Verse:Mwail/Classical Thean: Difference between revisions

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* ''dhat muː h1ə-gwhaː h2ay'' 'I am your father'
{{list subpages}}
* ''mu: kwel'' (or ''sou mu: kwel'') 'you are eating'
* ''təple:ns h3aː (bher) h1lar'' (teacher AUX.REL.3SG (LOC) breathe) 'the teacher that is breathing'


== Textual witnesses ==
{{Infobox language
Early Old Thean (perceived as a poetic register during the Late OTh period)
|image =
* The Tale of the Alchemist (the alchemist travels the world in search of ingredients for his elixir of life)
|imagesize =
* An Odyssey analogue
|creator =
Late Old Thean (basis of Literary Thean)
|name = Classical Thean
* The Code of Lady Naa¹³-Xay¹¹ (<- Tentative ModThean reading)
|nativename =
|pronunciation=
|setting = [[Verse:Angai]]
|region =
|speakers=975 million
|date=2025
|familycolor=tsimulh
|fam1=[[Verse:Angai/Theic languages|Theic]]
|iso3=
|official=Thea, Qualand, the Alliance
|notice=IPA
}}


Early Old Thean should actually use quantitative meter but the way they write it in Old Thean logographs should make them Late Old Thean speakers assume Early Old Thean poetry was rhymed prose
'''Classical Thean''' was the most spoken language of Angai Europe before the timeline split. With 975 million L1 and L2 speakers worldwide, Thean was the fourth-most spoken language in 2025.


== Late Old Thean Phonology ==
In [[Verse:Angai/1|Timeline 1 of Angai]], Classical Thean evolves into highly tonal languages.
=== Simple initials ===
 
* /m n l r/ m n l r
== Todo ==
* /p t tɕ ts̠ k kʷ/ p t tz ts k kw
* Make change-of-state verbs (e.g. 'to die', 'to ripen') the basic lexical items
* /bʰ dʰ dʑʰ dz&#800;ʰ gʰ gʷʰ/ bh dh dzh dsh gh gwh
* What does kʼ- mean? ƛʼu 'to hunt'; kʼƛʼu 'tooth'
* /pʼ tʼ tɕʼ ts̠ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ b d dz ds g gw
== Gibberish ==
* /ɕ s̠ x xʷ ʔ/ z s h2 h3 h1
<poem>
* /j w/ y w
təčʼay ʔəmʼarʼ ʔənkał xʷkʸiš
ǯun gǯed ʔəšo nəyiš
kʔan tnʼoh kʼlir ʔəlšey
łuy sca tweł knal ʔərgʷiš
</poem>
 
== History ==
The oldest attested stage of Thean, called Old Thean, uses a logography. The history of Classical Thean begins with the publication and spread of [some religious text; some form of Buddhism I guess] in a phonetic orthography and the rhyming prose tales of [author]. This switch to a phonetic orthography was incentivized by the introduction of the printing press.
=== Diachronics ===
==== Consonants ====
* Proto-Theic k g kʼ -> kʸ gʸ kʸʼ
* Proto-Theic kʷ gʷ kʷʼ -> č ʒ{{hacek}} čʼ
* Proto-Theic q ɢ qʷ -> k g kʼ
* Proto-Theic qʷ ɢʷ qʷʼ -> kʷ gʷ kʷʼ
==== Stressed vowels ====
* Proto-Theic a -> o after kʷ-series consonants, e after kʸ-series ones, a otherwise
* Proto-Theic ã -> a
* Proto-Theic i -> e
* Proto-Theic ī -> i
* Proto-Theic u -> o
* Proto-Theic ū -> u
 
== Classical Thean phonology ==
=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! | central || lateral
! | plain || labialized
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! | tenuis
| /p/ p
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c
| /t/ t
|
| /ts{{ret}}/ č
| /c/ kʸ
| /k/ k
| /kʷ/ kʷ
| /ʔ/ ʔ
|-
! | voiced
| /b/ b
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ ʒ
| /d/ d
|
| /dz{{ret}}/ ǯ
| /ɟ/ gʸ
| /g/ g
| /gʷ/ gʷ
|
|-
! | ejective
| /pʼ/ pʼ
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ
| /tʼ/ tʼ
| /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ
| /ts{{ret}}ʼ/ čʼ
| /cʼ/ kʸʼ
| /kʼ/ kʼ
| /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
| /s{{den}}/ s
|
| /ɬ/ ł
| /s{{ret}}/ š
| /ç/ xʸ
| /x/ x
| /xʷ/ xʷ
| /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sonorant
! | plain
| /m/ m
|
| /n/ n
| /l/ l
| /r{{ret}}/ r
| /j/ y
|
| /w/ w
|
|-
! | glottalized
| /mˀ/ mʼ
|
| /nˀ/ nʼ
| /lˀ/ lʼ
| /r{{ret}}ˀ/ rʼ
| /jˀ/ yʼ
|
| /wˀ/ wʼ
|
|}
 
/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords.


=== Nuclei ===
=== Nuclei ===
/i e a o u iː eː aː oː uː ai au ei eu oi ou/
/i e a o u/ ''i e a o u'', unstressed /ə/ ''ə''


=== Finals ===
=== Finals ===
/-m -n -l -r -j -w -mʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ʔ -p -t -k -kʷ, -s, -Cs/
(Codas in parentheses are only found in loanwords)
== The Early Old Thean auxiliary ==
 
The Early Old Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.
* Tone A: null -n -y -l -r -d(soft d) (-m -w)
* Tone B: -ʔ -nʼ -lʼ -rʼ -yʼ -dʼ (-mʼ -wʼ)
* Tone C: -h -ł -š -x -s (-ms -ns -ls -rs -ys -ws -ps -ts -ks)
* Tone D: -k -t (-p)
 
=== Stress ===
Very strong final stress
 
== Grammar ==
=== Pronouns ===
* 1sg xey
* 2sg mo
* 1pl tli
* 2pl: tna
 
=== The Classical Thean auxiliary ===
The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.


The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)


* Present tense affirmative: 1sg ''soi'', 2sg ''sou'' (or zero), 3sg ''laː'', 1pl.ex, ''sol'', 2pl ''son'', 3pl ''lar''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
* Present tense interrogative, negative: ''bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar''
|+ Classical Thean auxiliary constructions (V = verb)
* Present tense relative: ''h3iː, h2uː, h3aː, h2ol, h2on, h2or''
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
* Focused: ''h1ə-gwhaː''
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
** (''dhat muː h1ə-gwhaː h2ay'' 'I am your father')
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
* Past tense affirmative: ''dzhei, dzheu, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher''
! style="width: 75px; " | 3
* Past tense interrogative, negative: ''h1ə-dzhei, h1ə-dzheu, h1ə-dzheː, h1ə-dzhel, h1ə-dzhen, h1ə-dzher''
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
* Future tense affirmative: ''h1ai, h1au, h1aː, h1al, h1an, h1ar''
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
* Future tense interrogative, negative: ''h1ə-dhai, h1ə-dhau, h1ə-dhaː, h1ə-dhal, h1ə-dhan, h1ə-dhar''
|-
* Conditional/subjunctive: ''dhoi, dhou, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor''
!rowspan=3| present
! affirmative
| ''xco xey gʷer V''
| ''(rəco) mo gʷer V''
| ''la šru gʷer V''
| ''łco tli gʷer V''
| ''nəco tna gʷer V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''xgʷay xey gʷer V''
| ''rəgʷay mo gʷer V''
| ''gʷay šru gʷer V''
| ''łgʷay tli gʷer V''
| ''nəgʷay tna gʷer V''
|-
! negative
| ''xgʷay xey wa gʷer V''
| ''rəgʷay mo wa gʷer V''
| ''gʷay šru wa gʷer V''
| ''łgʷay tli wa gʷer V''
| ''nəgʷay tna wa gʷer V''
|-
!rowspan=3| past
! affirmative
| ''xʒe xey V''
| ''rəʒe mo V''
| ''ʒe sru V''
| ''łʒe tli V''
| ''nəʒe tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey wa V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo wa V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli wa V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| future
! affirmative
| ''xʔal xey V''
| ''rəʔal mo V''
| ''ʔal sru V''
| ''łʔal tli V''
| ''nəʔal tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxda xey V''
| ''ʔərda mo V''
| ''ʔəda sru V''
| ''ʔəłda tli V''
| ''ʔənda tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxda xey wa V''
| ''ʔərda mo wa V''
| ''ʔəda sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłda tli wa V''
| ''ʔənda tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| conditional/subjunctive
! affirmative
| ''xdo xey V''
| ''rədo mo V''
| ''do sru V''
| ''łdo tli V''
| ''nədo tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxdo xey V''
| ''ʔədo mo V''
| ''ʔədo sru V''
| ''ʔədol tli V''
| ''ʔədon tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxdo xey wa V''
| ''ʔədo mo wa V''
| ''ʔədo sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłdo tli wa V''
| ''ʔəndo tna wa V''
|-
|}
 
Todo: Add more forms, look at Welsh
 
== Derivational morphology ==
* ''kʼ-'' (allomorph of ''k-''?) derives agent or instrument nouns
** ƛʼu 'to hunt', kʼƛʼu 'tooth'


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Old Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost. In Early Old Thean, T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.


In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle
In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

In this versespace:

Verse talk:
Classical Thean
SettingVerse:Angai
Native speakers975 million (2025)
Theic
  • Classical Thean
Official status
Official language in
Thea, Qualand, the Alliance
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Classical Thean was the most spoken language of Angai Europe before the timeline split. With 975 million L1 and L2 speakers worldwide, Thean was the fourth-most spoken language in 2025.

In Timeline 1 of Angai, Classical Thean evolves into highly tonal languages.

Todo

  • Make change-of-state verbs (e.g. 'to die', 'to ripen') the basic lexical items
  • What does kʼ- mean? ƛʼu 'to hunt'; kʼƛʼu 'tooth'

Gibberish

təčʼay ʔəmʼarʼ ʔənkał xʷkʸiš
ǯun gǯed ʔəšo nəyiš
kʔan tnʼoh kʼlir ʔəlšey
łuy sca tweł knal ʔərgʷiš

History

The oldest attested stage of Thean, called Old Thean, uses a logography. The history of Classical Thean begins with the publication and spread of [some religious text; some form of Buddhism I guess] in a phonetic orthography and the rhyming prose tales of [author]. This switch to a phonetic orthography was incentivized by the introduction of the printing press.

Diachronics

Consonants

  • Proto-Theic k g kʼ -> kʸ gʸ kʸʼ
  • Proto-Theic kʷ gʷ kʷʼ -> č ǯ čʼ
  • Proto-Theic q ɢ qʷ -> k g kʼ
  • Proto-Theic qʷ ɢʷ qʷʼ -> kʷ gʷ kʷʼ

Stressed vowels

  • Proto-Theic a -> o after kʷ-series consonants, e after kʸ-series ones, a otherwise
  • Proto-Theic ã -> a
  • Proto-Theic i -> e
  • Proto-Theic ī -> i
  • Proto-Theic u -> o
  • Proto-Theic ū -> u

Classical Thean phonology

Initials

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral plain labialized
Stop tenuis /p/ p /t̪s̪/ c /t/ t /ts̠/ č /c/ kʸ /k/ k /kʷ/ kʷ /ʔ/ ʔ
voiced /b/ b /d̪z̪/ ʒ /d/ d /dz̠/ ǯ /ɟ/ gʸ /g/ g /gʷ/ gʷ
ejective /pʼ/ pʼ /t̪s̪ʼ/ cʼ /tʼ/ tʼ /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ /ts̠ʼ/ čʼ /cʼ/ kʸʼ /kʼ/ kʼ /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ
Fricative /s̪/ s /ɬ/ ł /s̠/ š /ç/ xʸ /x/ x /xʷ/ xʷ /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
Sonorant plain /m/ m /n/ n /l/ l /r̠/ r /j/ y /w/ w
glottalized /mˀ/ mʼ /nˀ/ nʼ /lˀ/ lʼ /r̠ˀ/ rʼ /jˀ/ yʼ /wˀ/ wʼ

/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords.

Nuclei

/i e a o u/ i e a o u, unstressed /ə/ ə

Finals

(Codas in parentheses are only found in loanwords)

  • Tone A: null -n -y -l -r -d(soft d) (-m -w)
  • Tone B: -ʔ -nʼ -lʼ -rʼ -yʼ -dʼ (-mʼ -wʼ)
  • Tone C: -h -ł -š -x -s (-ms -ns -ls -rs -ys -ws -ps -ts -ks)
  • Tone D: -k -t (-p)

Stress

Very strong final stress

Grammar

Pronouns

  • 1sg xey
  • 2sg mo
  • 1pl tli
  • 2pl: tna

The Classical Thean auxiliary

The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.

The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)

Classical Thean auxiliary constructions (V = verb)
→ Person 1sg 2sg 3 1pl 2pl
present affirmative xco xey gʷer V (rəco) mo gʷer V la šru gʷer V łco tli gʷer V nəco tna gʷer V
interrogative xgʷay xey gʷer V rəgʷay mo gʷer V gʷay šru gʷer V łgʷay tli gʷer V nəgʷay tna gʷer V
negative xgʷay xey wa gʷer V rəgʷay mo wa gʷer V gʷay šru wa gʷer V łgʷay tli wa gʷer V nəgʷay tna wa gʷer V
past affirmative xʒe xey V rəʒe mo V ʒe sru V łʒe tli V nəʒe tna V
interrogative ʔəxʒe xey V ʔərʒe mo V ʔəʒe sru V ʔəłʒe tli V ʔənʒe tna V
negative ʔəxʒe xey wa V ʔərʒe mo wa V ʔəʒe sru wa V ʔəłʒe tli wa V ʔənʒe tna wa V
future affirmative xʔal xey V rəʔal mo V ʔal sru V łʔal tli V nəʔal tna V
interrogative ʔəxda xey V ʔərda mo V ʔəda sru V ʔəłda tli V ʔənda tna V
negative ʔəxda xey wa V ʔərda mo wa V ʔəda sru wa V ʔəłda tli wa V ʔənda tna wa V
conditional/subjunctive affirmative xdo xey V rədo mo V do sru V łdo tli V nədo tna V
interrogative ʔəxdo xey V ʔədo mo V ʔədo sru V ʔədol tli V ʔədon tna V
negative ʔəxdo xey wa V ʔədo mo wa V ʔədo sru wa V ʔəłdo tli wa V ʔəndo tna wa V

Todo: Add more forms, look at Welsh

Derivational morphology

  • kʼ- (allomorph of k-?) derives agent or instrument nouns
    • ƛʼu 'to hunt', kʼƛʼu 'tooth'

Syntax

The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.

In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle

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