User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.9

Muna
Pronunciation	[/ˈmuna/]
Created by	Miguel Bartelsman
Date	2015
Setting	Fantasy world
Language family	Conlang Proto-muna Muna

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop		p		t			k
Nasal		m		n			ŋ
Fricative	Spirant	β	ɸ	ð	θ		ɣ	h
	Silibant			s
Liquid	Flap			ɾ
	Approx.			l
Glide	Approx.					j	w

Vowels

	Front	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a	ɒ

Diphthongs

	a	e	ɒ	o
i	ai	ei	—	—
u	—	—	ɒu	ou

Phonotactics

Syllable (σ)
Onset (ω)		Rime (ρ)
Initial (ι)	Medial (μ)	Nucleus (ν)	Coda (κ)
Consonant /s/ + stop	Semivowel Liquid /s/	Vowel Diphthong	Nasal Liquid Fricative Liquid + fricative Liquid + nasal

Initial (ι)

• Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
• Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
• /s/ + stop is only allowed word-initially

Medial (μ)

• Medials are optional
• Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
• Plosives are only allowed after /s/
• /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
• /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a closed syllable

Nucleus (ν)

• Nuclei are mandatory
• Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel

Coda (κ)

• Codas are optional
• Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
• Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
• Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally

Stress

Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.

Allophony

• Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives

[βp] → [bː]

• Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals

[ðn] → [dn]

[tɣ] → [tg]

• A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal

[nɾ] → [nðɾ]

• The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant

[ehn] → [e̥n]

• The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
• The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive

[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]

• The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal

[nj] → [ɲ]

• The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant

[sj] → [ʃ]

• The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative

[hj] → [ɧ]

• The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant

[hw] → [ʍ]

• The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant

[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]

• The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially

[∅j] → [ʝ]

• The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially

[∅w] → [ʋ]

Ortography

Ortography
Krotan	Romanization		IPA
	ASCII	Unicode
	k	k	/k/
	r	r	/ɾ/
	o	o	/o/
	t	t	/t/
	a	a	/a/
	n	n	/n/
	h	h	/h/
	e	e	/e/
	s	s	/s/
	D	þ	/θ/
	b	b	/β/
	w	w	/w/
	f	f	/ɸ/
	p	p	/p/
	A	ø	/ɒ/
	N	ŋ	/ŋ/
	l	l	/l/
	j	j	/j/
	d	d	/ð/
	i	i	/i/
	m	m	/m/
	u	u	/u/
	g	g	/ɣ/

Verbs

Phonotactic restrictions

Verbs in their infinitive form must end in one of the following patterns:

• -a
• -an

Tense

Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.

Aspect

• Gnomic
• Perfective
• Imperfective
• Ingressive
• Pausative
• Resumptive
• Egressive

Mood

Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.

Dependency structure

Adverb	Tense	Modifier	Verb
			Root	Aspect

Nouns

Phonotactic restrictions

All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:

• -a(C)(C)
• -e(C)(C)
• -i(C)(C)

Noun classes

Gender

• Feminine
• Masculine
• Neuter

Weight

• Light
• Heavy

Case

• Nominative
• Absolutive
• Dative
• Genitive
• Locative
• Instrumental

Number

• Singular
• Plural
• Singulative
• Mass
• Plurative

Dependency structure

Genitive	Determiner	Quantifier	Adjective	Noun
				Root	Case	Number

Syntax

In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.

Passive

Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb

Anti-Passive

Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb

Standard

Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Involuntary action

Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Assisted action

Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Interrogative

Verb + ... + (Oblique)

Muna Versions

Current version is v2.9, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below

• Muna v2.8
• Muna v2.1