Rencadian: Difference between revisions

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For example:
For example:


bær 'leaf' → vær
# bær 'leaf' → vær
rasj 'spouse' → rasj
# rasj 'spouse' → rasj
zaweth 'ant' → aweth
# zaweth 'ant' → aweth
zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesz, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesz, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
# λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
# ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
# me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe
# ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe


====Feminine nouns====
====Feminine nouns====

Revision as of 06:45, 2 October 2015


Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless Stop/Affricate p /pʰ/ t /tʰ/ ts /ts/ tσ /tɬ/ tj /tʃ/ k /kʰ/
Voiced Stop/Affricate b /p~b/ d /t~d/ dz /dz/ dλ /dɮ/ dj /dʒ/ g /k~g/
Voiceless Fricative f /f/ th /θ/ s /s/ σ /ɬ/ sj /ʃ/ ch /x/ h /h/
Voiced Fricative v /v/ dh /ð/ z /z/ λ /ɮ/ zj /ʒ/ gh /ɣ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Approximant l /ɫ/ r /ɹ̱/ y /j/ w /w/

Vowels

Vowel IPA
a /a/
æ /ɛ/
e /ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect
i /ɪ/
o /ɔ/
ø /ɵ/
u /ʉ/

Lenition

Normal p t ts s σ tj sj k b d dz z λ dj zj g
Lenited f th s h σ h sj h ch v dh z 0 λ 0 zj 0 gh
Normal m n ng w l r y
Lenited w n w w w r y

Prosody

Stress

Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns have 2 genders (masculine, feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).

Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:

  • When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
  • When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
  • When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, ne- is inserted before the stem.

For example:

  1. bær 'leaf' → vær
  2. rasj 'spouse' → rasj
  3. zaweth 'ant' → aweth
  4. zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesz, ʙᴜᴛ:
  5. λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
  6. ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
  7. farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, ʙᴜᴛ:
  8. me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
  9. ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe

Feminine nouns

Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:

Header text Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative [nom stem] [nom stem]+me [nom stem]+næ [nom stem]+nø
Genitive [gen stem] [nom stem]+men [nom stem]+nær [nom stem]+nør
Accusative [acc stem] [nom stem]+meth [nom stem]+næth [nom stem]+nøth
Dative æn+[gen stem] æn+[nom stem]+men æn+[nom stem]+nær æn+[nom stem]+nør
Locative me+[lenited gen stem] me+[lenited nom stem]+men me+[lenited nom stem]+nær me+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Exlocative ow+[lenited gen stem] ow+[lenited nom stem]+men ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Instrumental rø+[lenited gen stem] rø+[lenited nom stem]+men rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Abessive tsø+[lenited gen stem] tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Equative λø+[lenited gen stem] λø+[lenited nom stem]+men λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Anti-equative ød+[lenited gen stem] ød+[lenited nom stem]+men ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Vocative [lenited nom stem] [lenited nom stem]+me [lenited nom stem]+næ [lenited nom stem]+nø
  • [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
  • [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
  • [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.

Here are two examples:

erim 'tail' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative erim erimme erimnæ erimnø
Genitive erime erimmen erimnær erimnør
Accusative erimeth erimmeth erimnæth erimnøth
Dative ænerime ænerimmen ænerimnær ænerimnør
Locative menerime menerimmen menerimnær menerimnør
Exlocative ownerime ownerimmen ownerimnær ownerimnør
Instrumental rønerime rønerimmen rønerimnær rønerimnør
Abessive tsønerime tsønerimmen tsønerimnær tsønerimnør
Equative λønerime λønerimmen λønerimnær λønerimnør
Anti-equative ødnerime ødnerimmen ødnerimnær ødnerimnør
Vocative nerim nerimme nerimnæ nerimnø
neσa 'rope' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative neσa neσame neσanæ neσanø
Genitive neσan neσamen neσanær neσanør
Accusative neσath neσameth neσanæth neσanøth
Dative ænneσan ænneσamen ænneσanær ænneσanør
Locative meneσan meneσamen meneσanær meneσanør
Exlocative owneσan owneσamen owneσanær owneσanør
Instrumental røneσan røneσamen røneσanær røneσanør
Abessive tsøneσan tsøneσamen tsøneσanær tsøneσanør
Equative λøneσan λøneσamen λøneσanær λøneσanør
Anti-equative ødneσan ødneσamen ødneσanær ødneσanør
Vocative neσa neσame neσanæ neσanø


Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources