Puhval

Puval
Also known as "Puhval"
Puval in Puvalmja script
Pronunciation	[pɵ.vʌl]
Created by	Toastghost
Date	2023
Setting	setting of the language (conworld, Earth country or region, etc.)
Native to	real or fictional countries or regions in which it is mainly spoken (alias: state=)
Ethnicity	people for whom this is the ethnically native language; also good for the ethnic population if different from the number of speakers (although the names chosen for the articles on the people and on the language will generally be the same, it may be appropriate to pipe in the native name of the people here)
Extinct	date of extinction, as precise as needed; speakers will not display 2nd line (2nd estimate, 2nd country, L2 speakers, etc.)
Revival	date of attempted or successful language revival
Language family	whatever you want to say; fam1–xx will not display a more specific subfamily Puval
Early forms	Buhval Proto-Puhval
Standard forms	whatever you want to say
Dialects	whatever you want to say
Writing systems	Puvalmja
Sources	natural-language sources
Official status
Official language in	list of countries in which it is an official language
Recognised minority language in	list of countries in which it is a recognised minority language
Regulated by	regulatory body or language academy for the language
Development body	development body for the language
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ISO 639-1 code for the language the ISO 639-1 code for the language for comments to not interfere with the link
ISO 639-2	the ISO 639-2 code for the language (not for its family) for comments to not interfere with the link
ISO 639-3	ISO 639-3 code for the language the ISO 639-3 code for the language for comments to not interfere with the link
CLCR	Conlang Registry Code for the language
Glottolog	code for the language Glottolog code for the language  name of code glotto Glottolog code for the language Second Glottolog code for the language  name of code glotto2
ConWorkShop	code for the language ConWorkShop code for the language
IETF	IETF (BCP 47) code for the language
BRCL	Brightraven Registry of Constructed Languages code for the language
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Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Pulmonic Consonants
	Labial				Coronal						Dorsal
	Bi­labial		Labio­dental		Alveolar		Post­alveolar		Retro­flex		Velar
	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced
Nasal		m
Plosive	p				d						k
Sibilant fricative					z		ʃ		ʐ
Non-sibilant fricative			f	v
Approximant					ɹ
Lateral approximant					l

Non-Pulmonic Consonants
		Alveolar	Velar
Ejective	Stop	tʼ	kʼ

Affricates
		Alveolar	Post­alveolar
Pulmonic	Sibilant		dʒ
Ejective	Central	tsʼ

• The sound /ʐ/ is presumed to always be followed by /ʌ/, when writing in puvalmja script the /ʌ/ is not denoted
• The sound /dʒ/ is presumed to always be followed by /ɛ/, when writing in puvalmja script the /ɛ/ is not denoted

Vowels

Vowels
	Front		Front-Central		Central		Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i
Near-Close			ɪ	y
Close-Mid	e				ɵ		o
Mid		ø̞
Open-Mid	ɛ						ʌ
Open							ɑ

Prosody

Stress

• Primary stress is placed on the initial syllable if it is hard.

• Primary stress is placed on the ultimate syllable if the initial syllable is soft.

• Primary stress is placed on the first hard syllable if the initial syllable is soft and the ultimate syllable is soft.

• Primary stress is placed on the first long vowel soft syllable if there are no hard syllables.

• Secondary stress is placed on syllables with 2 of the same constant.

• Secondary stress is placed if a hard syllable follows a soft syllable if it is not primary already.

Phonotactics

Clusters

Consonant Clusters
		Stops/Affricates							Fricatives					Nasals	Liquids
		d̠ʒ	tsʼ	k	p	d	kʼ	tʼ	v	f	ʐ	z	ʃ	m	ɹ	l
Stops/Affricates	d̠ʒ	d̠ʒd̠ʒ	d̠ʒtsʼ	d̠ʒk	d̠ʒp	d̠ʒd	d̠ʒkʼ	d̠ʒtʼ	d̠ʒv	d̠ʒf	d̠ʒʐ	d̠ʒz	d̠ʒ ʃ	d̠ʒm	d̠ʒɹ	d̠ʒl
	tsʼ	tsʼd̠ʒ	tsʼtsʼ	tsʼk	tsʼp	tsʼd	tsʼkʼ	tsʼtʼ	tsʼv	tsʼf	tsʼʐ	tsʼz	tsʼ ʃ	tsʼm	tsʼɹ	tsʼl
	k	k d̠ʒ	ktsʼ	kk	kp	kd	kkʼ	ktʼ	kv	kf	kʐ	kz	k ʃ	km	kɹ	kl
	p	pd̠ʒ	ptsʼ	pk	pp	pd	pkʼ	ptʼ	pv	pf	pʐ	pz	pʃ	pm	pɹ	pl
	d	dd̠ʒ	dtsʼ	dk	dp	dd	dkʼ	dtʼ	dv	df	dʐ	dz	dʃ	dm	dɹ	dl
	kʼ	kʼd̠ʒ	kʼtsʼ	kʼk	kʼp	kʼd	kʼkʼ	kʼtʼ	kʼv	kʼf	kʼʐ	kʼz	kʼʃ	kʼm	kʼɹ	kʼl
	tʼ	tʼd̠ʒ	tʼtsʼ	tʼk	tʼp	tʼd	tʼkʼ	tʼtʼ	tʼv	tʼf	tʼʐ	tʼz	tʼʃ	tʼm	tʼɹ	tʼl
Fricatives	v	vd̠ʒ	vtsʼ	vk	vp	vd	vkʼ	vtʼ	vv	vf	vʐ	vz	vʃ	vm	vɹ	vl
	f	fd̠ʒ	ftsʼ	fk	fp	fd	fkʼ	ftʼ	fv	ff	fʐ	fz	fʃ	fm	fɹ	fl
	ʐ	ʐd̠ʒ	ʐtsʼ	ʐk	ʐp	ʐd	ʐkʼ	ʐtʼ	ʐv	ʐf	ʐʐ	ʐz	ʐʃ	ʐm	ʐɹ	ʐl
	z	zd̠ʒ	ztsʼ	zk	zp	zd	zkʼ	ztʼ	zv	zf	zʐ	zz	zʃ	zm	zɹ	zl
	ʃ	ʃd̠ʒ	ʃtsʼ	ʃk	ʃp	ʃd	ʃkʼ	ʃtʼ	ʃv	ʃf	ʃʐ	ʃz	ʃʃ	ʃm	ʃɹ	ʃl
Nasals	m	md̠ʒ	mtsʼ	mk	mp	md	mkʼ	mtʼ	mv	mf	mʐ	mz	mʃ	mm	mɹ	ml
Liquids	ɹ	ɹd̠ʒ	ɹtsʼ	ɹk	ɹp	ɹd	ɹkʼ	ɹtʼ	ɹv	ɹf	ɹʐ	ɹz	ɹʃ	ɹm	ɹɹ	ɹl
	l	ld̠ʒ	ltsʼ	lk	lp	ld	lkʼ	ltʼ	lv	lf	lʐ	lz	lʃ	lm	lɹ	ll

Vowel Clusters
			Front				Front-Central		Central	Back
			Close	Close-Mid	Mid	Open-Mid	Near-Close		Close-Mid	Close	Open-Mid	Open
			i	e	ø̞	ɛ	ɪ	y	ɵ	o	ʌ	ɑ
Front	Close	i	ii	ie	iø̞	iɛ	iɪ	iy	iɵ	io	iʌ	iɑ
	Close-Mid	e	ei	ee	eø̞	eɛ	eɪ	ey	eɵ	eo	eʌ	eɑ
	Mid	ø̞	ø̞i	ø̞e	ø̞ø̞	ø̞ɛ	ø̞ɪ	ø̞y	ø̞ɵ	ø̞o	ø̞ʌ	ø̞ɑ
	Open-Mid	ɛ	ɛi	ɛe	ɛø̞	ɛɛ	ɛɪ	ɛy	ɛɵ	ɛo	ɛʌ	ɛɑ
Front-Central	Near-Close	ɪ	ɪi	ɪe	ɪø̞	ɪɛ	ɪɪ	ɪy	ɪɵ	ɪo	ɪʌ	ɪɑ
		y	yi	ye	yø̞	yɛ	yɪ	yy	yɵ	yo	yʌ	yɑ
Central	Close-Mid	ɵ	ɵi	ɵe	ɵø̞	ɵɛ	ɵɪ	ɵy	ɵɵ	ɵo	ɵʌ	ɵɑ
Back	Close	o	oi	oe	oø̞	oɛ	oɪ	oy	oɵ	oo	oʌ	oɑ
	Open-Mid	ʌ	ʌi	ʌe	ʌø̞	ʌɛ	ʌɪ	ʌy	ʌɵ	ʌo	ʌʌ	ʌɑ
	Open	ɑ	ɑi	ɑe	ɑø̞	ɑɛ	ɑɪ	ɑy	ɑɵ	ʌo	ɑʌ	ɑɑ

Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters.

Syllables

• Onset sounds: All Consonants except /kʼ/, all vowel sounds except /ɑɪ/. If it is the beginning of the word short vowels are not permitted, except the vowel sound /ɪ/ (except in the word “Adó”).

• Nucleus sounds: All vowels, /v/, /l/, and /m/.

• Coda sounds: All Consonants except /p/, all vowels. If it is the end of a word only long vowels are permitted.

Romanization

• For Pulmonic Consonants, ⟨p⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨ja⟩, ⟨f⟩, represent /p/, /v/, /m/, /d/, /ɹ/, /k/, /l/, /z/, /ʐ/, /f/.

• For Ejectives, ⟨tʼ⟩, ⟨kʼ⟩, represent /t'/, /k'/

• For Africatives, ⟨ts'⟩, ⟨ge⟩, represent /ts'/ and /d̠ʒ/

• For Vowels, ⟨e⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨í⟩, represent /ɛ/, /ʌ/, /ɵ/, /ø̞/, /ɪ/, /i/, /e/, /o/, /y/, /ɑɪ/.

Derivational morphology

Prefixes
Meaning	Latinized
Feminine/Freedom/Chaos	T'em
Masculine/Law/Order	Adó
Holy	Pet'r
One	Zék
Two	Zák
Three	Zók
Four	Zúk
Five	Zík
Many of	Lav
Not	Pí

Suffixes
Meaning	Latinized
One who does	Kaz
Home/Place of	Vem
One/Part of	Mja
Start of	T'ev
End of	Det'
State of	Mká
Color of	El
Adjective Form	Et'
Adverb Form	T'é

Nominalization

• Agent Nominalization - To change a verb to the agent nominalized form use the primary verb (dropping the "lz" infinitive ending) + the suffix "kaz" (meaning one who does). Ex, the verb "lekzferlz" (meaning to hunt) drops the "lz" and add "kaz". So the agent nominal form is "lekzferkaz" (meaning hunter). Example sentence, "Krét' lekzferkaz lekzferlz." (The hunter hunts).

Inflectional morphology

Verb Endings
Form	Latinized	Example
Infinitive	lz	Merlz
Present Continuous	it'	Merit'
Past Perfect Animate	ké	Merké
Past Perfect Inanimate	dé	Merdé
Future Perfect Animate	ká	Merká
Future Perfect Inanimate	dá	Merdá
Interrogative	lt'	Merlt'

Cases

Puhval has 4 cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive.

• Nominative - Standard case. Is not marked. Ex, "Vem" (Home)

• Accusative - Used when noun is the direct object. To apply the accusative case add "as" as a suffix. Ex, "Vemas"

• Dative - Used when noun is indirect object. To apply the dative case add "ví" as a suffix. Ex, "Vemví"

• Genitive Alienable - Used to express possession when the possessive can be removed from possessor. To apply this case add "lek" as a suffix. Ex, "Mek vemaslek" (My home).

• Genitive Inalienable - Used to express possession when the possessive can't be removed from possessor. To apply this case use the genitive pronouns or add "l" as a suffix to the possessor. Ex, "Mel zjaras" (My life).

Nominative Pronouns
Subjective	Latinized
I	Mek
You	Vek
They/She/He	Ket'/T'emil/Adóil
We	Mevek
They	Ket'vat'
Plural You	Vekú

Accusative Pronouns
Subjective	Latinized
Me	Meas
You	Veas
Them/Her/Him	Ket's/T'ems/Adós
Us	Mevé
Them	Ket'vá
Plural You	Vekúé

Dative Pronouns
Subjective	Latinized
Me	Meví
You	Veví
Them/Her/Him	Ket'í/T'emí/Adóí
Us	Mevekí
Them	Ket'ví
Plural You	Vekúí

Genitive Pronouns
Subjective	Latinized
Mine	Mel
Yours	Vel
Theirs/Hers/His	Kem/T'emir/Adóim
Our	Mevel
Theirs	Ket'var
You all's	Vekúí

Plural Forms

In Puhval there are 2 plural categories, numeral and paucal.

• Numeral - The Numeral plural form tells you how many of something there is 1-5. It is created by adding the prefix(es) "Zék/Zák/Zók/Zúk/Zík" (Depending on number) to the noun or by using the numeral articles . Ex, "Zákrakav" (2 buildings) or "Krimzá rakav" (2 buildings).

• Paucal - The Paucal plural form describes multiple/few/some of something. It is created by adding the prefix "lav" or using the plural articles "Krét'lav" or "Drét'lav (Depending on animacy). Ex, "lavkamat'" (People) or "Krét'lav kamat'" (People).

Numeral Articles
Meaning	Inanimate	Animate
1	Drézé	Krézé
2	Drézá	Krézá
3	Drézó	Krézó
4	Drézú	Krézú
5	Drézík	Krézík

Syntax

Constituent order

Subject Object Verb

Clauses

Interrogative clauses

• Polar Interrogative clause - To apply the Polar Interrogative clause push the main verb to the start of the sentence with tense and adverbs following and adjective before verb. Drop the "lz" and add "lt'" to the end of the primary verb. Ex, “Jadlt’ t’ek jad”, literally meaning “Drinking you water?”

• Opinion Interrogative clause- To apply Opinion Interrogative clause use the word “Llólt'’” before the subject. Ex, “Llólt vek t'emú”, literally meaning “Feel you about mom?”.

• Standard Interrogative clause- To apply an Interrogative clause use the “Vikúlt'” meaning being, followed by the determiner “Vk’á” meaning what, before the subject. If you want to ask for the time , follow “Vk’á” by “kret ddim”. To ask about a place, follow “Vk’á” by “kret vvem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret vfem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret kazlz”. Ex, “Vikúit’ vk’á kret vvem”, literally meaning “Being what the time?”.

Imperative clauses

• Command Imperative clause - to apply the imperative clause, repeat the subject pronoun/noun.

Noun Classes

Determination of Class

Nouns are split into 2 different categories being Animate and Inanimate. There are 3 reasons a noun is animate rather than inanimate, If it does not fit into any categories it is inanimate.

1. It is living or once living.

1. It is a place in which humans, animals, and/or spirits have inhabited in.

1. It is related to time. Ex, "Ddim" (Time).

Noun Case Fluidity

Nouns can change class to add additional meaning depending on context.

• Inanimate to Animate - To imply importance and/or spiritual value to a noun.

• Animate to Inanimate - To imply a place is untouched by living things (such as a new home), or to imply insult/hate to the noun.

Examples

• "Kamat'" meaning person, is animate. Ex, "Krét Kamat' simv vikú" (The (animate definite) person good is.)

• "Ómmék'" meaning Horse, is animate. Ex, "Krét' ómmék' fadí vikú" (The (animate definite) horse old is.)

• "Ddim" meaning time, is animate. Ex, "Vikùlt vk'á krét ddim" (Is what the (animate definite) time?)

• "Ts'emá" meaning table, would normally be inanimate, but say if it was in a family for generations, it could be considered animate. Ex, "Drét' ts'emá kat' vikú" (The (inanimate definite) table big is.) and "Krét' ts'emá kat' vikú." (The (animate definite) table big is.)

Articles

Within Animate and Inanimate classes articles are split into three article types: Indefinite, Definite, and Definite Plural.

• Indefinite - An article used when the noun is unspecific or being introduced

• Definite - An article used when the noun is previously specified or is specific noun considered common knowledge

• Definite Plural - An article used when the noun is previously specified or is specific noun considered common knowledge and plural

Articles
Meaning	Latinized
Indefinite (Animate)	Kré
Definite (Animate)	Krét'
Definite (Animate Plural)	Krét'lav
Indefinite (Non-Animate)	Dré
Definite (Non-Animate)	Drét'
Definite (Non-Animate Plural)	Drét'lav

Examples

• "Kré" Indefinite Animate Article. Ex, "Kré ómmék revalz" (A horse runs.)

• "Krét'" Definite Animate Article. Ex, "Krét adókvem kat' vikú" (The castle big is.)

• "Krét'lav" Definite Animate Plural Article. Ex, "Krét'lav ts'ák'á mefó merlz" (The goats grass eat.)

• "Dré" Indefinite Inanimate Article. Ex, "Dré prekát'at' felt'é vikú" (A poem here is.)

• "Drét'" Definite Inanimate Article. Ex, "Drét' preká simv vikú" (The art good is.)

• "Drét'lav'" Definite Inanimate Plural Article. Ex, "Mek dét'lav zamé pet'malz" (I the bags made.)

Affirmation and Negation

Negation

Basic negation can be done through 2 forms, auxiliary verb and prefix.

• Auxiliary Verb Method - Use the auxiliary verb Pík'alz

• Prefix Method - Apply the prefix "Pí" to the primary verb. Ex, "Mek Pít'akrémerlz" (I not cooking)

Numeral System

Base System

The Puval Adógekerm (Puval Number system) is a base 5 system.

Lexicon

Puhval Lexicon