Fruwi: Difference between revisions

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Fruwi is a engineered non-naturalistic a-priori constructed language, that tries to be logical at times.
Fruwi is a engineered non-naturalistic a-priori constructed language, that tries to be logical at times.
The language has two main dialects, Haishi and Sontrai. The Haishi dialects may seem easier to humans or much easier to english speakers, because of the base-10 number system, lack of conjugation, and more english-like phonology, though this is a coincidence.  
The language has two main dialects, Haishi and Sontrai. The Haishi dialects may seem easier english speakers, because of the base-10 number system, lack of conjugation, and more english-like phonology, though this is a coincidence.  


Fruwi is a [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sapirs-morphological-classification-of-languages_tbl1_344321331 agglutinative analytic] language, because while verbs may be aggluutinative, and while nouns have one suffix for plurals, the syntax generally has many unbound morphemes. Though the Haishi dialects are more isolating, they are still agglutinative and analytic.
Fruwi is a agglutinative analytic language, because while verbs may be aggluutinative, and while nouns have one suffix for plurals, the syntax generally has many unbound morphemes. Though the Haishi dialects are more isolating, they are still agglutinative and analytic.
Its allignment is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_alignment active-stative].
Its allignment is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_alignment active-stative].
Its word order is either SVO or SOV. While SVO is used informally, SOV is used formally.
Its word order is either SVO or SOV. While SVO is used informally, SOV is used formally.
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[[File:Fruwi_Evolution_Tree.png|250px|thumb|left|Tree of the Evolution of Fruwi, starting from Early Proto-Fruwi]]
[[File:Fruwi_Evolution_Tree.png|250px|thumb|left|Tree of the Evolution of Fruwi, starting from Early Proto-Fruwi]]
Early-Proto Fruwi also is made up of 7-Pre fruwi languages, not shown in the image.
Early-Proto Fruwi also is made up of 7-Pre fruwi languages, not shown in the image.
The arrows indicate that the languages were not evolved from the language on the other side of the arrow, but have been affected in some way, like borrowing a large amount of vocabulary, or affecting sound changes, or even affecting the name.
The arrows indicate that the languages were not evolved from the languages, but have been affected in some way, like borrowing a large amount of vocabulary, or affecting sound changes, or even affecting the name.
===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The name of the language Fruwi, comes from Late Proto-Fruwi's own name "(ou) fruwis", which was also derived from Early Proto-Fruwi /poresa/. The word poresa presumably came from the 7 Pre-Fruwi Languages.
The name of the language Fruwi, comes from Late Proto-Fruwi's own name "(ou) fruwis", which was also derived from Early Proto-Fruwi /poresa/. The word poresa presumably came from the 7 Pre-Fruwi Languages.
Line 53: Line 53:
The original, and larger lexicon is called: Lexicon a priori, and the words mostly come from Late Proto-Fruwi.
The original, and larger lexicon is called: Lexicon a priori, and the words mostly come from Late Proto-Fruwi.
Though there is a Lexicon a posteriori, for words that come from humans, which will be adopted and evolved into every related language except Funris-ox.
Though there is a Lexicon a posteriori, for words that come from humans, which will be adopted and evolved into every related language except Funris-ox.
The Lexicon a priori is split into two lexicons: Late Lexicon; for words that could have only emerged in Late Proto-Fruwi, and the Early Lexicon; For words that could have emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi. This is because many words in Fruwi & Russo & Funris do not have a syllable structure that could have evolved from Early Proto-Fruwi, but they could have emerged Late Proto-Fruwi. This is not to say the Early Lexicon words all emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi, as they could have emerged earlier or later, and the words in Late Proto-Fruwi could have also emerged later, but obviously not later.  
The Lexicon a priori is split into two lexicons: Late Lexicon; for words that could have only emerged in Late Proto-Fruwi, and the Early Lexicon; For words that could have emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi. This is because many words in Fruwi <!--& Russo & Funris--> do not have a syllable structure that could have evolved from Early Proto-Fruwi, but they could have emerged Late Proto-Fruwi. This is not to say the Early Lexicon words all emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi, as they could have emerged earlier or later, and the words in Late Proto-Fruwi could have also emerged later, but obviously not later.  
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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! colspan="7" | Phonemes or diaphonemes; biggest phonology of all dialects
! colspan="7" | Phonemes or diaphonemes; biggest phonology of all dialects
|-
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
|-
|-
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        || (ɲ)    || ŋ      ||  
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        || ŋ      ||  
|-
|-
| Lenis Stop            || p      || t      ||        || (c)    || k      || ʡ
| Lenis Stop            || p      || t      ||        || k      || rowspan="2" | ʡ
|-
|-
| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ      ||        || (cʰ)  || kʰ     || ʡ
| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ      ||        || kʰ
|-
|-
| Lenis Fricative        || ɸ      || s      ||        ||        || χ      || ħ
| Lenis Fricative        || ɸ      || s      ||        || χ      || rowspan="2" | ħ
|-
|-
| Fortis Fricative      || β      || z      ||        ||        || ʁ     || ħ
| Fortis Fricative      || β      || z      ||        || ʁ
|-
|-
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || t̆s      || t̆ʃ    ||        ||        ||  
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || t̆s      || t̆ʃ    ||        ||  
|-
|-
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || d̆z      || d̆ʒ    ||        ||        ||  
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || d̆z      || d̆ʒ    ||        ||  
|-
|-
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||        ||  
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||  
|-  
|-  
| Approximant            || ʷ      ||         || (ɹ̠ʲ)  || j      || w      ||
| Approximant            ||       || l      || j      || w      ||  
|-
| Lateral Approximant    ||        || l      ||        || (ʎ)    || (ʟ)    ||  
|}
|}


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! colspan="7" | Transcribers
! colspan="7" | Transcribers
|-
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
|-
|-
| Special Lenis Stop    || b      || d      ||        || (ɟ)    || g      ||  
| Special Lenis Stop    || b      || d      ||        || g      ||  
|-
|-
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || (ɟʰ)  || gʰ    ||  
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || gʰ    ||  
|}
|}
Basic dialectical variation
Basic dialectical variation
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** t̆s > s, d̆z > z
** t̆s > s, d̆z > z
** ʡ > k
** ʡ > k
** χ > x, ʁ > ɣ
** χ, ħ > x, ʁ > ɣ
** ħ > x, ɣ (depends)
* Haishi Ban; Differences from Standard:
* Haishi Ban; Differences from Standard:
** p, t, k > b, d, g
** p, t, k > b, d, g
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| Low      ||        || a      ||  
| Low      ||        || a      ||  
|}
|}
* ae, ao, ai, au, ʌi, ʌu, ei, eu, oi, ou are the only possible diphthongs<br>
* //ae, ao, ai, au, əi, əu, ei, eu, oi, ou// are the only possible diphthongs<br>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="17" | Fruwi Vowel Phonemes and Diaphonemes
! colspan="17" | Fruwi Vowel Phonemes and Diaphonemes
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| Sontrai Ban || ä  || œ || e || o̞ || i || u || äe || äo || äi || äu || œi || œu || ɘi || ɘu || ɔi || ɔu
| Sontrai Ban || ä  || œ || e || o̞ || i || u || äe || äo || äi || äu || œi || œu || ɘi || ɘu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Sontrai Tun || a~ä || ɨ || e̞ || o̞ || i || u || äe || ao || äi || au || ɪi || ʊu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
| Sontrai Tun || a~ä || ɨ || e̞ || o̞ || ɪ || ʊ || äe || ao || äi || au || ɪi || ʊu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Haishi Ban  || a~ä || ɑ || e̞ || o̞ || i || u || ɑɛ || äɔ || æi || äu || ɑi || ɑu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
| Haishi Ban  || a~ä || ɑ || e̞ || o̞ || i || u || ɑɛ || äɔ || æi || äu || ɑi || ɑu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Haishi Tun  || æ  || ʌ || e̞ || o || i || ʉ || ɑe || ao || äi || au || ʌi || ʌu || ei || eu || ɵi || ɵu
| Haishi Tun  || æ  || ʌ || e̞ || o || i || ʉ || ɑe || ao || äi || au || ʌi || ʌu || ei || ø || ɵi || ɵu
|}  
|}  
===Stress and intonation===
=== Stress and intonation ===
All syllables are pronounced as the same length; there is no Lexical stress. This is similar to French and Georgian.
All syllables are pronounced as the same length; there is no Lexical stress. This is similar to French and Georgian.
Though, when prosodic stress is involved, the first syllable of the prosodical word becomes extra stressed.
Though, when prosodic stress is involved, the first syllable of the prosodical word becomes extra stressed.


==== Interrogatives ====
* The word for what, '''<>''', has a rising intonation /↗︎/,
* The word for what, '''<>''', has a rising intonation /↗︎/,
* Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/
** Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/
* The words for yes and no, '''<>''', both have a falling intonation /↘︎/
* The words for yes and no, '''<>''', both have a falling intonation /↘︎/
* Though, the final "or not", '''<>''', found in yes-no questions, also has a rising intonation /↗︎/
** Though, the final "or not", '''<>''', found in yes-no questions, has a rising intonation /↗︎/
 
==== Determiners ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" | Prosodic stress for disambiguating sentences:
|-
| 1)
| ''Everything'' > something
| 2)
| Everything > ''something''
|-
| ∃y∀x P(x, y)
| ''Ada'' > Anón
| ∀x∃y P(x, y)
| Ada > ''Anón''
|-
| colspan="2" | For something, everything > it
| colspan="2" | For everything, it > something
|-
| 1)
| ''Every'' dog loves some toys
| 2)
| Every dog loves ''some'' toys
|-
| ∃y∈Toy∀x∈Dog Love(x, y)
| ''ada'' DOG LOVE anón TOY
| ∀x∈Dog∃y∈Toy Love(x, y)
| ada DOG LOVE ''anón'' TOY
|-
| colspan="2" | For something (Toy), everything (Dog) loves it
| colspan="2" | For everything (Dog) , it loves something (Toy)
|}
 
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
syllable structure is: (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C)
syllable structure is: (C)²V(V)(C)²
a more specific version is:  (CA)V(V)(RC) & GV(V)
a more specific version is:  (C)(A)V(V)(R)(C) & GV(V)


A = //w, r, l, j// approximant
A = //w, r, l, j// approximant
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| Haishi Tun:
| Haishi Tun:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" | Velar shifting
| colspan="3" | Palatal shifting
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /ki/ → [ci], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /ki/ → [ci], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ik/ → [ic], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ik/ → [ic], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /kʰja/ → [cʰja], /kja/ → [cja], /ŋja/ → [ɲj̃ã]
** /kʰja/ → [cʰja], /kja/ → [cja], /ŋja/ → [ɲj̃ã]
| colspan="2" | Velar shifting
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /ŋ, k, g/ → [ɲ, c, ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
| colspan="2" | Palatal shifting
* /ŋ, k, g/ → [ɲ, c, ɟ] near /j, i, e/
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)]
** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)]
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
|-
|-
| Approximants
| Approximants
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/
* /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/
| Approximants
| Approximants
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/
* /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
| Approximants
| Approximants
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
| Approximants
| Approximants
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
| Approximants
| Approximants
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ, t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ, t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɔ] near /w, u, o/
* /l/→[ɔ] near /w, u, o/
|-
|-
Line 226: Line 253:
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
|-
|-
| colspan = "3" | Labials
| colspan="3" | Labials
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
Line 233: Line 260:
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ]
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ]
| colspan = "2" | Labials
| colspan="2" | Labials
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/  
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/  
** /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi]
** /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi]
Line 240: Line 267:
* /V<sub>high</sub>, Approximant/→[V<sub>high</sub>ʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already bilabialized or labiodentalized
* /V<sub>high</sub>, Approximant/→[V<sub>high</sub>ʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already bilabialized or labiodentalized
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ]
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ]
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical/→ same voicing as closest consonant
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬] /fru/→[fr̊ᵛůᵛ]
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬] /fru/→[fr̊ᵛuᵛ]
|
|-
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!'''
| colspan="5" | '''Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!'''
|}
|}
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonotactics===
===Morphophonotactics===
Line 251: Line 278:


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Fruwi may be written in any any writing system, though it needs to have enough letters for the phonology. The writing system needs not be Bicameral, but it is good to have for determiners and pronouns that are differentiated by case in writing.
Fruwi may be written in any any writing system, though it needs to have enough letters for the phonology. The writing system needs not be bicameral, but it is good (not necessary) to have for determiners and pronouns that are differentiated by case in writing.
===Romanization===
===Romanization===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="5" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi
! colspan="6" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi
|-
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal
|-
|-
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        ||       || ñ
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        || nh
|-
|-
| Lenis Stop            || b      || d      ||        ||        || g
| Lenis Stop            || b      || d      ||        || g
|-
|-
| Fortis Stop            || p      || t      ||        ||        || k
| Fortis Stop            || p      || t      ||        || k
|-
|-
| Lenis Fricative        || f      || s      ||        ||        || x
| Lenis Fricative        || f      || s      ||        || x
|-
|-
| Fortis Fricative      || v      || z      ||        ||        || q
| Fortis Fricative      || v      || z      ||        || q
|-
|-
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || c      || ch    ||        ||  
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || c      || ch    ||  
|-
|-
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || j      || jh    ||        ||  
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || j      || jh    ||  
|-
|-
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||  
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||  
|-  
|-  
| Approximant            ||        ||         ||        || y      || w
| Approximant            ||        || l      || y      || w
|-
| Lateral Approximant    ||        || l      ||        ||        ||
|}
|}
 
ch, jh, nh also have many ways of writing them:
* c̃, j̃, ñ
* č, ǰ, ň
* c̄, j̄, n̄
* ć, j́, ń
* ĉ, ĵ, ĵ
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi Transcribers
! colspan="7" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi Transcribers
Line 284: Line 314:
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal
|-
|-
| Special Lenis Stop    || ʮb     || ʮd       ||        ||        || ʮg
| Special Lenis Stop    || bh     || dh       ||        ||        || gh
|-
|-
| Special Fortis Stop    || ʮp     || ʮt       ||        ||        || ʮk
| Special Fortis Stop    || ph     || th       ||        ||        || kh
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
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====Punctuation====
====Punctuation====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Complete Punctuation
! colspan="4" | Complete Punctuation
|-
|-
| Use|| Indicative Sentences || Interrogative Sentences || Imperative Sentences
| Use             || Indicatives || Interrogatives || Imperatives
|-
|-
| Name in Fruwi|| Sentence Symbol|| Interrogative Symbol|| Imperative Symbol
| Name in Fruwi   ||             ||               ||
|-
|-
| Name in English|| Period || Question Mark || Explanation Mark
| Name in English || Period     || Question Mark || Explanation Mark
|-
|-
| Punctuation    || . || ? || !
| Punctuation    || .           || ?             || !
|}
|}
* ! is not used in the same way as in English, but is used in all Imperative sentences
* ! is not used in the same way as in English, but is used in all Imperative sentences
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Phrasal Punctuation
! colspan="8" | Phrasal Punctuation
|-
|-
| Use || Quotations|| Embedded Quotations|| Serial Lists || Coordinating Conjunctions || Interjections ||  Appositives || Asides
| Use             || Quotations     || Embedded Quotations   || Serial Lists || Coordinating Conjunctions || Interjections ||  Appositives || Asides
|-
|-
| Name in Fruwi ||Quotation Symbol|| Embedded Quotation Symbol|| List Symbol || Sentence Combining Symbol || Interjection Barrier || Apposition Barrier|| Aside Barrier
| Name in Fruwi   ||                 ||                       ||             ||                           ||               ||             ||  
|-
|-
| Name in English|| Quotation Mark|| Single Quotation Mark || Comma || Comma || Semicolon || Virgules|| Semicolons
| Name in English || Quotation Mark || Single Quotation Mark || Comma       || Comma                     || Semicolon     || Virgules     || Semicolons
|-
|-
| Punctuation    || «TEXT» || «‹TEXT›TEXT» || , || , || ; || /TEXT/ || ;TEXT;
| Punctuation    || «TEXT»         || «‹TEXT›TEXT»         || ,           || ,                         || ;             || /TEXT/       || ;TEXT;
|}
|}
* Appositives are used in this way:
* Appositives are used in this way:
Line 338: Line 368:
* I do not know know how Asides, Appositives, and Interjections will work except for this
* I do not know know how Asides, Appositives, and Interjections will work except for this
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Numeral Punctuation
! colspan="3" | Numeral Punctuation
|-
|-
| Use|| Grouping|| Decimal Point
| Use             || Grouping     || Decimal Point
|-
|-
| Name in Fruwi|| ||
| Name in Fruwi   ||             ||
|-
|-
| Name in English|| Comma || Semicolons ||
| Name in English || Comma       || Semicolons
|-
|-
| Punctuation    || 1,234,56789  || 01234;5;67890
| Punctuation    || 1,234,56789  || 01234;5;67890
|}
|}
* Numbers are written very diffirently: 11,265,353.15464253 => 11,26535;3;15464,253  
* Numbers are written very differently: 11,265,353.15464253 => 11,26535;3;15464,253
 
==Morphology ==
==Morphology ==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
=== Genders ===
[[File:Fruwi_Genders.png|250px|thumb|left|Genders of Fruwi]]
Fruwi has 4 genders, which may be better described as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animacy Animacy].
While most of the time meaning doesn't change drastically because of gender, words can change enough to be bad; for example, one of the words for friend, and the word or pet are the same except for the last vowel representing gender.
The gender system is very similar to that of proto-fruwi. Until Fruwi, Names weren't Abstract, but were the class of the things they named.
 
There may be a fourth gender evolving in some dialects between the natural and derived, that includes minutes, events, locations, and the divine.
 
Notes on the Image;
* The divine may be any gender except for Abstract. The divine is for stuff like gods, spirits, mythological creatures...
* Naturalized means symbols; objectified abstract things <!--- insert Example --->
* "plants" also includes large Fungi
* Minutes are tiny/microscopic things that move; They can be Either Natural or Derived Gender - also depends on dialect]
* Events could mean holidays, meetings, thunderstorms, or similar
* Animated means things that have been given souls, zoomorphized  <!--- insert Example --->
* Personified is what it says; example: country-balls :D


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
the 4 vowels for the genders are i, e, a, o
* Nouns
* Naturalized, Animated, and Personified exist by just changing the gender suffix
* Adjectives
* When changing genders, you can not have middle ones; ex Ci, Ca, but no Ce, Co
* Verbs
* Adverbs
* Particles
* Derivational morphology
-->
=== Prepositions ===
=== Prepositions ===
all prepositions end in -o to combine with the articles


=== Articles ===
They combine like such:
Articles start with /o/, as they combine with prepositions, which end in /o/, similar to how French combines à le into au.
* co + ol = c'ol
* ído + onh = íd'onh
* premo + onhi = prem'onhi


they may also combine with some predeterminers, as those come before articles
* bo + ada c'ol = b'ada c'ol
* premo + ogo c'onhe = prem'ogo c'onhe
The direct object marker "no" , which is optional, is also a preposition
* Syoó yiso ole vale => Syoó yiso n'ole vale
=== Determiners ===
==== Indefinite Determiners (Pre) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3" | Indefinite Determiners
! UNIVERSAL
! NEGATIVE
! ADDITIONAL
! ??
! ??
! EXISTENTIAL
|-
| ada
| ogo
| okeq
| aqʌr
| ʌchar
| anón
|-
| all* <br> each* <br> every*
| none* <br> no*
| another* <br> additional*
| another* <br> different* <br> next*
| last* <br> previous*
| some* <br>
|}
* co (of) is added if there are any central or post-determiners
* almost suffix "-lV" for Universal & Negative (adla, oglo)
* additional* => less* suffix "pa" (keqpa)
==== Articles (Central) ====
Articles start with /o/, and they combine with prepositions, which end in /o/, similar to how French combines à le into au.
Articles do go before nouns.
Articles are given the gloss ART.
Articles are given the gloss ART.
{|
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!DEF
!DEF
Line 392: Line 474:
|}
|}


=== Determiners & Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===


=== Collective Nouns/Classifiers ===
CL -   means collective and/or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics) classifier ]


=== Collective Nouns/Classifiers ===
the word "kal" is the collective  
CL -   means collective for modern, classifier for future (V=Maybe [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics) classifiers] will develop???)


word "kal" (will be in Lexicon)
Articles and determiners go around the Collective if they are after it.


for example:
for example:
* kal mano: a group of people
* kal mano: a group of people
* kal kal mano: a group of group of people
* kal kal mano: a group of group of people


MAY STACK INFINITELY
they have a use to differinciate between the collective and distributive
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distributive
| rowspan="4" | vs.
! Collective
|-
| 1) You can buy each of these items for $5 <br> = ...BUY ALL OF THESE THINGS FOR...
| 2) You can buy all of these items for $5 <br> = ...BUY THIS COL THING FOR...
|-
| 1) The three kids each have two ballons <br> = ...THE THREE KIDS ALL HAVE TWO....
| 1) The three kids have have two ballons <br> = ...THE THREE KIDS COL HAVE TWO...
|-
| Universal article is Distributive
| use Collective (in Nouns) to turn into collective
|}
They may stack infinitely


=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
Nouns are only declined for number, gender, and dimunitiveness.
Nouns are only declined for number, and diminutives. They already have gender inherently, so it doesn't count in my opinion.
{|
{| class="wikitable"
!Number(Noun)
!Number(Noun)
!Singular
!Singular
Line 418: Line 516:
!<small>O.</small>
!<small>O.</small>
| -o
| -o
| -
| -onh
|
| -or
|
| -ornh
|-
|-
!<small>A.</small>
!<small>A.</small>
| -a
| -a
| -
| -anh
|
| -ar
|
| -arnh
|-
|-
!<small>E.</small>
!<small>E.</small>
| -e
| -e
| -
| -enh
|
| -er
|
| -ernh
|-
|-
!<small>I.</small>
!<small>I.</small>
| -i
| -i
| -
| -inh
|
| -ir
|
| -irnh
|}
|}
==== Irregular Nouns ====
==== Irregular Nouns ====

Latest revision as of 04:01, 8 March 2024

Fruwi
oñ Fruwi
Pronunciation[õɴ.ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ.wʷiʷ]
Created byWebcloud
Date2022
Fruwi-Poresa
  • Fruwi
Early forms
Early Proto-Fruwi
  • Late Proto-Fruwi
Standard form
Standard Fruwi
Dialects
  • Sontrai Ban
  • Sontrai Tun
  • Haishi Ban
  • Haishi Tun
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Introduction

Fruwi is a engineered non-naturalistic a-priori constructed language, that tries to be logical at times. The language has two main dialects, Haishi and Sontrai. The Haishi dialects may seem easier english speakers, because of the base-10 number system, lack of conjugation, and more english-like phonology, though this is a coincidence.

Fruwi is a agglutinative analytic language, because while verbs may be aggluutinative, and while nouns have one suffix for plurals, the syntax generally has many unbound morphemes. Though the Haishi dialects are more isolating, they are still agglutinative and analytic. Its allignment is active-stative. Its word order is either SVO or SOV. While SVO is used informally, SOV is used formally. The head direction is mixed. While the heading of both adpositional and verb phrases is [to do].

Creation

I created a language called ol fruwi (sic); which now with a few adjustments has become Proto-Fruwi, in mid 2022. An early version of Fruwi, Standard, then known as oñ Fruwi was published to Conlang Fandom Early 2023.

Type

It is a sort of engineered conlang without worldbuilding. The language is not supposed to be naturalistic, and will veer from most major languages many times. It is an a-priori language, meaning it does not specifically take any vocabulary from any real life languages, though this is partly false, because it has a second lexicon that has only words borrowed from real languages.

Evolution

Tree of the Evolution of Fruwi, starting from Early Proto-Fruwi

Early-Proto Fruwi also is made up of 7-Pre fruwi languages, not shown in the image. The arrows indicate that the languages were not evolved from the languages, but have been affected in some way, like borrowing a large amount of vocabulary, or affecting sound changes, or even affecting the name.

Etymology

The name of the language Fruwi, comes from Late Proto-Fruwi's own name "(ou) fruwis", which was also derived from Early Proto-Fruwi /poresa/. The word poresa presumably came from the 7 Pre-Fruwi Languages. the languages derived from it have derived names such as Rfuij, but Rfwi also was borowed from the name of Fruwi. Other languages, like Russo, got a new name, but languages like Funris-ox was also derived from Late Proto-Fruwi's name.

Lexicon

The language has two lexicons, a priori and a posteriori. The original, and larger lexicon is called: Lexicon a priori, and the words mostly come from Late Proto-Fruwi. Though there is a Lexicon a posteriori, for words that come from humans, which will be adopted and evolved into every related language except Funris-ox. The Lexicon a priori is split into two lexicons: Late Lexicon; for words that could have only emerged in Late Proto-Fruwi, and the Early Lexicon; For words that could have emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi. This is because many words in Fruwi do not have a syllable structure that could have evolved from Early Proto-Fruwi, but they could have emerged Late Proto-Fruwi. This is not to say the Early Lexicon words all emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi, as they could have emerged earlier or later, and the words in Late Proto-Fruwi could have also emerged later, but obviously not later.

Phonology

Consonants

Phonemes or diaphonemes; biggest phonology of all dialects
Manner ->
Place v
Labial Coronal Palatal Dorsal Radical
Nasal m n ŋ
Lenis Stop p t k ʡ
Fortis Stop
Lenis Fricative ɸ s χ ħ
Fortis Fricative β z ʁ
Lenis Affricate t̆s t̆ʃ
Fortis Affricate d̆z d̆ʒ
Trill r
Approximant l j w
Transcribers
Manner ->
Place v
Labial Coronal Palatal Dorsal Radical
Special Lenis Stop b d g
Special Fortis Stop

Basic dialectical variation

  • Sontrai Ban; Differences from Standard:
    • s > θ, z > ð
    • t̆ʃ > ʂ, d̆ʒ > ʐ
    • χ > x, ʁ > ɣ
  • Sontrai Tun; Differences from Standard:
    • s > θ, z > ð
    • t̆s > s, d̆z > z
    • ʡ > k
    • χ, ħ > x, ʁ > ɣ
  • Haishi Ban; Differences from Standard:
    • p, t, k > b, d, g
    • TRANSCRIBERS: b, d, g > p, t, k
    • ɸ > f , β > v
    • t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
    • χ, ʁ, ʡ, ħ > x
  • Haishi Tun; Differences from Standard:
    • p, t, k > b̥, d̥, g̊
    • ɸ > f , β > v
    • t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
    • t̆s > t̆ʃ, d̆z > d̆ʒ
    • χ, ʁ, ʡ, ħ > ɣ

Vowels

Standard Fruwi Phonemes and Diaphonemes
Placement Front Center Back
High i u
Mid e ə o
Low a
  • //ae, ao, ai, au, əi, əu, ei, eu, oi, ou// are the only possible diphthongs
Fruwi Vowel Phonemes and Diaphonemes
Diaphonemes a ə e o i u ae ao ai au əi əu ei eu oi ou
Standard a~ä ə i u ɑe æo ɑi æu ɘi ɵu ɛi ɛu ɔi ɔu
Sontrai Ban ä œ e i u äe äo äi äu œi œu ɘi ɘu ɔi ɔu
Sontrai Tun a~ä ɨ ɪ ʊ äe ao äi au ɪi ʊu ɛi ɛu ɔi ɔu
Haishi Ban a~ä ɑ i u ɑɛ äɔ æi äu ɑi ɑu ɛi ɛu ɔi ɔu
Haishi Tun æ ʌ o i ʉ ɑe ao äi au ʌi ʌu ei ø ɵi ɵu

Stress and intonation

All syllables are pronounced as the same length; there is no Lexical stress. This is similar to French and Georgian. Though, when prosodic stress is involved, the first syllable of the prosodical word becomes extra stressed.

Interrogatives

  • The word for what, <>, has a rising intonation /↗︎/,
    • Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/
  • The words for yes and no, <>, both have a falling intonation /↘︎/
    • Though, the final "or not", <>, found in yes-no questions, has a rising intonation /↗︎/

Determiners

Prosodic stress for disambiguating sentences:
1) Everything > something 2) Everything > something
∃y∀x P(x, y) Ada > Anón ∀x∃y P(x, y) Ada > Anón
For something, everything > it For everything, it > something
1) Every dog loves some toys 2) Every dog loves some toys
∃y∈Toy∀x∈Dog Love(x, y) ada DOG LOVE anón TOY ∀x∈Dog∃y∈Toy Love(x, y) ada DOG LOVE anón TOY
For something (Toy), everything (Dog) loves it For everything (Dog) , it loves something (Toy)

Phonotactics

syllable structure is: (C)²V(V)(C)² a more specific version is: (C)(A)V(V)(R)(C) & GV(V)

A = //w, r, l, j// approximant R = //r, l// G = /ʡ, ħ/ radical C = non-radical, non-approximant Consonants V = Vowels //ɸjailm// is CAVVRC, //ħai// is GVV

if the pronounciation is ambigious : then the coda steals the consonant if it is not guttral nor approximant

  • /tamlat/:- /tam.lat/ -or /ta.mlat/:- /mam.lat/ is correct
  • /talmat/:- /tal.mat/ -or /talm.at/:- /mal.mat/ is correct
  • /talmlat/: /tal.mlat/ or /talm.lat/: /talm.lat/ is correct


ambigious pronounciation is not ambisyllabic. ambisyllabicity is possibly only when you have one consonant only between vowels
Syllables starting with glottal consonants may not have codas; ambisyllabic codas (C) are allowed

  • banned*: /ħal/ /ħalm/ /ħal.mat/ /ħam/ /ħalm.lat/
  • impossible anyways*: /ħaml/ /ħalml/
  • ambisyllabic: /ħalat/ /ħamat/
  • separate syllable: /ħa.mlat/

Allophony

Allophony in Fruwi
Standard Dialect: Sontrai Ban: Sontrai Tun: Haishi Ban: Haishi Tun:
Palatal shifting
  • /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
    • /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /ki/ → [ci], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
    • /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ik/ → [ic], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
    • /kʰja/ → [cʰja], /kja/ → [cja], /ŋja/ → [ɲj̃ã]
  • /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
  • /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
Palatal shifting
  • /ŋ, k, g/ → [ɲ, c, ɟ] near /j, i, e/
    • /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
    • /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
    • /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)]
  • /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
  • /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
Approximants
  • /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
  • /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/
Approximants
  • /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/
  • /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
Approximants
  • /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
  • /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
Approximants
  • /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
  • /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ/
  • /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
Approximants
  • /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ, t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
  • /l/→[ɔ] near /w, u, o/
Nasalize
  • /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
    • /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋwo/→[ŋw̃õ]
    • but: /oŋtu/→[õŋtu]
  • /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA, except near /j, i, e/
    • /oŋ/→[õɴ]
Labials
  • /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
    • /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
  • /Vhigh, Approximant/→[Vhighʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already already bilabialized or labiodentalized
    • /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /ɸwi/→[ɸwᵝiᵝ]
  • Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant
    • /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ]
Labials
  • /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/
    • /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi]
  • /C, V/→[Cᵛ, Vᵛ] near /f, v/
    • /fɹu/→[fɹᵛuᵛ], but: /fɹuwi/→[fɹᵛuᵛwi]
  • /Vhigh, Approximant/→[Vhighʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already bilabialized or labiodentalized
    • /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ]
  • Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical/→ same voicing as closest consonant
    • /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬] /fru/→[fr̊ᵛuᵛ]
Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!

Morphophonology

Morphophonotactics

Final syllable's onset may only be glottal in uncountable nouns (only I class nouns can be uncountable), this is because uncountable nouns cannot have final codas

Orthography

Fruwi may be written in any any writing system, though it needs to have enough letters for the phonology. The writing system needs not be bicameral, but it is good (not necessary) to have for determiners and pronouns that are differentiated by case in writing.

Romanization

Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi
Manner ->
Place v
Labial Coronal Palatal Dorsal
Nasal m n nh
Lenis Stop b d g
Fortis Stop p t k
Lenis Fricative f s x
Fortis Fricative v z q
Lenis Affricate c ch
Fortis Affricate j jh
Trill r
Approximant l y w

ch, jh, nh also have many ways of writing them:

  • c̃, j̃, ñ
  • č, ǰ, ň
  • c̄, j̄, n̄
  • ć, j́, ń
  • ĉ, ĵ, ĵ
Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi Transcribers
Manner ->
Place v
Labial Coronal Medial Palatal Dorsal
Special Lenis Stop bh dh gh
Special Fortis Stop ph th kh
Vowel Orthography based on Standard Fruwi
Closed v. Open v. radical s. v. radical f. v.
<Ii> //i// <Īī> //.i// <Íí> //.ʡi// <Ìì> //.ħi//
<Uu> //u// <Ūū> //.u// <Úú> //.ʡu// <Ùù> //.ħu//
<Ee> //e// <Ēē> //.e// <Éé> //.ʡe// <Èè> //.ħe//
<Oo> //o// <Ōō> //.o// <Óó> //.ʡo// <Òò> //.ħo//
<Aa> //a// <Āā> //.a// <Áá> //.ʡa// <Àà> //.ħa//
<Ʌʌ> //ə// <Ʌ̄ʌ̄> //.ə// <Ʌ́ʌ́> //.ʡə// <Ʌ̀ʌ̀> //.ħə//

Vowels at the start of a word need not have macrons, they are always open unless they have radical in front.
Vowels with macrons only written after other vowels:

  • <alenta> /a.len.ta/ and <alēnta> /al.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is alenta, while the correct pronunciation is /al.en.ta/ (ambigious/ambisyllabic)
  • <almenta> /al.men.ta/ and <almēnta> /alm.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is almenta, and the correct pronounciation is /al.men.ta/ (ambigious)

Punctuation

Complete Punctuation
Use Indicatives Interrogatives Imperatives
Name in Fruwi
Name in English Period Question Mark Explanation Mark
Punctuation . ? !
  • ! is not used in the same way as in English, but is used in all Imperative sentences
Phrasal Punctuation
Use Quotations Embedded Quotations Serial Lists Coordinating Conjunctions Interjections Appositives Asides
Name in Fruwi
Name in English Quotation Mark Single Quotation Mark Comma Comma Semicolon Virgules Semicolons
Punctuation «TEXT» «‹TEXT›TEXT» , , ; /TEXT/ ;TEXT;
  • Appositives are used in this way:
    • X is Y. X does Z. => X, Y, does Z; My sister is Alice Smith. My sister likes jelly beans => My sister, Alice Smith, likes jelly beans.
  • Interjections go at end of sentence always
  • I do not know know how Asides, Appositives, and Interjections will work except for this
Numeral Punctuation
Use Grouping Decimal Point
Name in Fruwi
Name in English Comma Semicolons
Punctuation 1,234,56789 01234;5;67890
  • Numbers are written very differently: 11,265,353.15464253 => 11,26535;3;15464,253

Morphology

Genders

Genders of Fruwi

Fruwi has 4 genders, which may be better described as Animacy. While most of the time meaning doesn't change drastically because of gender, words can change enough to be bad; for example, one of the words for friend, and the word or pet are the same except for the last vowel representing gender. The gender system is very similar to that of proto-fruwi. Until Fruwi, Names weren't Abstract, but were the class of the things they named.

There may be a fourth gender evolving in some dialects between the natural and derived, that includes minutes, events, locations, and the divine.

Notes on the Image;

  • The divine may be any gender except for Abstract. The divine is for stuff like gods, spirits, mythological creatures...
  • Naturalized means symbols; objectified abstract things
  • "plants" also includes large Fungi
  • Minutes are tiny/microscopic things that move; They can be Either Natural or Derived Gender - also depends on dialect]
  • Events could mean holidays, meetings, thunderstorms, or similar
  • Animated means things that have been given souls, zoomorphized
  • Personified is what it says; example: country-balls :D

the 4 vowels for the genders are i, e, a, o

  • Naturalized, Animated, and Personified exist by just changing the gender suffix
  • When changing genders, you can not have middle ones; ex Ci, Ca, but no Ce, Co

Prepositions

all prepositions end in -o to combine with the articles

They combine like such:

  • co + ol = c'ol
  • ído + onh = íd'onh
  • premo + onhi = prem'onhi

they may also combine with some predeterminers, as those come before articles

  • bo + ada c'ol = b'ada c'ol
  • premo + ogo c'onhe = prem'ogo c'onhe

The direct object marker "no" , which is optional, is also a preposition

  • Syoó yiso ole vale => Syoó yiso n'ole vale

Determiners

Indefinite Determiners (Pre)

Indefinite Determiners UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE ADDITIONAL ?? ?? EXISTENTIAL
ada ogo okeq aqʌr ʌchar anón
all*
each*
every*
none*
no*
another*
additional*
another*
different*
next*
last*
previous*
some*
  • co (of) is added if there are any central or post-determiners
  • almost suffix "-lV" for Universal & Negative (adla, oglo)
  • additional* => less* suffix "pa" (keqpa)

Articles (Central)

Articles start with /o/, and they combine with prepositions, which end in /o/, similar to how French combines à le into au. Articles do go before nouns. Articles are given the gloss ART.

DEF IDEF
O.Human olo oño
A.Living ola oña
E.Real ole oñe
I.Other oli oñi
N.Neuter ol

Pronouns

Collective Nouns/Classifiers

CL -   means collective and/or classifier

the word "kal" is the collective

Articles and determiners go around the Collective if they are after it.

for example:

  • kal mano: a group of people
  • kal kal mano: a group of group of people

they have a use to differinciate between the collective and distributive

Distributive vs. Collective
1) You can buy each of these items for $5
= ...BUY ALL OF THESE THINGS FOR...
2) You can buy all of these items for $5
= ...BUY THIS COL THING FOR...
1) The three kids each have two ballons
= ...THE THREE KIDS ALL HAVE TWO....
1) The three kids have have two ballons
= ...THE THREE KIDS COL HAVE TWO...
Universal article is Distributive use Collective (in Nouns) to turn into collective

They may stack infinitely

Nouns

Nouns are only declined for number, and diminutives. They already have gender inherently, so it doesn't count in my opinion.

Number(Noun) Singular Plural Dimunitive Plural Dimumitive
O. -o -onh -or -ornh
A. -a -anh -ar -arnh
E. -e -enh -er -ernh
I. -i -inh -ir -irnh

Irregular Nouns

Mass Nouns

All nouns are treated as countable nouns, an example of such a language is turkish. The default, like turkish, is also plural.

For example:

  • Goàñe, Meaning rice, is a mass noun, but treated as a countable noun
  • The singular "Goàñe" may be translated into english as "a grain of rice"
  • The plural, "Goàñeñ", may be translated as "rice"

Numbers & Numerals

Adjectives

Verbs

Derivational morphology

Syntax

Word Order

The language is SVO in informal registers and SOV in formal registers.

Capitalization

  • all Nouns
  • many Pronouns
  • all Numbers
  • NOT Start of sentence

Alignment

The morphosyntactic alignment of the conlang is active-stative. (A=SA, O=SO ) It is fluid-S, having a prefix for volition. The language has many voices, including but not limited to active and stative, though impersonal verbs can’t have a stative voice.

Case

Nouns do not have case, but have a patientative prepositions. Many pronouns, though, have a a agentstive snd patientative case, which the “patientative” is also used in indirect objects.

Roles, Voices, & Cases

NP’s have roles, such as instrument, which determine where its position, such as subject, is in a sentence; based on voice, such as the instrumental voice.

While case for nouns doesn’t exist, pronouns have a agentative and a non-agentative case. Prepositions also do some work for showing the roles of the nouns, such as being used for all indirect objects. There’s even an optional preposition for the direct object.

The default voice, active, is null, while the stative voice has a suffix for it. Other more complicated and poetic voices, such as the instrumental, are derived from putting the corresponding preposition before the sentence, included with the stative suffix. Sometimes, stative voice may also be written including the optional direct object preposition with the suffix.

Verb types/structures

  • transitive verbs [A & O]
  • intransitive verbs [S]
  • unergative verbs [As]
  • unaccusative verbs [Os]
  • impersonal verbs [avalent]

Many transitive verbs have both unergative and unaccusative versions. While some are unergative when they have no volition prefix (underlyingly), and while some are unaccusative, some may even be ambiguous.

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Phrasal Stress

Example texts

Other resources