Armonisian: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "= Armonisian Language Development = == Phonological Transformation Rules == '''PIE → Proto-Armonisian''' ; Laryngeals * h₂ → /ɣ/, often with a glottal stop in clusters: /ɣʔ/ * h₁ disappears or becomes /ə/ in initial position. ; Syllabic Sonorants * r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥ → /ər, əl, əm, ən/ or voiced versions: /r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥/ ; Voiced Aspirates * bʰ, dʰ, gʰ → /ḅ, ḍ, ɣ/ ; Consonant Clusters * PIE ''tw'' → /k̬/ or /pɣ/ depending on env...")
 
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== Dictionary ==
== Dictionary ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|| Proto-Indo-European || Proto-Armonisian: || Standard Armonisian: ||
|-
|| *éǵh₂ || iɣ̄ʔ || iɣ || I
|-
|| *méh₂tēr || m̥iɣʔtǣr || miɣtāra || mother
|-
|| *ph₂tḗr || paɣʔtǣr || pɣtār || father
|-
|| *bʰréh₂tēr || ḅriɣʔtǣr || ḅriɣtār || brother
|-
|| *swésōr || cḫichūr || chichura || sister
|-
|| *somo-ph₂tōr || chm̥opaɣʔtǣr || chmopɣtār || sibling
|-
|| *dʰugh₂tḗr || ḍuɣʔtǣr || dɣtāra || daughter
|-
|| *h₁me || əme || mə || me
|-
|| *sem- || chem || chẽn || one/alone
|-
|| *(h₁)óynos, (h₁)óywos || uɥvoch || ɥo || one
|-
|| *dwóy(H₁), || dvojə || d̮oj || two
|-
|| *tisres || tir̥e || tṝ || three
|-
|| *kʷetwóres || c̆ek̬ore || c̆eḳor || four
|-
|| *pénkʷe || pinghe || pig̑ || five
|-
|| *swéḱs || cḫiś || chiṣ || six
|-
|| *septḿ̥ || cheptm̥ || chptṃ || seven
|-
|| *h₁oḱtṓ(w) || uśov || ṣou̯ || eight
|-
|| *(h₁)néwn̥ || nivn || niũ̯ || nine
|-
|| *déḱm̥t || diśm̥t || ṫiśm̥t || ten
|-
|| *(d)ḱm̥tóm || dśm̻tom || ṫṣṃtõ || one-hundred
|-
|| *krep- || crep- || crp- || body
|-
|| *káput ~ *kapwéts || capvit || kapu̯it || head
|-
|| *dáḱru, *h₂éḱru || ɣʔiśru || ɣiṣru || tear
|-
|| *dn̥ǵʰuh₂-, *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ || dnɣʔveɣʔ || dnɥɣ || tongue
|-
|| *h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁esh₂nés || eɣ̄ʔni || ɣno || blood
|-
|| *ǵ(o)nH₂dʰos || ɣʔonḍo || ɣonḍo || jaw, cheek
|-
|| *ǵónu, ǵnéws || ɣʔniv || ɣniu̯ || knee
|-
|| *ǵómbʰos || ɣʔomḅo || ɣomḅo || row of teeth
|-
|| *h₃dónts || dont || dont || tooth
|-
|| *h₂óst- || ɣʔocht || ɣocht || bone
|-
|| *H₂ous- || ɣʔēach || ɣē || ear
|-
|| *h₃ókʷs || oh || o || eye
|-
|| *h₁óh₃(e)s || u || ũm || mouth
|-
|| *ḱerd- || śerd || ṣrda || heart
|-
|| *ḱerd-dʰh₁eti || śerḍti || ṣrḍeti || to believe
|-
|| *h₃nóbʰōl || noḅul || noḅul || naval
|-
|| *h₂ner- || ɣʔnər || ɣnr || man
|-
|| *gʷḗn || žǣn || žāna || woman
|-
|| *h₃ébōl || ibūl || ibula || apple
|-
|| *gʷṓus || žov || žou̯ || cow
|-
|| *h₂éḱus || ɣʔiśu || ɣiśũm || horse
|-
|| *deywós || deɥo || dɥo || god
|-
|| *h₂stḗr || ɣ̄ʔtǣr || ɣtāra || star
|-
|| *yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés || jǣhr || jār̥ || liver
|-
|| *ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés || ɣʔichr̥ || ɣichra || hand
|-
|| *mh₂ntéh₂ || mɣʔentiɣʔ || mɣntiɣ || hand
|-
|| *bʰeh₂ǵʰús || ḅəɣ̄ʔū || ḅɣũm || arm
|-
|| *péth₂r̥ || pitɣʔr̥ || pitɣṝ || feather
|-
|| *h₂éwis || ɣʔivich || ɣiu̯e || bird
|-
|| *h₂ówis || ɣʔovi || ɣou̯e || sheep
|-
|| *h₂ŕ̥tḱos || ɣʔr̥ćo || ɣr̥ćo || bear
|-
|| *ḱwon || śvon || ṣu̯õm || dog
|-
|| *múh₂s || muɣ̄ʔ || muɣ || mouse
|-
|| *uksḗn || ukśǣn || uẋā̃n || ox
|-
|| *táwros || tavro || tau̯ro || bull
|-
|| *suHs || chuɣ̄ʔ || chuɣ || pig
|-
|| *wl̥kʷos || vlho || u̯lo || wolf
|-
|| *wl(o)p- || vlp || u̯lp || fox
|-
|| *ǵʰh₂éns || ɣ̄ʔin || ɣin || goose
|-
|| *h₂énh₂t(i)s || ɣʔinɣʔti || ɣinɣit || duck
|-
|| *h₁élh₁ēn || ilǣn || ilā̃n || deer
|-
|| *h₁eǵʰis || eɣ̄ʔi || ɣo || hedgehog
|-
|| *bʰébʰrus || ḅiḅru || ḅiḅru || beaver
|-
|| *h₃érō || iro || iro || eagle
|-
|| *h₂éngʷʰis || ɣʔinži || ɣinžo || snake
|-
|| *h₂eyǵ || ɣʔejɣʔ || ɣiɣ || goat
|-
|| *h₂ōwyóm || ɣʔoɥom || ɣoɥõm || egg
|-
|| *h₂egʷnós || ɣʔеžno || ɣžno || lamb
|-
|| *laḱ- || laś || laṣ || salmon
|-
|| *ǵr̥h₂-nó- || ɣʔr̥no || ɣṝno || grain
|-
|| *gʰreh₁- || greɣʔti || greɣeti || to grow
|-
|| *h₂éǵros || ɣʔiɣʔro || ɣiɣro || field
|-
|| *h₂erh₃- || ɣʔerti || ɣereti || to plow
|-
|| *h₂melǵ- || ɣʔmelɣʔti || ɣmelɣeti || to milk
|-
|| *melh₂ || melɣʔti || melɣeti || to milk
|-
|| *kwh₂et- || kvɣʔeti || ku̯ɣeti || to ferment
|-
|| *yew- || jevti || jeu̯eti || to blend
|-
|| *bʰrewh₁- || ḅrevti || ḅreu̯eti || to brew
|-
|| *gʷréh₂wō || žriɣʔvu || žriɣũm || grindstone
|-
|| *médʰu || miḍu || miḍũm || honey
|-
|| *tuh₂rós || tuɣʔro || tuɣro || Cheese, butter
|-
|| *séh₂ls || siɣʔl || siɣl || salt
|-
|| *seh₁- || seti || seti || to sew
|-
|| *yugóm || jugom || jugõm || yoke
|-
|| *séh₁mn̥ || simn || sĩn || seed
|-
|| *yéwos || jivo || jiu̯o || Cereal grain
|-
|| *mḗms || mim || mĩja || meat
|-
|| *h₂enh₁- || ɣʔenti || ɣeneti || to breathe
|-
|| *swep- || cḫepti || chepeti || To sleep
|-
|| *der-, *drem- || derti, dremti || dereti, dremti || To put someone to sleep
|-
|| *bʰewdʰ- || ḅevḍ || ḅeṫ ||
|-
|| *dl̥h₁gʰós || dlgoch || dlgoch || long
|-
|| *bʰed- || ḅedti || ḅedeti || to better
|-
|| *bʰedʰ- || ḅeḍti || ḅeḍeti || to affix
|-
|| *bʰeg- || ḅeg || ḅeg || body of water likely to overflow
|-
|| *bʰegʷ- || ḅežti || ḅežeti || to run
|-
|| *bʰeh₁- || ḅti || ḅeti || to bathe
|}

Latest revision as of 01:15, 16 September 2025

Armonisian Language Development

Phonological Transformation Rules

PIE → Proto-Armonisian

Laryngeals
  • h₂ → /ɣ/, often with a glottal stop in clusters: /ɣʔ/
  • h₁ disappears or becomes /ə/ in initial position.
Syllabic Sonorants
  • r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥ → /ər, əl, əm, ən/ or voiced versions: /r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥/
Voiced Aspirates
  • bʰ, dʰ, gʰ → /ḅ, ḍ, ɣ/
Consonant Clusters
  • PIE tw → /k̬/ or /pɣ/ depending on environment
  • sw → /cḫ/ or /ch/
Vowels
  • Long vowels preserved: é → ǣ
  • o often becomes /ə/ or /u/

Proto-Armonisian → Standard Armonisian

  • Glottal stops dropped: /ʔ/ → ∅
  • Long vowels shortened or neutralized: ǣ → ā
  • Consonant simplification in clusters: tri → tr̥
  • Nasalization emerges: nivn → niũ̯
  • Vowel centralization and reduction

Morphology & Grammar Snapshot

Nouns

  • Number: Singular / Plural
  • Gender: Feminine / Masculine / Neuter
  • Case System:
    • Nominative (unmarked)
    • Accusative (suffix -ma)
    • Genitive (suffix -m / nasalization)
    • Locative / Instrumental (suffix -j)
  • Nouns and adjectives share endings, adjectives use infix -ch-

Noun Declensions

Feminine
  • Ɣtāra (nom.)
  • Ɣtārama (acc.)
  • Ɣtāram (gen.)
  • Ɣtāraj (loc./instr.)
Neuter
  • Ɣr̥no (nom./acc.)
  • Ɣr̥nõma (gen.)
  • Ɣr̥noj (loc./instr.)
Masculine
  • Sĩn (nom.)
  • Sĩnma (acc.)
  • Sĩnum (gen.)
  • Sĩnuj (loc./instr.)

Adjective Declensions

Feminine
  • dlgocha (nom.)
  • dlgochama (acc.)
  • dlgocham (gen.)
  • dlgochaj (loc./instr.)
Neuter
  • dlgocho (nom./acc.)
  • dlgochoma (acc.)
  • dlgochõ (gen.)
  • dlgochoj (loc./instr.)
Masculine
  • dlgoch (nom.)
  • dlgochma (acc.)
  • dlgochum (gen.)
  • dlgochuj (loc./instr.)

Possessive Pronouns

  • Non-declinable; used before nouns.

Personal Pronouns

Person Singular Plural
1st mə nẽ
2nd chẽ chuo
3rd əɥo əɥon

Verb Conjugation (Indicative - Present Tense)

Verb root: dɣt- "to have"

Person Conjugation
1st sg dɣtā
2nd sg dɣtã
3rd sg dɣto
1st pl dɣtanẽ
2nd pl dɣtuch
3rd pl dɣton

Notes:

  • Thematic vowel varies slightly by tense and voice.
  • Nasalization indicates middle/reflexive in some dialects.

Verb Paradigms: ku̯ɣeti "to brew"

Present Tense

  • 1st sg: ku̯ɣoɣ
  • 2nd sg: ku̯ɣechi
  • 3rd sg: ku̯ɣi
  • 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯och
  • 3rd du: ku̯ɣtech
  • 1st pl: ku̯ɣemoch
  • 2nd pl: ku̯ɣete
  • 3rd pl: ku̯ɣe
  • Present adv. participle: ku̯ɣõt
  • Present adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(a/o/u)

Secondary/Past/Tenseless

  • 1st sg: ku̯ɣõm
  • 2nd sg: ku̯ɣoch
  • 3rd sg: ku̯ɣit
  • 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯tõ
  • 3rd du: ku̯ɣtam
  • 1st pl: ku̯ɣem
  • 2nd pl: ku̯ɣet
  • 3rd pl: ku̯ɣẽnt
  • Adv. participle: ku̯ɣõtẽ
  • Adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(ã/õ/ũ)

Imperative

  • 1st sg: ku̯ɣ
  • 2nd sg: ku̯ɣḍi
  • 3rd sg: ku̯ɣu
  • 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯tõmach
  • 3rd du: ku̯ɣtamach
  • 1st pl: ku̯ɣ
  • 2nd pl: ku̯ɣete
  • 3rd pl: ku̯ɣẽntu
  • Adv. participle: ku̯ɣõtẽm
  • Adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(ã/õ/ũ)mi

PIE Lexicon Expansion

PIE Root Proto-Armonisian Standard Armonisian
h₃ébōl (apple) əboɣol məɣol
gʷṓus (cow) ɣ̄uva ɣ̄u
h₂éḱus (horse) aɣʔsu aɣsu
deywós (god) deivoch d̮əyoch
h₂stḗr (star) əster məstar
h₂nḗr (man) ənǣr mənār

Sample Text (Standard Armonisian)

Armonisian: mə chichur dɣtār d̮oj niũ̯ diśm̥t.

Gloss: I sister daughter two have ten

Translation: I have two daughters and one sister.

Dialectal Variation

  • Northern Dialect: Preserves more consonant clusters; less vowel reduction; retains some glottal stops in careful speech.
Example: Standard məɣol → Northern məɣʔol
  • Eastern Dialect: Fronts and raises vowels: ə → i, a → e; assimilation of clusters.
Example: dɣtār → diktār
  • Southern Dialect: Stronger nasalization; loss of final -j in loc/instr.
Example: dlgochoj → dlgochõ
  • Western Dialect: Retains archaic inflections and case particles; more analytic constructions.
Example: Sĩnuj → Sĩn che ju
  • Highland Dialect (Tonogenetic):
    • Development of lexical tone from former glottal and laryngeal distinctions
    • Tone marked with diacritics:
      • High tone: acute ( ´ ) → á
      • Low tone: grave ( ̀ ) → à
      • Rising tone: caron ( ̌ ) → ǎ
      • Falling tone: circumflex ( ̂ ) → â
    • Example transformations:
      • ku̯ɣeti → kú̯ɣeti (infinitive)
      • ku̯ɣoɣ → ku̯ɣò (1sg)
      • dlgocha → dlgócha (nom. fem.)

Dictionary

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Armonisian: Standard Armonisian:
*éǵh₂ iɣ̄ʔ iɣ I
*méh₂tēr m̥iɣʔtǣr miɣtāra mother
*ph₂tḗr paɣʔtǣr pɣtār father
*bʰréh₂tēr ḅriɣʔtǣr ḅriɣtār brother
*swésōr cḫichūr chichura sister
*somo-ph₂tōr chm̥opaɣʔtǣr chmopɣtār sibling
*dʰugh₂tḗr ḍuɣʔtǣr dɣtāra daughter
*h₁me əme mə me
*sem- chem chẽn one/alone
*(h₁)óynos, (h₁)óywos uɥvoch ɥo one
*dwóy(H₁), dvojə d̮oj two
*tisres tir̥e tṝ three
*kʷetwóres c̆ek̬ore c̆eḳor four
*pénkʷe pinghe pig̑ five
*swéḱs cḫiś chiṣ six
*septḿ̥ cheptm̥ chptṃ seven
*h₁oḱtṓ(w) uśov ṣou̯ eight
*(h₁)néwn̥ nivn niũ̯ nine
*déḱm̥t diśm̥t ṫiśm̥t ten
*(d)ḱm̥tóm dśm̻tom ṫṣṃtõ one-hundred
*krep- crep- crp- body
*káput ~ *kapwéts capvit kapu̯it head
*dáḱru, *h₂éḱru ɣʔiśru ɣiṣru tear
*dn̥ǵʰuh₂-, *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ dnɣʔveɣʔ dnɥɣ tongue
*h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁esh₂nés eɣ̄ʔni ɣno blood
*ǵ(o)nH₂dʰos ɣʔonḍo ɣonḍo jaw, cheek
*ǵónu, ǵnéws ɣʔniv ɣniu̯ knee
*ǵómbʰos ɣʔomḅo ɣomḅo row of teeth
*h₃dónts dont dont tooth
*h₂óst- ɣʔocht ɣocht bone
*H₂ous- ɣʔēach ɣē ear
*h₃ókʷs oh o eye
*h₁óh₃(e)s u ũm mouth
*ḱerd- śerd ṣrda heart
*ḱerd-dʰh₁eti śerḍti ṣrḍeti to believe
*h₃nóbʰōl noḅul noḅul naval
*h₂ner- ɣʔnər ɣnr man
*gʷḗn žǣn žāna woman
*h₃ébōl ibūl ibula apple
*gʷṓus žov žou̯ cow
*h₂éḱus ɣʔiśu ɣiśũm horse
*deywós deɥo dɥo god
*h₂stḗr ɣ̄ʔtǣr ɣtāra star
*yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés jǣhr jār̥ liver
*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés ɣʔichr̥ ɣichra hand
*mh₂ntéh₂ mɣʔentiɣʔ mɣntiɣ hand
*bʰeh₂ǵʰús ḅəɣ̄ʔū ḅɣũm arm
*péth₂r̥ pitɣʔr̥ pitɣṝ feather
*h₂éwis ɣʔivich ɣiu̯e bird
*h₂ówis ɣʔovi ɣou̯e sheep
*h₂ŕ̥tḱos ɣʔr̥ćo ɣr̥ćo bear
*ḱwon śvon ṣu̯õm dog
*múh₂s muɣ̄ʔ muɣ mouse
*uksḗn ukśǣn uẋā̃n ox
*táwros tavro tau̯ro bull
*suHs chuɣ̄ʔ chuɣ pig
*wl̥kʷos vlho u̯lo wolf
*wl(o)p- vlp u̯lp fox
*ǵʰh₂éns ɣ̄ʔin ɣin goose
*h₂énh₂t(i)s ɣʔinɣʔti ɣinɣit duck
*h₁élh₁ēn ilǣn ilā̃n deer
*h₁eǵʰis eɣ̄ʔi ɣo hedgehog
*bʰébʰrus ḅiḅru ḅiḅru beaver
*h₃érō iro iro eagle
*h₂éngʷʰis ɣʔinži ɣinžo snake
*h₂eyǵ ɣʔejɣʔ ɣiɣ goat
*h₂ōwyóm ɣʔoɥom ɣoɥõm egg
*h₂egʷnós ɣʔеžno ɣžno lamb
*laḱ- laś laṣ salmon
*ǵr̥h₂-nó- ɣʔr̥no ɣṝno grain
*gʰreh₁- greɣʔti greɣeti to grow
*h₂éǵros ɣʔiɣʔro ɣiɣro field
*h₂erh₃- ɣʔerti ɣereti to plow
*h₂melǵ- ɣʔmelɣʔti ɣmelɣeti to milk
*melh₂ melɣʔti melɣeti to milk
*kwh₂et- kvɣʔeti ku̯ɣeti to ferment
*yew- jevti jeu̯eti to blend
*bʰrewh₁- ḅrevti ḅreu̯eti to brew
*gʷréh₂wō žriɣʔvu žriɣũm grindstone
*médʰu miḍu miḍũm honey
*tuh₂rós tuɣʔro tuɣro Cheese, butter
*séh₂ls siɣʔl siɣl salt
*seh₁- seti seti to sew
*yugóm jugom jugõm yoke
*séh₁mn̥ simn sĩn seed
*yéwos jivo jiu̯o Cereal grain
*mḗms mim mĩja meat
*h₂enh₁- ɣʔenti ɣeneti to breathe
*swep- cḫepti chepeti To sleep
*der-, *drem- derti, dremti dereti, dremti To put someone to sleep
*bʰewdʰ- ḅevḍ ḅeṫ
*dl̥h₁gʰós dlgoch dlgoch long
*bʰed- ḅedti ḅedeti to better
*bʰedʰ- ḅeḍti ḅeḍeti to affix
*bʰeg- ḅeg ḅeg body of water likely to overflow
*bʰegʷ- ḅežti ḅežeti to run
*bʰeh₁- ḅti ḅeti to bathe
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