Verse:Mwail/Old Danishmandi/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar.
==Inflection==
A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:


#applicative or derivational prefixes
#object prefix
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
#'''STEM'''
#voice suffix
#TAM + subject
#emphatic suffix ''-is''
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
===Voice markers===
*''-ro-'' = passive marker
Some verbs may be ablauted.
===TAM + subject markers===
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. There are two major paradigms of verbs, ignoring principal parts:
*Consonant stems:
*Vowel stems: -ā-, -e-, -i-
The 3pl suffixes -bis/-b and -tis/-t are in free variation, though there is some preference for one set in certain tenses.
The emphatic marker is often but not always added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle (e.g. ''ei'' 'not', ''rin'' {{sc|relativizer}}):
*''cacsanis'' = I eat
*''ei cacsan'' = I do not eat
Collective nouns take the ''singular'' form of the verb.
====Present====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''toryenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussānis || toryenis || aellinis || cacsanis
|-
| 2SG || tussāris || toryeris || aelliris || cacsaris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussāmis || toryemis || aellimis || cacsamis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussāsis || toryesis || aellisis || cacsasis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussās || toryes || aellis || cacsis
|-
| 1EX || tussāmēs || toryemēs || aellimēs || cacsamēs
|-
| 1IN || tussāntis || toryentis || aellintis || cacsantis
|-
| 2PL || tussāces || toryeces || aellisces || cacsaces
|-
| 3PL || tussābis<br/>tussātis || toryebis<br/>toryetis || aellibis<br/>aellitis || cacsabis<br/>cacsatis
|}
Dependent forms (shown with ''ei'' 'not'):
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''toryenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || ei tussān || ei toryen || ei aellin || ei cacsan
|-
| 2SG || ei tussār || ei toryer || ei aellir || ei cacsar
|-
| 3SG.M || ei tussām || ei toryem || ei aellim || ei cacsam
|-
| 3SG.F || ei tussāsi || ei toryesi || ei aellisi || ei cacsasi
|-
| 3SG.N || ei tussā || ei torye || ei aelli || ei cacsa
|-
| 1EX || ei tussāmē || ei toryemē || ei aellimē || ei cacsamē
|-
| 1IN || ei tussānt || ei toryent || ei aellint || ei cacsant
|-
| 2PL || ei tussāce || ei toryece || ei aellice || ei cacsace
|-
| 3PL || ei tussāb<br/>ei tussāt || ei toryeb<br/>ei toryet || ei aellib<br/>ei aellit || ei cacsab<br/>ei cacsat
|}
====Imperfect====
Uses reduplication:
*Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
*Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- just use the first V as the redupliant: ''ȝastranis'' 'I laugh', ''aȝastranis'' 'I used to laugh'.
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''toryenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tetussānis || tetoryenis || aeaellinis || cecacsanis
|-
| 2SG || tetussāris || tetoryeris || aeaelliris || cecacsaris
|-
| 3SG.M || tetussāmis || tetoryemis || aeaellimis || cecacsamis
|-
| 3SG.F || tetussāsis || tetoryesis || aeaellisis || cecacsasis
|-
| 3SG.N || tetussās || tetoryes || aeaellis || cecacsis
|-
| 1EX || tetussāmēs || tetoryemēs || aeaellimēs || cecacsamēs
|-
| 1IN || tetussāntis || tetoryentis || aeaellintis || cecacsantis
|-
| 2PL || tetussāces || tetoryeces || aeaellices || cecacsaces
|-
| 3PL || tetussātis || tetoryetis || aeaellitis || cecacsatis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''toryenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || ei tetussān || ei tetoryene || ei aeaelline || ei cecacsane
|-
| 2SG || ei tetussār || ei tetoryer || ei aeaellir || ei cecacsar
|-
| 3SG.M || ei tetussām || ei tetoryem || ei aeaellim || ei cecacsam
|-
| 3SG.F || ei tetussāsi || ei tetoryesi || ei aeaellisi || ei cecacsasis
|-
| 3SG.N || ei tetussā || ei tetorye || ei aeaelli || ei cecacsa
|-
| 1EX || ei tetussāmē || ei tetoryemē || ei aeaellimē || ei cecacsamē
|-
| 1IN || ei tetussānt || ei tetoryent || ei aeaellint || ei cecacsant
|-
| 2PL || ei tetussāce || ei tetoryece || ei aeaellice || ei cecacsace
|-
| 3PL || ei tetussāt || ei tetoryet || ei aeaellit || ei cecacsat
|}
====Preterite====
Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussādīs || toredīs || aellidīs || cētīs
|-
| 2SG || tussāsoes || toresoes || aellisoes || cēsoes
|-
| 3SG.M || tussāφamis || toreφamis || aelliφamis || cēsiamis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussāφis || toreφis || aelliφis || cēsiaes
|-
| 3SG.N || tussācsis || torecsis || aellicsis || cēsias
|-
| 1EX || tussāmris || toremris || aellimris || cēmris
|-
| 1IN || tussāntris || torentris || aellintris || cēntris
|-
| 2PL || tussācris || torecris || aellicris || cēcris
|-
| 3PL || tussābris || torebris || aellibris || cēbris
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || ei tussādī || ei toredī || ei aellidī || ei cētī
|-
| 2SG || ei tussāsoe || ei toresoe || ei aellisoe || ei cēsoe
|-
| 3SG.M || ei tussāφam || ei toreφam || ei aelliφam || ei cēsiam
|-
| 3SG.F || ei tussāφi || ei toreφi || ei aelliφi || ei cēsiae
|-
| 3SG.N || ei tussācs || ei torecs || ei aellics || ei cēsias
|-
| 1EX || ei tussāmer || ei toremer || ei aellimer || ei cēmer
|-
| 1IN || ei tussānter || ei torenter || ei aellinter ||  ei cēnter
|-
| 2PL || ei tussācer || ei torecer || ei aellicer || ei cēcer
|-
| 3PL || ei tussāber || ei toreber || ei aelliber || ei cēber
|}
====Pluperfect====
(Reduplicate the preterite forms.)
====Future====
Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.
Here it's more common to use -tēbis/-tēb for 3pl than -tētis/-tēt.
Phonological rules for consonant stems:
*''m'' + ''t'' > ''nt''
*''b, φ, g'' + ''t'' > ''ct''
*''cs'' + ''t'' > '':st''
*''θ, δ'' + ''t'' > ''ss''
*''d'' + ''t'' > ''tt''
*''ȝ'' + ''t'' > ''ħt''
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussātēnis || toretēnis || cāstēnis
|-
| 2SG || tussātēris || toretēris || cāstēris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussātēmis || toretēmis || cāstēmis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussātēsis || toretēsis || cāstēsis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussātēs || toretēs || cāstēs
|-
| 1EX || tussātēmēs || toretēmēs || cāstēmēs
|-
| 1IN || tussātēntis || toretēntis || cāstēntis
|-
| 2PL || tussātēces || toretēces || cāstēces
|-
| 3PL || tussātēbis || toretēbis || cāstēbis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || ei tussātēn || ei toretēn || ei cāstēn
|-
| 2SG || ei tussātēr || ei toretēr || ei cāstēr
|-
| 3SG.M || ei tussātēm || ei toretēm || ei cāstēm
|-
| 3SG.F || ei tussātēsi || ei toretēsi || ei cāstēsi
|-
| 3SG.N || ei tussātē || ei toretē || ei cāstē
|-
| 1EX || ei tussātēmē || ei toretēmē || ei cāstēmē
|-
| 1IN || ei tussātēnt || ei toretēnt || ei cāstēnt
|-
| 2PL || ei tussātēce || ei toretēce || ei cāstēce
|-
| 3PL || ei tussātēb || ei toretēb || ei cāstēb
|}
====Future perfect====
====Jussive====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussānaes || torenaes || cacsanaes
|-
| 2SG || tussāraes || toreraes || cacsaraes
|-
| 3SG.M || tussāmioris || toremioris || cacsamioris
|-
| 3SG.F || tussāsioris || toresioris || cacsasioris
|-
| 3SG.N || tussoris || torioris || cacsioris
|-
| 1EX || tussāmaes || toremaes || cacsamaes
|-
| 1IN || tussāntaes || torentaes || cacsantaes
|-
| 2PL || tussācaes || torecaes || cacsacaes
|-
| 3PL || tussātioris || toretioris || cacsatioris
|}
Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative ''δā''):
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || δā tussānae || δā torenae || δā cacsanae
|-
| 2SG || δā tussārae || δā torerae || δā cacsarae
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussāmior || δā toremior || δā cacsamior
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussāsior || δā toresior || δā cacsasior
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tussor || δā torior || δā cacsior
|-
| 1EX || δā tussāmae || δā toremae || δā cacsamae
|-
| 1IN || δā tussāntae || δā torentae || δā cacsantae
|-
| 2PL || δā tussācae || δā torecae || δā cacsacae
|-
| 3PL || δā tussātior || δā toretior || δā cacsatior
|}
====Optative====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussādonis || torēdonis || cacsidonis
|-
| 2SG || tussādoris || torēdoris || cacsidoris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussādomis || torēdomis || cacsidomis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussādosis || torēdosis || cacsidosis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussādos || torēdos || cacsidos
|-
| 1EX || tussādomēs || torēdomēs || cacsidomēs
|-
| 1IN || tussādontis || torēdontis || cacsidontis
|-
| 2PL || tussādoces || torēdoces || cacsidoces
|-
| 3PL || tussādotis || torēdotis || cacsidotis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || δā tussādon || δā torēdon || δā cacsidon
|-
| 2SG || δā tussādor || δā torēdor || δā cacsidor
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussādom || δā torēdom || δā cacsidom
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussādosi || δā torēdosi || δā cacsidosi
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tussādo || δā torēdo || δā cacsido
|-
| 1EX || δā tussādomē || δā torēdomē || δā cacsidomē
|-
| 1IN || δā tussādont || δā torēdont || δā cacsidont
|-
| 2PL || δā tussādoce || δā torēdoce || δā cacsidoce
|-
| 3PL || δā tussādot || δā torēdot || δā cacsidot
|}
====Imperative====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || tussās! || torēs! || aellīs! || cacsas!
|-
| 1IN || tussāntēs! || torentēs! || aellintēs! || cacsantēs!
|-
| 2PL || tussācēs! || torecēs! || aelliscēs! || cacsacēs!
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || δā tussā! || δā torē! || δā aellī! || δā cacsa!
|-
| 1IN || δā tussāntē! || δā torentē! || δā aellintē! || δā cacsantē!
|-
| 2PL || δā tussācē! || δā torecē! || δā aellicē! || δā cacsacē!
|}
===Non-finite forms===
Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.
====Infinitives====
*Infinitive: ''-us'' (consonantal verbs) / ''-s'' (theme vowel verbs)
**''cacus'' = to eat
**''tussās'' = to pray
*Verbal noun: ''-ācos''
*Adverbial infintive: ''-nos''
====Participles====
*Present participle: ''-gim''
*Past passive participle: ''-inom''
*Future participle: ''-tēgim''
==Paradigms==
===Athematic verbs===
===ā-stems===
===Preterite-present verbs===
*''tosadī'' = I see
*''mlidī'' = I hear
*''sondī'' = I seek
Compare:
*''tonsiān'' = I look
*''mlindiān'' = I listen
*''sommiān'' = I find
(I don't quite like these stems)
===Irregular verbs===

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

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