Verse:Mwail/Classical Thean: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
Line 12: Line 12:
== Classical Thean phonology ==
== Classical Thean phonology ==
=== Simple initials ===
=== Simple initials ===
* /m n l r/ m n l r
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
* /(p) t ts̪ ts̠ tʃ k kʷ/ p t tþ ts tš k kw
|-
* /(bʰ) dʰ dz̪ʰ dz̠ʰ dʒʰ gʰ gʷʰ/ bh dh dðh dzh džh gh gwh
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
* /(pʼ) tʼ ts̪ʼ ts̠ʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ b d dð ds dž g gw
! rowspan="2" | Labial
* /s̪ s̠ ʃ x xʷ ʔ/ þ s š x xw 2
! rowspan="2" | Dental
* /z{{den}} z{{ret}} {{ž}} ɣ ɣʷ/ ð z ž γ γw
! rowspan="2" | Alveolar
* /j w/ y w
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! | plain || labialized
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! | tenuis
| /p/ p
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c
| /t/ t
| /ts{{ret}}/ č
| /c/ ķ
| /k/ k
| /kʷ/ kʷ
| /ʔ/ ʔ
|-
! | voiced
| /b/ b
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ dz
| /d/ d
| /dz{{ret}}/ dž
| /ɟ/ ģ
| /g/ g
| /gʷ/ gʷ
|
|-
! | ejective
| /pʼ/ pʼ
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ
| /tʼ/ tʼ
| /ts{{ret}}ʼ/ čʼ
| /cʼ/ ķʼ
| /kʼ/ kʼ
| /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
| /s{{den}}/ s
|
| /s{{ret}}/ š
|
| /x/ x
| /xʷ/ xʷ
| /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
|-
! colspan="2" |Sonorant
| /m/ m
|
| /n/ n, /l/ l
| /ɻ/ r
| /j/ y
|
| /w/ w
|
|}


/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords from [[Kua]]ic and Rieng-Chrâtt.
/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords.


=== Nuclei ===
=== Nuclei ===
/i e a o u iː eː aː oː uː ai au ei eu oi/
/i e a o u ə/


=== Finals ===
=== Finals ===
/-m -n -l -r -j -w -mʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ʔ -t -k -kʷ, -s, -Cs/
(Codas in parentheses are only found in loanwords)
 
* Tone A: null -n -y -l -r -d(soft d) (-m -w)
* Tone B: -ʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -yʔ -dʔ (-mʔ -wʔ)
* Tone C: -h -ł -š -x -s (-ms -ns -ls -rs -ys -ws -ps -ts -ks)
* Tone D: -k -t (-p)


=== Stress ===
=== Stress ===

Revision as of 00:36, 13 May 2025

Classical Thean forms the basis of Literary Thean which was used as a literary language of Thea for over 2000 years before the emergence of Modern Standard Thean.

History

The oldest attested writing in Thean used a logography.


Example sentences

  • dhat muː gwhaː xay 'I am your father'
  • mu: kwel (or tso: mu: kwel) 'you are eating'
  • təkwle:ns xwaː (gwher) 2lar (teacher AUX.REL.3SG (LOC) breathe) 'the teacher that is breathing'

Classical Thean phonology

Simple initials

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain labialized
Stop tenuis /p/ p /t̪s̪/ c /t/ t /ts̠/ č /c/ ķ /k/ k /kʷ/ kʷ /ʔ/ ʔ
voiced /b/ b /d̪z̪/ dz /d/ d /dz̠/ dž /ɟ/ ģ /g/ g /gʷ/ gʷ
ejective /pʼ/ pʼ /t̪s̪ʼ/ cʼ /tʼ/ tʼ /ts̠ʼ/ čʼ /cʼ/ ķʼ /kʼ/ kʼ /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ
Fricative /s̪/ s /s̠/ š /x/ x /xʷ/ xʷ /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
Sonorant /m/ m /n/ n, /l/ l /ɻ/ r /j/ y /w/ w

/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords.

Nuclei

/i e a o u ə/

Finals

(Codas in parentheses are only found in loanwords)

  • Tone A: null -n -y -l -r -d(soft d) (-m -w)
  • Tone B: -ʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -yʔ -dʔ (-mʔ -wʔ)
  • Tone C: -h -ł -š -x -s (-ms -ns -ls -rs -ys -ws -ps -ts -ks)
  • Tone D: -k -t (-p)

Stress

Very strong final stress

Grammar

Pronouns

  • 1sg xay
  • 2sg mu:
  • 1pl li:
  • 2pl: na:

The Classical Thean auxiliary

The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.

The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)

  • Present tense affirmative: 1sg tsoi, 2sg tso: (or zero), 3sg laː, 1pl.ex, tsol, 2pl tson, 3pl lar
  • Present tense interrogative, negative: bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar
  • Present tense relative: xwiː, xuː, xwaː, xol, xon, xor
  • Focused: gwhaː
    • (dhat muː gwhaː xay 'I am your father')
  • Past tense affirmative: dzhei, dzhu:, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher
  • Past tense interrogative, negative: 2ə-dzhei, 2ə-dzhu:, 2ə-dzheː, 2ə-dzhel, 2ə-dzhen, 2ə-dzher
  • Future tense affirmative: 2ai, 2au, 2aː, 2al, 2an, 2ar
  • Future tense interrogative, negative: 2ə-dhai, 2ə-dhau, 2ə-dhaː, 2ə-dhal, 2ə-dhan, 2ə-dhar
  • Conditional/subjunctive: dhoi, dho:, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor

Syntax

The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.

In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Verse:Mwail/Classical_Thean&oldid=453878"