Ierumidd: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(81 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 19: Line 19:
My inspiration comes from a wide range of languages, Sumerian for a lot of the Grammar, Welsh for grammar, spelling, sound changes, and there's certainly some Germanic influence.
My inspiration comes from a wide range of languages, Sumerian for a lot of the Grammar, Welsh for grammar, spelling, sound changes, and there's certainly some Germanic influence.


List of ideas:
List of ideas/wants:
Incorporate more Brythonic words (Proto-Brythonic and Welsh).
* Incorporate more Brythonic words (Proto-Brythonic and Welsh).
Incorporate more English (Old to New).
* Incorporate more English (Old to New).
Translate a song.
* Translate a song.


This language is spoken by a population of about 20k in North Wales, with a small population in South Wales.
This language is spoken by a population of about 20k in North Wales, with a small population in South Wales.
Line 48: Line 48:


-->
-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
Line 61: Line 62:
-->
-->
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Orthography
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Formal
! colspan="2" | Standard
! colspan="2" | North
! colspan="2" | South
|-
! a/â
| style="border-right: 0;" | /a, aː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /a, aː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /a, aː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /a, aː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! b
| style="border-right: 0;" | /b/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /b/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /b/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /b/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! c
| style="border-right: 0;" | /k/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /k/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /k/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /k/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! ci
| style="border-right: 0;" | /c/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /c, ki/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /kj, ki/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /kj, ki/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! gi
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɟ, gi/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɟ, gi/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /gj, gi/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /gj, gi/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! si
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ç/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ç/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʃ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʃ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! zi
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʝ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʝ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʒ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʒ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! d
| style="border-right: 0;" | /d/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /d/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /d/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /d/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! dd
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ð/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ð/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ð/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ð/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! e/ê
| style="border-right: 0;" | /e, eː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /e, eː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɛ, eː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɛ, eː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! f
| style="border-right: 0;" | /v/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /v/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /v/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /v/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! ff
| style="border-right: 0;" | /f/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /f/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /f/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /f/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! g
| style="border-right: 0;" | /g/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /g/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /g/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /g/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! ng
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ŋ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ŋ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ŋ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ŋ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! ngh
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ŋ̊/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ŋ̊/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ŋ̊/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ŋ̊/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! h
| style="border-right: 0;" | /x/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /x/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /χ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /χ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! i/î
| style="border-right: 0;" | /i, iː, j/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /i, iː, j/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɪ, iː, j/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɪ, iː, j/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! l
| style="border-right: 0;" | /l/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /l/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /l/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /l/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! ll
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɬ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɬ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɬ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɬ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! m
| style="border-right: 0;" | /m/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /m/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /m/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /m/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! mh
| style="border-right: 0;" | /m̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /m̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /m̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /m̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! n
| style="border-right: 0;" | /n/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /n/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /n/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /n/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! nh
| style="border-right: 0;" | /n̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /n̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /n̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /n̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! o/ô
| style="border-right: 0;" | /o, oː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /o, oː || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɔ, oː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɔ, oː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! p
| style="border-right: 0;" | /p/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /p/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /p/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /p/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! r
| style="border-right: 0;" | /r/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /r/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /r/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /r/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! rh
| style="border-right: 0;" | /r̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /r̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /r̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /r̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! s
| style="border-right: 0;" | /s/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /s/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /s/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /s/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! z
| style="border-right: 0;" | /z/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /z/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /z/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /z/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! t
| style="border-right: 0;" | /t/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /t/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /t/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /t/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! th
| style="border-right: 0;" | /θ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /θ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /θ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /θ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! u/û
| style="border-right: 0;" | /u, uː, w/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɨ, ɨː/  || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɨ̞, ɨː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɪ, iː/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! w/ŵ
| style="border-right: 0;" | /u, uː, w/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /u, uː, w/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʊ, uː, w/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʊ, uː, w/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! y
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ə/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ə/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ə/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ə/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! q
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɢ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɢ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɢ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɢ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! qh
| style="border-right: 0;" | /q/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /q/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /q/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /q/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! nq
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɴ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɴ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! nqh
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɴ̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɴ̥/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! x
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʁ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʁ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʁ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ʁ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! xh
| style="border-right: 0;" | /χ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /χ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! aw
| style="border-right: 0;" | /au̯/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | /ɔ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | o /ɔ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | o /ɔ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Line 89: Line 347:
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]])¹ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
Line 105: Line 363:
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]
 
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]])²
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]])³
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|}
|}
Notes:
* 1: alophone of /t/, usually between a vowel and a fricative
* 2: non-vocalic allophone of /u/
* 3: non-vocalic allophone of /i/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]
|-
|}
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is slightly odd in this language, it is always placed on the case markers in nouns and tense in verbs.
Unstressed vowel reduction does not occur, so always pronounce vowels fully.
====Intonation====
====Intonation====


Line 135: Line 444:
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===


==Morphology==
==Grammar==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:-->
===Nouns===
====Cases====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Case markers
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Archaic/Formal
! colspan="2" | Modern
|-
! [[w:Nominative case|Nominative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | -arh || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -ar || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Accusative case|Accusative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | -amh || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -am || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | -as || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -az || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Dative case|Dative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | -imh || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -im || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | -joqh || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! Inessive
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! Elative
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! Ablative
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! Allative
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! Adessive
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! Abessive
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! Comitative
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! Instrumental
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|}


Nouns
===Adjectives===
Adjectives
===Verbs===
Verbs
===Adverbs===
Adverbs
===Particles===
Particles
===Derivational morphology===
Derivational morphology


-->
===Syntax===
====Word order====
The base order is VSO, following Welsh, the more specific word order also follows Welsh, Preverbal particle — Verb — Subject — Direct object — Indirect object — Adverbials (prepositional phrase, adverb, etc.)


==Syntax==
====Noun phrase====
===Constituent order===
====Verb phrase====
===Noun phrase===
====Sentence phrase====
===Verb phrase===
====Dependent clauses====
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Dialects==
===Formal/Archaic===
The Formal register of the language is also more archaic, it retains many features lost in the modern colloquial forms.
===Modern Standard===
Standard is what's used here, it's a compromise between Formal and Colloquial, it mostly retains Formal phonology (with a few changes to be more understandable, like Archaic /au̯/ being /ɔ/, and /ɨ/) and vocab but with the grammatical changes the modern forms have, this is what's taught to foreign learners so they have the best of both.
===North===
This is the most spoken dialect, making up about 83% of speakers (~16,600), it attains the vowels of Northern Welsh, meaning Archaic /au̯/ has merged with short o, which is now /ɔ/.
===South===
Attains the vowels of Northern ierum, the exception being the merge of /i(ː)/ and /ɨ(ː)/ to /ɪ, iː/


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
ffogwgaxhâqpiff (llafgäemarh) y ierumiddegeranqamh (I speak ierumidd)
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


<!-- Template area -->
<!-- Template area -->
* [[:Category:Ierumidd words|Ierumidd in Contionary]]
* [https://conworkshop.com/view_language.php?l=LOJRM ierumidd on Conworkshop]
* [https://www.tumblr.com/ierumidd ierumidd Tumblr blog]


 
[[Category:Ierumidd]]
[[Category:Jerumidd]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Revision as of 18:58, 2 October 2024


Introduction

At the start, there was no 'goal' in mind, I knew nothing about linguistics, but as of now, I am going for a somewhat naturalistic lang, I am mostly doing this for fun.

My inspiration comes from a wide range of languages, Sumerian for a lot of the Grammar, Welsh for grammar, spelling, sound changes, and there's certainly some Germanic influence.

List of ideas/wants:

  • Incorporate more Brythonic words (Proto-Brythonic and Welsh).
  • Incorporate more English (Old to New).
  • Translate a song.

This language is spoken by a population of about 20k in North Wales, with a small population in South Wales.

The earliest version of this conlang started on November 8th of 2023, there have been 3 complete redos, making the current version V4, it has changed completely since its birth, going from analytical, to fusional, and now to agglutinative.

I wouldn't exactly say there's anything 'peculiar' about it, but it does have some odd features, in the formal and archaic registers of the language, the perfect is marked through an affix separate from the tense markers, this has since shifted to an aux verb in most dialects, in a few minor southern dialects the marker merged with the tense markers to create three new, separate perfect tense markers.


Phonology

Orthography

Orthography
Formal Standard North South
a/â /a, aː/ /a, aː/ /a, aː/ /a, aː/
b /b/ /b/ /b/ /b/
c /k/ /k/ /k/ /k/
ci /c/ /c, ki/ /kj, ki/ /kj, ki/
gi /ɟ, gi/ /ɟ, gi/ /gj, gi/ /gj, gi/
si /ç/ /ç/ /ʃ/ /ʃ/
zi /ʝ/ /ʝ/ /ʒ/ /ʒ/
d /d/ /d/ /d/ /d/
dd /ð/ /ð/ /ð/ /ð/
e/ê /e, eː/ /e, eː/ /ɛ, eː/ /ɛ, eː/
f /v/ /v/ /v/ /v/
ff /f/ /f/ /f/ /f/
g /g/ /g/ /g/ /g/
ng /ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ŋ/
ngh /ŋ̊/ /ŋ̊/ /ŋ̊/ /ŋ̊/
h /x/ /x/ /χ/ /χ/
i/î /i, iː, j/ /i, iː, j/ /ɪ, iː, j/ /ɪ, iː, j/
l /l/ /l/ /l/ /l/
ll /ɬ/ /ɬ/ /ɬ/ /ɬ/
m /m/ /m/ /m/ /m/
mh /m̥/ /m̥/ /m̥/ /m̥/
n /n/ /n/ /n/ /n/
nh /n̥/ /n̥/ /n̥/ /n̥/
o/ô /o, oː/ /o, oː /ɔ, oː/ /ɔ, oː/
p /p/ /p/ /p/ /p/
r /r/ /r/ /r/ /r/
rh /r̥/ /r̥/ /r̥/ /r̥/
s /s/ /s/ /s/ /s/
z /z/ /z/ /z/ /z/
t /t/ /t/ /t/ /t/
th /θ/ /θ/ /θ/ /θ/
u/û /u, uː, w/ /ɨ, ɨː/ /ɨ̞, ɨː/ /ɪ, iː/
w/ŵ /u, uː, w/ /u, uː, w/ /ʊ, uː, w/ /ʊ, uː, w/
y /ə/ /ə/ /ə/ /ə/
q /ɢ/ /ɢ/ /ɢ/ /ɢ/
qh /q/ /q/ /q/ /q/
nq /ɴ/ /ɴ/ - -
nqh /ɴ̥/ /ɴ̥/ - -
x /ʁ/ /ʁ/ /ʁ/ /ʁ/
xh /χ/ /χ/ - -
aw /au̯/ /ɔ/ o /ɔ/ o /ɔ/

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental alveolar palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m̥ m n̥ n ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ
Stop p b t d c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ (ʔ)¹
Affricate p͡ɸ b͡β t͡s d͡z c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ k͡x q͡χ ɢ͡ʁ
Fricative f v θ ð s z ç ʝ x χ ʁ
Approximant (w)² (j)³
Lateral ɬ l
Trill r̥ r

Notes:

  • 1: alophone of /t/, usually between a vowel and a fricative
  • 2: non-vocalic allophone of /u/
  • 3: non-vocalic allophone of /i/

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː
Close-mid e eː o oː
Mid ə
Open-mid ɔ ɔː
Open a aː

Prosody

Stress

Stress is slightly odd in this language, it is always placed on the case markers in nouns and tense in verbs.

Unstressed vowel reduction does not occur, so always pronounce vowels fully.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Grammar

Nouns

Cases

Case markers
Archaic/Formal Modern
Nominative -arh -ar
Accusative -amh -am
Genitive -as -az
Dative -imh -im
Vocative -joqh
Inessive - -
Elative - -
Ablative - -
Allative - -
Adessive - -
Abessive - -
Comitative - -
Instrumental - -

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

Particles

Derivational morphology

Syntax

Word order

The base order is VSO, following Welsh, the more specific word order also follows Welsh, Preverbal particle — Verb — Subject — Direct object — Indirect object — Adverbials (prepositional phrase, adverb, etc.)

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Dialects

Formal/Archaic

The Formal register of the language is also more archaic, it retains many features lost in the modern colloquial forms.

Modern Standard

Standard is what's used here, it's a compromise between Formal and Colloquial, it mostly retains Formal phonology (with a few changes to be more understandable, like Archaic /au̯/ being /ɔ/, and /ɨ/) and vocab but with the grammatical changes the modern forms have, this is what's taught to foreign learners so they have the best of both.

North

This is the most spoken dialect, making up about 83% of speakers (~16,600), it attains the vowels of Northern Welsh, meaning Archaic /au̯/ has merged with short o, which is now /ɔ/.

South

Attains the vowels of Northern ierum, the exception being the merge of /i(ː)/ and /ɨ(ː)/ to /ɪ, iː/

Example texts

ffogwgaxhâqpiff (llafgäemarh) y ierumiddegeranqamh (I speak ierumidd)

Other resources

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Ierumidd&oldid=385608"