pronoun.
 
The formal language also has (strictly anaphoric) demonstratives ''tet (NOUN) zde'' or (pronominal) ''tet sảm'' which is most commonly used to disambiguate the referent, like similar usage of German ''dieser''.
*person: cto, tet/ta (NOUN) seam, tet/ta (NOUN) tam, nict, neacto, wṡect/caġdỷ
*thing: tho, to (NOUN) seam, to (NOUN) tam, nith, nietho, wṡeth
*modifier: acỷ/cterỷ, tacỷ ... seam, tacỷ ... tam, ġảden (with negative; ''aden'' with negative in flowery language), neajacỷ, wṡes(e)c/caġdỷ
*when: cdy, nyn, tom, nicdy, neacdy, wṡewynth
*where: cde, seam/tundy/tunde, tam, nicde, neacde, wṡecde
*whither: cam, seam, tam, nicam, neacam, wṡecam
*whence: ''od'' + "where"-words
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''wṡestec'' 'all'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''wṡestec'' || ''wṡesca'' || ''wṡesco'' || ''wṡescy'' (m/f), ''wṡesca'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wṡeo''  ||''wṡỉ'' || ''wṡeo'' || ''wṡech''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''wṡem''  ||''wṡỉ''||''wṡem'' ||''wṡem''
|}
 
''acỷ'' 'what kind of, what (used to ask what X, given that it's an X)'  ''tacỷ'' 'such, like that', ''cterỷ'' 'which (which item in a predetermined set of options)' decline as ordinary adjectives. The relativizer ''tacỷġ'' declines as ''tacỷ'' + ''ġ''. Wehn the relative clause has a copula, the relativizer combines with the copula to form ''tacỷġes'' etc.
 
===Numerals (''Numerảlia'')===
(colloquially those are just called ''ċỉsla'' 'numbers')
 
0. nula; nultỷ
 
1. aden /'adɪn/; pyrwỷ '1st'
 
2. dwa /twa/; drugỷ '2nd'
 
3. tri /tʰrɪ/; tretỉ '3rd'
 
4. ċiri /'tʃʰɪrɪ/; ċcwyrtỷ
 
5. piênt /pʰiənt/; piêntỷ
 
6. ṡest /ʃɛst/; ṡestỷ
 
7. sedum /'sɛdʏm/; sedmỷ
 
8. ơsum /'œsʏm/; ơsmỷ
 
9. dewynt /'tɛβɨnt/; dewyntỷ
 
10. desynt /'tɛsɨnt/; desyntỷ
 
11.. 19: adnảst, dwanảst, trinảst, ċirnảst, piêntnảst, ṡestnảst, sednảst, ơsnảst, dewyntnảst /'adnɔ:st, 'twanɔ:st, .../; adnảstỷ, dwanảstỷ, ...
 
20: dwảsti /'twɔ:stɪ/; dwảstỷ
 
21... 29: dwảsti aden, ..., dwảsti dewynt
 
30, 40, ... 90: tridesta, ċirdesta, piêndesynt, ṡesdesynt, sedumdesynt, ơsumdesynt, dewyndesynt /'tʰrɪdɨstə, .../; tridestỷ, ..., piêndesyntỷ, ...
 
100: sto /'stɔ/; stotỷ
 
200: dwestie
 
300, ..., 900: trista, ċirista, piêntset, ṡestset, sedumset, ơsumset, dewyntset
 
1000: tysênth /tʰɨsiənθ/
 
Small numerals decline as follows:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''aden'' '1'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''aden'' || ''adna'' || ''adno''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''adnẻo''  ||''adnỷ'' || ''adnẻo''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''adnẻm''  ||''adnỷ''||''adnẻm''
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''dwa'' '2'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''dwa'' || ''dwe'' || ''dwe''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dwei''  ||''dwei'' || ''dwei''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''dweam''  ||''dweam''||''dweam''
|}
''oba'' 'both' declines the same way:
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''oba'' 'both'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''oba'' || ''obie'' || ''obie''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''obei''  ||''obei'' || ''obei''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''obeam''  ||''obeam''||''obeam''
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tri'' '3' and ''ċiri'' '4'
|-
!
!''tri'' '3'
!''ċeiri'' '4'
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tri'' ||''ċiri''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''trỉ'' || ''ċirỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''trim''  ||''ċirum''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
Nouns following numbers five and above require the genitive case, in contexts that require the nominative case.
 
===Conjunctions (''Conjunctii'')===
*''y(l), a(l)'' = 'and'
**Though ''y'' and ''a'' had different meanings up to EMAlb, the choice between ''y'' and ''a'' is purely phonetically determined in the modern language. a(l) is used after /i: ɪ ɨ/, y(l) otherwise. The -l (from *li) is used iff a vowel follows.
*''ċi, libo, alibo'' = 'or'
**''ảb'' = (literary) 'or'
*''ale'' = 'but'
*''aċcoi tac'' = 'however'
*''estli'' = 'if'
*''zaċ'' 'why?'
*''nebo(ṡ)'' = 'because'; can't be used at the beginning of the sentence
*''tomże'' = because (can be used to start a sentence)
*''reaċỉ teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''dôwodem teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''stởniêm teo, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''zato(ġ)'' 'that's why'
*''abo(wêṡ), boI(wêṡ), nebowêṡ'' = (''literary'') 'for'
*''aġ'' 'so that'
*''achġ'' (''literary'') 'in order that'
*''cdyġ'' 'when'
*''bônḋ... ċi...'' = 'either... or'
*''ne telco... ale pac...'' = 'not only... but also...'
*''neġ'' = 'than'
*''choṫ, chotiaġ'' = 'although'
**''aċcoi'' is more formal.
*''ċil, ċili'' = question particle
 
===Derivation===
*''-scy'' deletes a preceding *k (from a *θs~*ts > *s rule), umlauts and/or first palatalizes
**''mỏd locriscỷ'' = Locrian mode
*''-en'' umlauts and/or 1st-palatalizes
**''podơben'' 'similar' < ''podoba'' 'likeness, appearance'
**''weaċen'' 'eternal' < ''weac'' 'age'
*''-ơst, (i)-stwo, -ơta, (i)-ba'' abstract noun suffixes
 
==Syntax==
Strict VSO; other aspects of syntax more SAE
===Left-conjunct agreement===
==="There is" and "to have"===
In the past tense, the verb ''bylo'' agrees with the gender of the (first) subject in affirmatives but defaults to masculine singular when negated:
*''Byl'''a''' ġen'''a''' y piênt deatỉ unie.'' = He had a wife and five children.
*''Ne byl als teo lewra semnau.'' = I didn't have the book with me.
 
===To like===
''Lib X.DAT Y'' = X likes Y
 
e.g. ''Lib mi led vanillowỷ.'' I like vanilla ice cream.
 
''Nêst lib mi...'' = I don't like...
 
'To hate' simply uses the regular verb ''nenởwideaṫ'' in formal language. In informal language the ''gnus mi'' construction is used.
 
===Relative clauses===
To form a relative clause, usually the relativizer ''cde'' (indeclinable) is used after the noun phrase. Formal or literary writing may use the relativizer ''tacỷġ'', which declines but is ''not'' a true relative pronoun; it agrees with the case of the head in the matrix clause (cf. Arabic ''allaðī''). ''Jeġ'' is only used archaically. In both cases, a resumptive pronoun is used when the head is not a subject or a direct object in the relative clause:
 
:'''''Byla ơwtha tacảġ ne byl unỉ als wolny'''''
:be.PST-3SG.F sheep-NOM.SG, REL.NOM.SG.F NEG be.PST.3SG.M by-(RES)3SG.F.GEN NEG wool-GEN.SG
:''There was a sheep which had no wool''
 
==Vocabulary==
===Celtic loans===
For Germanic words in our Slavic, Albionian uses Celtic or Latin words instead:
*''tet briêntin'' (PCeltic *brigant-) = king
*''tet tơwsảc, ta tơwsảċca'' (*tovĭsakŭ, from PCeltic *towissākos) = prince (all senses)
*''tet dryw'' = wren
 
===Latin loans===
(mainly religious and official words)
*''tet lewr'' (from Latin ''liber'') = book
*''wendỉthiṫ, po-'' (from Latin benedico, via Brythonic) = to bless
**has doublet ''mnithowaṫ, po-'' = to thank
*''zamechtỉthen'' (from ''maledico'' via Welsh ''melltithio'') = (''attributive only'') goddamn, bloody
**''zachtỉthen'' is more vulgar.
 
===Proto-English loans===
*''to melco'' = Borrowing from Proto-English?
===Internationalisms===
In Latin loans, vowel lengths are determined by the position of stress; long vowels are used where the Latin has a long vowel in the antepenultimate or the penultimate. In Greek loans, the original Greek length is used to determine the length of every vowel. e.g. ''misogynen'' (BrAlb. /ˈmɪsʊwɪnɪn/ AmAlb /mɪˈsɔwɪnɪn/) 'misogynistic' from μισογύνης.
 
*''-iscy'' '-ic, -ical' (BrAlb ''sẻmantiscy''/AmAlb ''semantiscy'' 'semantic')
*''-ởlen'' '-al' (''mủsicởlen'' 'musical', ''mentởlen'' 'awesome, amazing')
*''-ởren'' '-ar, -ary' (''militởren'' 'military')
*''-en'' '(when the source word does not have a suffix)' (''homogenen'' 'homogeneous', ''intimen'' 'intimate')
*''-ởsen'' '-ous' (''nervởsen'' 'nervous')
*''-ỉven'' '-ive' (''alternatỉven'' 'alternative')
*''-tiä'' '-tion, -ce, -cy'
** This causes Albionian speakers to sometimes confuse these suffixes in English.
*''-tiën'' '-tional, -tionary'
*''-ita'' '-ity', ''-itởren'' '-itarian' (''authorita'' BrAlb /ˈœjθɔɾɪtʰə/ AmAlb /œʏˈθɔɾɪtə/ 'authority', ''authoritởren'' BrAlb /ˈœjθɔɾɪtœɾən/ AmAlb /œʏθɔɾɪˈtœɾən/ 'authoritarian')
*''-se'' '-sis' (''synthese'' 'synthesis')
*''-tủra'' (''literatủra'' 'literature')
*''-ista'' '-ist' (noun)
**''-istiscy'' '-ist' (adjective)
 
==Phrasebook==
*''Zdarw'' (informal), ''Zdarwte'' (formal) = Hello
*''Tho ġes ta weath?'' = What's up? (lit. What's the thing?)
*''Mnithi'' = Thank you
**''Mnithi stocảrt'' = Thank you so much (lit. thank you a hundred times)
 
==Sample texts==
===Schleicher===
'''Ta ơwtha y ty cơnia'''
 
''Byla ơwtha tacảġ ne byl unỉ als wolny, yl uwideal ona tri cơnia: aden tyngảnth wôz tiêġcỷ, aden nesônth noṡe welcả, yl aden nesônth ċelweac borzo. Reala ta ơwtha team cơnim: "Bolỉ mẻ syrthe cdyġ wiðuns ċelweac na eazdienỉ na cơnia." Odpoweadeali ty cơnia: "Sluchei, ơwtho! Bolỉ naṡe syrthe cdyġ widiêm my to: bere ċelweac, tet gospodin, ta wolna tỷ ơwthy a dealả ton oðeda teplả yznỉ. Y nêst als wolny u tỷ ơwthy." Uslyṡṡi to, nabeagla ta ơwtha do teo pola.''
 
===UDHR===
''Rơdỉ-sê wṡescy lidea wơlnê y sobie arwnê wu sỷ dôstơinơsti a sỷm prảwum. Lesun ṡi nadảrenê se arzumu y prawoznởnỉ, tedy les dolg nanim ċiniṫ aden wuzglyndem teo drugẻo wu duchu teo bratrstwa.''
 
===Heart Sutra===
'''Sủtra syrtha'''
 
''Le toto-ġ slyṡel sens. Byl raz tet Wuzneslỷ, na raze se mnogỷm neiwyġṡỉm bòŧisaddwum y mnichum, na wyrchu tỷ gory Ǥrŧragùda, wu blỉġe measta Ràđġraǥrha. Sedeal tet Wuzneslỷ stảrnô, podniren wu ''samàŧi''; y tet Awalògidèṡwara ċtigơdnỷ rosyrthowal on nad tỷ ''Brađġṅàbàramidà'' glumbocỷ.''
 
[...]
 
''ÒM ǤADÈ ǤADÈ BARAǤADÈ BARASAṂǤADÈ ɃÒŦI SWÀHÀ''
 
Modern British Albionian: [tʰɔtʰʊʃ 'slɪʃɪɤ̃ˤʶsɪns | pɪɤ̃ʶ rəs tʰɪ 'ʍʊznɪsli: | 'nærəzɪ sɪ 'mnɔwi:m 'nɛjβɪʃʃi:m 'pɔwtʰisadwʏm ɪ 'mɲɪχʏm | nə 'bɪrəχʏ ti: 'kɔrɪ 'kɪɾɪdrəgu:də | bu 'pli:ʒɪ 'mjɛ:stə 'rɑ:dʒrəgɪrɪχə | 'sɛdʲɪɤ̃ʶ tʰɪh 'ʍʊznɪsli: 'stɑ:rənu: 'pʰɔdnʏrɪm bʊ 'sæmɑ:tʰɪ | ɪ tʰɪh 'æβəɫowgɪdɛ:ʃʍəɾə 'tʃtɪjʊdni: 'rɔsɪɾɪθʊwɤ̃lˤʶ ʊn bʊ ti: 'pɾædʒɲɑ:bɑ:ɾəmɪdɑ: 'kɫʊmbʊki:]
 
{{col-end}}
 
==Early Modern Albionian==
Today some syntactic constructions and endings from Early Modern Albionian still survive in poetic or flowery Albionian, but the register as a whole sounds markedly religious and is thus not used even in modern fantasy or historical fiction.
===Orthography===
*'''a&#795;''' was sometimes used for umlauted long ''ả''. Today this sound is written ''ở'' and is pronounced /œ:/
 
===Accent===
*Old acute (modern stød): ạ
*Neoacute (high rising): á
*Dipping-rising: ả (resulting from contraction of VjV)
*Grave or circumflex (low): à (long but not acute)
*Unaccented: a (resulting from stress shift to initial)
 
All of those diacritics (except the flat one for length) are obsolete today, except the old acute in dictionaries; neoacute, old acute dipping rising and grave all merged into length marked with the question-mark diacritic. Only old editions of religious and liturgical texts consistently use tone diacritics.
 
===Morphology===
*Instrumental case (''instrumentởl'')
*Pseudo-dual dative and instrumental endings in ''-ma'': ''walsnỷma dweama ơċima'' 'with one's own two eyes'
*Possessive adjectives in ''-ow'' or ''-in'' more widespread (''ty marchogowea Arthyrowy'' 'Arthur's knights', modern ''ty marchogowea Arthyra'')
*Infinitives in ''-ti'' or ''-thi'' (e.g. ''dealati'', ''riềthi'')
*Pro-drop when the subject is not 3rd person
*3sg, 2pl and 3pl present and future perfective forms in ''-t'', ''-te'' and ''-nt'' (e.g. ''dealảt, dealảte, dealảnt'', sometimes for more archaic effect ''dealaït, dealaïte, dealaïnt''); the 3pl form is always used with a plural subject.
*''ne'' used without ''als''.
*''est'' and ''sunt'' are used for 3sg and 3pl present of ''bỵṫ'' (The modern forms ''les/os'' and ''len/lesun/ỏn/osun'' are from ''gleḋ/ot est'' 'here is' and ''gleḋ/ot sunt''.)
*definite articles in genitive phrases: a genitive phrase of the form X DEF.GEN Y.GEN is implied to be definite (cf. Hebrew and Irish). On the other hand, Modern Albionian usually requires X to take the definite article as well.
*The use of ''-li'' on verbs for interrogatives: ''znạṡ-li?'' 'dost thou know? kennst du?' This still survives as a way to mark conditional clauses in modern formal language.
*''-mo'' is sometimes used instead of ''-m''  for dative (but not instrumental) singular masculine and neuter adjectives and pronouns: ''spiewejte jemo pieseň nowa'' 'sing unto him a new song', ''prechodnejmo'' 'fleeting'. ''-mo'' is still found in literary poetry but it doesn't consistently correspond to the Proto-Slavic dative. <!-- I chose to change mu to mo to make it sound like Archaic Biblical Hebrew -ėmo -->
*Adjectives may come before nouns.
*Early Modern Albionian disallowed morphological "double negatives":
**ne... aden X instead of ne... wals ġảdnẻo X
**ne... weath  instead of ne... wals niċeo
**ne... ċelweac 'not a human' instead of ne... wals niceo
 
 
[[Category:Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]

Latest revision as of 17:46, 5 March 2024

British branch of Maghrebi Arabic with loosely Danish sound changes

Fortis and lenis resonants; uvularization kept as 2ndary articulation of consonants

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