Canonic Code: Difference between revisions

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{{Construction}}
Canonic is a poetic form of its [[Adamic Code|vernacular register]]. It applies of the [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|Coloration Table]] to determine its grammatical relationships, such as sound laws following coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, resulting in the addition of considerable fusional morphologhy.


Canonic is


==Introduction==
==Introduction==


...  
==Phonotactics==
 
==Grammar==
 
===Colored Inflection===
 
Affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. As a result, there are no articles in the language; plus, the canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices (i.e. canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases, as in ''aru saíkatan, quac'' "he said 'I am a philosopher'").
 
..
 
 
 
*Canonic allophones of voiced  consonants in marginal position are devoiced.
 
 
qual /kʷol/ "he/she speaks", qua’-i /kʷo?i/ "she speaks", quar-u /kʷoru/ "he speaks"
 
 
rmd "fasting" > rūāh /tʷoːh/ "you fast" [equivalent to armíd "you fast"]
quan /kʷon/, quah /kʷoh/, qual /kʷol/  "I speak", ...
māamu /pʷaːmu/ instead of *māap /pʷaːp/
gdaíhara idzáh āgrdá daius ādū "in the beginning God created heaven and earth"
"I love slaves"
spartakus âra amālú / fardaquda māamu
fardaqu > *fardaquda > farquda
 
 
 
====Declension====
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | CANONIC DECLENSION
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Definite
! Indefinite
! Nomic
! Definite
! Indefinite
! Nomic
|-
! Nominative
| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}|| -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Accusative
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -zi{{ref|1|1}}, -qu{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -vi{{ref|1|1}}, -mu{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'i{{ref|1|1}}, -ru{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Dative
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}|| -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Copulative
| a-X-h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Ergative
| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Genitive
| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|}
 
{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem.
 
====Conjugation====
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | CANONIC CONJUGATION
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
|-
! Active Future
| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Active Present
 
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Active Past
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Passive Future
| h-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || n-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || l-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || q-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || m-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || r-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Passive Present
 
| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Passive Past
 
| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|}
 
{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.
 
The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs'' "to the giant" / ''azīs'' "the giant's" with ''kāun'' "I kill" / ''iāba'' "I am killed".
 
==X==
 
''tla'', but not ''tra'', ''dla'', or ''dra''
 
''tlu'' becomes ''tlau''
 
 
''alt'', but not  ''art'', ''ald'', or ''ard''
 
alk > aik
 
alp /aup/
 
 
 
saíkat /sēgak/
siktâ /siggâ/
 
 
khighihk


==Phonology==
pnubmunp


tladralt
===Sound Changes===
With the [[w:Phonological rule|generative notation]] developed in the 20<sup>th</sup> Century by [[w:Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky]] and [[w:Morris Halle|Morris Halle]]<ref name="Chomsky; Halle">[[w:The Sound Pattern of English|The Sound Pattern of English]] (1968).</ref>...
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
! -/+
! |I-type
! |U-type
! |A-type
|-
!K-type
| k / g
| p / b
| t / d
|-
!H-type
| h / ɦ
| n̥ / m
| l̥ / r
|-
!S-type
| s / z
| f / v
| t͡s / ʔ
|}
{{Multifeature|-voice}}
{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}
{{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
Coherent with Index Diachronica...
In Sca2
Sets: (non-supported)
Z=ẞÞÐ (different from S, as it is a sequence)
G=JWR (different from V, as it is a sequence)
ẞ=sz, Þ=fv, Ð=c'
ẞ→/#_/#_J
S→/#_/#_JWR
Categories:
V=yaeiouȳāēīōū
V̆=yaeiou
V̄=ȳāēīōū
J=ieīē
W=uoūō
Y=yaȳā
C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
C̥=kpthnlsfc
C̬=gbdqmrzv'
K=kgpbtd
S=szfvc'
H=hqnmlr
Q=123456
I=kghqsz
U=pbnmfv
A=tdlrc'
Ĭ=khs
Ī=gqz
Ŭ=pnf
Ū=bmv
Ă=tlc
Ā=dr'
Rewrite rules:
i|1
u|2
nd|3
mb|4
lb|5
rd|6
Sound Changes:
V→/#_CVVCVVCVV
V→/#_CVCVVCVV
V→/#_CVVCVCVV
V→/#_CVVCVVCV
V→/#_CVCVCVV
V→/#_CVCVVCV
V→/#_CVVCVCV
V→/#_CVCVCV
V→/#_CVVCVV
V→/#_CVCVV
V→/#_CVVCV
V→/#_CVCV
CV→/CV_CV
V→/CVCVC_#
V→/CVCVCC_#
ia→e/_
ai→ē/_
uo→o/_
au→ō/_
ui→ȳ/_
iu→y/_
K→S/[īē]_
K→H/[ūō]_
K→S/_J
K→H/_W
H→Q/R_R
C→/_#
[sz]→/#_/#_J
[sz]→/_#/J_#
[fv]→/#_/#_W
[fv]→/_#/W_#
[c']→/#_/#_R
[c']→/_#/R_#
+→-/_#
-→+/V_V
====Nullification====
=====(∅⇒∅/∅)=====
Idiosyncratic sound change.
=====(∅⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
E.g. ''k'' /k/
=====(∅⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
E.g. ''a'' /a/
=====(∅⇒∅/TONE)=====
E.g. ''á'' /áː/
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/∅)=====
E.g. ''atl'' /al/
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
E.g. ''argda'' /arda/
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
E.g. ''aūk'' /auː/
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/TONE)=====
E.g. ''lmá'' /má/
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/∅)=====
E.g. ''dagauna'' /dagaun/
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
E.g. ''aizza'' /azza/
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
E.g. ''aiu'' /au/
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/TONE)=====
E.g. ''aíu'' /ái/ "you"
=====(TONE⇒∅/∅)=====
E.g. ''á'' /a/
=====(TONE⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
E.g. ''árda'' /arda/
=====(TONE⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
E.g. ''taó'' /tau/
=====(TONE⇒∅/TONE)=====
E.g. ''áós'' /aós/ "you"
====Consonantization====
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)
=====Voicing (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)=====
Final consonants are devoiced — e.g. ''ad'' /at/ —; medial ones are voiced — e.g. ata /ada/.
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
=====Compensatory Lengthening (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)=====
E.g. āra /arda/, āda /adda/, ā’a /aʔʔa/
(''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.
====Vocalization====
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>VOWEL/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>VOWEL/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>VOWEL/TONE)
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>VOWEL/TONE)
=====Phthongization (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)=====
Monophthongization happens during closed syllables — e.g. ''vaíds'' /véːt͡s/ —, and diphthongization in open syllables compare — e.g. ''tō'' /tau̯/.
diphthongs to monophthongs
iu > y, ui > ȳ
ia > e, ai > ē
ua > o, au > ō
triphthongs to diphthongs
ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō
in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>VOWEL/TONE)
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>VOWEL/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>VOWEL/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (TONE>VOWEL/TONE)
====Tonization====
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)
=====X=====
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)
=====X=====
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
=====X=====
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
=====X=====
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)
E.g. ''amba'' /ˈau̯ba/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)
E.g. ''au'' /oː/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)
*aud, alb > alb, amb > *aub
====Decrescence=====
(''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.
====Elision====
====Apocape====
In a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel. [...] unstressed short high vowels are erased next to sonorants and sibilants (suphí > sphí), (bilí > blí)
====Syncope====
In a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.
====Aphaeresis====
In a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.
====Dissimilation====
*swébʰ(i)ey > *sébʰey (bilabial sound expels bilabial sound)
non-tonic vowels become high (begí > bigí)
====Epenthesis====
====Prothesis====
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
EX: ...
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
EX: 'atlya > adalyal
====Paragoge====
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
EX: palk > palsil
====Harmony====
(used in special cases of other laws)
====Haplology====
dadasa > dasa
====Compensatory lengthening====
bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla
====Metathesis====
glides only where the stress is
garda, gráda, gadrá
adtís > addís
====Initial/Final/Intervocalic (de)voicing====
(''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')
{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}
dad > dat
ata > ada
/ai̯/ > /eː/
/i̯a/ > /e/
/au̯/ > /oː/
/u̯a/ > /o/
/u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/
/i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/
/e/ > /i/
/o/ > /u/
Word derivation is less intricate in Canonic.
skt > saga, sazēia (-) / sia, siēia / kada, kaēia (+)
gll > galba, gallēia (-) / galba, gallēia / alba, allēia (+)
krp > karda, karrēia  (-) / kāba, kāmēia / raba, ramēia (+)
qfl >  qava, qavēia (-) / qulba, qullēia / falba, fallēia (+)
karda "murder" > karri "murderer" / karru "victim", raba "execution" > rami "executioner" / ravu "prisoner"
i (concrete, active terms) / u  (abstract, passive terms)
''qiat azīs hu'' "he saw the giant's dog"
''avāda sazēia'' "the temptations of humans"
k’ālú "to be in a place"
∅ = sēzu "I philosophize", sēgau "I will philosophize"
Íz > IgÁ
Úq > UgÁ
Í' > IdÁ
Úr > UdÁ
Ím > IbÁ
Úv > UbÁ
===Sandhi===
====Internal Euphony====
====External Euphony====
===Meter===
Canonic extends the concepts of "short" and "long" in Adamic grammar to the syllable as a whole, identifying the following segments:
*(C)<sup>2</sup>V(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|light]])
*(C)<sup>2</sup>VV(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>V̄(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>VC̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|heavy]])
*(C)<sup>2</sup>V̄V(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>VVC̬(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>V̄C̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|superheavy]])
Any other arrangement, such as ''(C)(C)V̄VC̬'', is forbidden. [...] Non-sonorant consonants if [...] C̬ = one sonorant or two non-sonorant consonants, C̥ = one non-sonorant consonant
light (μ<sub>1</sub>)
heavy (μ<sub>2</sub>)
superheavy (μ<sub>3</sub>)
A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables, 24 heavy syllables, up to 36 light syllables [...]
====Caesura====
====Elision====
KH- KH/HK -HK
monosyllabic stressed word attracts article
bîbl /ˈbiːbl/ + iru /iru/ = bîbliru
... = bîbliru
canonic allophones
kʲ kʷ kʰ gʲ gʷ gʱ
pʲ pʷ pʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ
tʲ tʷ tʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ
canonic clusters
hk ɦg hp ɦb ht ɦd / ŋk ŋg mp mb nt nd / lk rk lg rg lp rp lb rb lt rt ld rd
kh gɦ ph bɦ th dɦ / kŋ gŋ pm bm tn dn / kl kr gl gr pl pr bl br tl tr dl dr
the equivalent of ''lucifer'' "lightbearer" would be ''haípar'' (h’l + p'r X i/aí/a/)
not pro-drop (subject is only ommitted in relative clauses)
suma "who?" > cu masu-ta "you being ...?", cu suma-ta "who are you?"
aliúma "where?" > cu maliú-ta "where are you going?", cu aliúma-ta "where are you from?"
OBL + ma = interrogative
combinations such as *sr (SH/HS) and *sp (SK/KS) are not possible, and will trigger the insertion of vowels
EX: ask > asak
-k-h-s- "one" kis ~ ksi ~ iks ... káhs
-p-n-f- "two" puf ~ pfu ~ upf ... pánf
-t-l-c- "three" tac ~ tca ~ atc ... tálc
-g-q-z- "four" gīz ... gaíz
-b-m-v- "five" būv ~ bvū ~ ūbv ... baúv
-d-r-'- "six" dā' ~ d'ā ~ ād' ... dâ'
khis, nuf, tlac, ghīz, mūv, drā
kihs 1
punf 2
talc 3
qīz 4
nūv 5
drā 6
drāsi 7
nūca 8
qīfu 9
unū 10
unūs 11
udrā 12
udrās 13
udrāf 14
anū 15
anūs 16
anūf 17
adrā 18
adrās 19
īnū 20
īnūs 21
īnūf 22
īnūc 23
īdrā 24
ūnū 25
ūnūs 26
ūnūf 27
ūnūc 28
ūnūzi 29
ūdrā/ānū 30
...
...
ādrā 36
...
upādrā 72
...
īqādrā 144
...
ādupādrā 432
ikh/si up/fu at/ca īq/zī ūn/vū ād/ā
kihs ghīz  ikh hzī
punf bmūv upn mvū
talc drā' atl r'ā
/
drāikh 7
ghīzu 8
talcatl 9
mūvu 10
...
drā'atl 18
drā'rā 36
''drā’ikh'' 7, ''drā’upn'' 12, ''drā’atl'' 18, ''drā’zī'' 24, ''drā’vū'' 30, ''drā’’ā'' 36
Non-finite verbs are (despite the name) more treated as defective nouns. They lack article yet behave as if were regulated by them


===Orthography===
''murú appúral'' "I do not pretend to die"
''ígul mārasu'' "eating is good


===Consonants===
''liviatan'' "whale"
''maubidik'' "sperm whale"
''bailzaibub'' "fly"
''drakula'' "bat"
''ganaisa'' "elephant"


''aran bailzaibub gulí amārâ-la, qaut babaiaga'' "flies don't like getting eaten, said the witch"


===Vowels===


===Prosody===
3 genders, but the masculine can be treated as the neuter


====Stress====
mostly synthetic


====Intonation====




===Phonotactics===




===Morphophonology===
''nun/nȳō'', ''lih/sȳē'', ''al/sȳa'' (nom)


==Morphology==
''nuf/nȳu'', ''lis/sȳi'', ''ac/sȳa'' (acc)


''nuf/nȳua'', ''lis/sȳia'', ''at/sȳa'' (dat)


mū (n > m-u-u)


==Syntax==
ry (l > r-i-u)


===Constituent order===
zō (∅ > z-a-u)


===Noun phrase===
[[Adamic Code#Canonic|Triptote Inflection]]


===Verb phrase===
[[w:Participle|infinite participles]]


===Sentence phrase===


===Dependent clauses===


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Latest revision as of 22:02, 6 November 2025


Canonic is a poetic form of its vernacular register. It applies of the Coloration Table to determine its grammatical relationships, such as sound laws following coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, resulting in the addition of considerable fusional morphologhy.


Introduction

Phonotactics

Grammar

Colored Inflection

Affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. As a result, there are no articles in the language; plus, the canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices (i.e. canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases, as in aru saíkatan, quac "he said 'I am a philosopher'").

..


  • Canonic allophones of voiced consonants in marginal position are devoiced.


qual /kʷol/ "he/she speaks", qua’-i /kʷo?i/ "she speaks", quar-u /kʷoru/ "he speaks"


rmd "fasting" > rūāh /tʷoːh/ "you fast" [equivalent to armíd "you fast"] quan /kʷon/, quah /kʷoh/, qual /kʷol/ "I speak", ... māamu /pʷaːmu/ instead of *māap /pʷaːp/ gdaíhara idzáh āgrdá daius ādū "in the beginning God created heaven and earth" "I love slaves" spartakus âra amālú / fardaquda māamu fardaqu > *fardaquda > farquda


Declension

CANONIC DECLENSION
Singular Plural
Definite Indefinite Nomic Definite Indefinite Nomic
Nominative -h[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -i[A] -n[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -u[A] -l[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -a[A] -q[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -ī[A] -m[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -ū[A] -r[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -ā[A]
Accusative -k[0][3], -s[1], -h[2], -∅[4], -i[A] -p[0][3], -n[2], -∅[1][4], -u[A] -t[0][3], -l[2], -∅[1][4], -a[A] -g[0], -zi[1], -qu[2], -ga[3], -∅[4], -ī[A] -b[0], -vi[1], -mu[2], -ba[3], -∅[4], -ū[A] -d[0], -'i[1], -ru[2], -da[3], -∅[4], -ā[A]
Dative -s[0][1], -∅[2][3][4], -i[A] -f[0][2], -∅[1][3][4], -u[A] -c[0][3], -∅[1][2][4], -a[A] -z[0], -za[1][2][3], -∅[4], -ī[A] -v[0], -va[1][2][3], -∅[4], -ū[A] -'[0], -'a[1][2][3], -∅[4], -ā[A]
Copulative a-X-h[0][1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], ay-[A] a-X-n[0][1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], aw-[A] a-X-l[0][1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], a-[A] a-X-q[0][1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], āy-[A] a-X-m[0][1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], āw-[A] a-X-r[0][1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], ā-[A]
Ergative a-X-k[0][3], a-X-s[1], a-X-h[2], a-X-∅[4], ya-[A] a-X-p[0][3], a-X-n[1], -f[2], a-X-∅[4], wa-[A] a-X-t[0][3], a-X-l[2], a-X-∅[1][4], a-[A] a-X-g[0], a-X-za[1], a-X-q[2], a-X-ga[3], a-X-∅[4], yā-[A] a-X-b[0], a-X-m[1], a-X-va[2], a-X-ba[3], a-X-∅[4], wā-[A] a-X-d[0], a-X-'a[1], a-X-r[2], a-X-da[3], a-X-∅[4], ā-[A]
Genitive a-X-s[0][1], a-X-∅[2][3][4], i-[A] a-X-f[0][2], a-X-∅[1][3][4], u-[A] a-X-c[0][3], a-X-∅[1][2][4], a-[A] a-X-z[0], a-X-za[1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], ī-[A] a-X-v[0], -va[1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], ū-[A] a-X-'[0], a-X-'a[1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], ā-[A]

^0 Consonantal stem; ^1 I-stem; ^2 U-stem; ^3 A-stem; ^4 Repeated stem; ^A Vocalic stem.

Conjugation

CANONIC CONJUGATION
Singular Plural
2nd-person 1st-person 3rd-person 2nd-person 1st-person 3rd-person
Active Future -h[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -ay[A][B] -n[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -aw[A][B] -l[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -a[A][B] -q[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -āy[A], -ēia[B] -m[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -āw[A], -ōua[B] -r[0][1][2][3], -∅[4], -ā[A][B]
Active Present -k[0][3], -s[1], -h[2], -∅[4], -ya[A], -e[B] -p[0][3], -n[1], -f[2], -∅[4], -wa[A], -o[B] -t[0][3], -l[2], -∅[1][4], -a[A][B] -g[0], -za[1], -q[2], -ga[3], -∅[4], -yā[A][B] -b[0], -m[1], -va[2], -ba[3], -∅[4], -wā[A][B] -d[0], -'a[1], -r[2], -da[3], -∅[4], -ā[A][B]
Active Past -s[0][1], -∅[2][3][4], -i[A][B] -f[0][2], -∅[1][3][4], -u[A][B] -c[0][3], -∅[1][2][4], -a[A] -z[0], -za[1][2][3], -∅[4], -ī[A][B] -v[0], -va[1][2][3], -∅[4], -ū[A][B] -'[0], -'a[1][2][3], -∅[4], -ā[A]
Passive Future h-X-a[0][1][2][3], ∅-X-a[4], ay-[A][B] n-X-a[0][1][2][3], a-X-∅[4], aw-[A][B] l-X-a[0][1][2][3], ∅-X-a[4], a-[A][B] q-X-a[0][1][2][3], ∅-X-a[4], āy-[A], ēi-[B] m-X-a[0][1][2][3], ∅-X-a[4], āw-[A], ōu-[B] r-X-a[0][1][2][3], ∅-X-a[4], ā-[A][B]
Passive Present k-X-a[0][3], s-X-a[1], h-X-a[2], ∅-X-a[4], ya-[A], e-[B] p-X-a[0][3], n-X-a[1], f-X-a[2], ∅-X-a[4], wa-[A], o-[B] t-X-a[0][3], l-X-a[2], ∅-X-a[1][4], a-[A][B] g-X-a[0], za-X-a[1], q-X-a[2], ga-X-a[3], ∅-X-a[4], yā-[A][B] b-X-a[0], m-X-a[1], va-X-a[2], ba-X-a[3], ∅-X-a[4], wā-[A][B] d-X-a[0], 'a-X-a[1], r-X-a[2], da-X-a[3], ∅-X-a[4], ā-[A][B]
Passive Past s-X-a[0][1], ∅-X-a[2][3][4], i-[A][B] f-X-a[0][2], ∅-X-a[1][3][4], u-[A][B] c-X-a[0][3], ∅-X-a[1][2][4], a-[A] z-X-a[0], za-X-a[1][2][3], ∅-X-a[4], ī-[A][B] v-X-a[0], va-X-a[1][2][3], ∅-X-a[4], ū-[A][B] '-X-a[0], 'a-X-a[1][2][3], ∅-X-a[4], ā-[A]

^0 Consonantal stem; ^1 I-stem; ^2 U-stem; ^3 A-stem; ^4 Repeated stem; ^A Vocalic stem; ^B Irregular stem.

The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of -a-. Compare the pair zīs "to the giant" / azīs "the giant's" with kāun "I kill" / iāba "I am killed".

X

tla, but not tra, dla, or dra

tlu becomes tlau


alt, but not art, ald, or ard

alk > aik

alp /aup/


saíkat /sēgak/ siktâ /siggâ/


khighihk

pnubmunp

tladralt

Sound Changes

With the generative notation developed in the 20th Century by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle[1]...

-/+ I-type U-type A-type
K-type k / g p / b t / d
H-type h / ɦ n̥ / m l̥ / r
S-type s / z f / v t͡s / ʔ


-voice


{V// <low>} → {V// nasal // <low>} ⧸ {V// nasal // <glottalized>}C0_


C → 0 ⧸ _#


Coherent with Index Diachronica...

In Sca2

Sets: (non-supported)

Z=ẞÞÐ (different from S, as it is a sequence) G=JWR (different from V, as it is a sequence) ẞ=sz, Þ=fv, Ð=c' ẞ→/#_/#_J S→/#_/#_JWR

Categories:

V=yaeiouȳāēīōū V̆=yaeiou V̄=ȳāēīōū J=ieīē W=uoūō Y=yaȳā C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv' C̥=kpthnlsfc C̬=gbdqmrzv' K=kgpbtd S=szfvc' H=hqnmlr Q=123456 I=kghqsz U=pbnmfv A=tdlrc' Ĭ=khs Ī=gqz Ŭ=pnf Ū=bmv Ă=tlc Ā=dr'

Rewrite rules:

i|1 u|2 nd|3 mb|4 lb|5 rd|6

Sound Changes:

V→/#_CVVCVVCVV V→/#_CVCVVCVV V→/#_CVVCVCVV V→/#_CVVCVVCV V→/#_CVCVCVV V→/#_CVCVVCV V→/#_CVVCVCV V→/#_CVCVCV V→/#_CVVCVV V→/#_CVCVV V→/#_CVVCV V→/#_CVCV CV→/CV_CV V→/CVCVC_# V→/CVCVCC_# ia→e/_ ai→ē/_ uo→o/_ au→ō/_ ui→ȳ/_ iu→y/_ K→S/[īē]_ K→H/[ūō]_ K→S/_J K→H/_W H→Q/R_R C→/_# [sz]→/#_/#_J [sz]→/_#/J_# [fv]→/#_/#_W [fv]→/_#/W_# [c']→/#_/#_R [c']→/_#/R_# +→-/_# -→+/V_V


Nullification

(∅⇒∅/∅)

Idiosyncratic sound change.

(∅⇒∅/CONSONANT)

E.g. k /k/

(∅⇒∅/VOWEL)

E.g. a /a/

(∅⇒∅/TONE)

E.g. á /áː/

(CONSONANT⇒∅/∅)

E.g. atl /al/

(CONSONANT⇒∅/CONSONANT)

E.g. argda /arda/

(CONSONANT⇒∅/VOWEL)

E.g. aūk /auː/

(CONSONANT⇒∅/TONE)

E.g. lmá /má/

(VOWEL⇒∅/∅)

E.g. dagauna /dagaun/

(VOWEL⇒∅/CONSONANT)

E.g. aizza /azza/

(VOWEL⇒∅/VOWEL)

E.g. aiu /au/

(VOWEL⇒∅/TONE)

E.g. aíu /ái/ "you"

(TONE⇒∅/∅)

E.g. á /a/

(TONE⇒∅/CONSONANT)

E.g. árda /arda/

(TONE⇒∅/VOWEL)

E.g. taó /tau/

(TONE⇒∅/TONE)

E.g. áós /aós/ "you"

Consonantization

X

E.g. ad /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)

Voicing (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)

Final consonants are devoiced — e.g. ad /at/ —; medial ones are voiced — e.g. ata /ada/.

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)


Compensatory Lengthening (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)

E.g. āra /arda/, āda /adda/, ā’a /aʔʔa/


(H → Q ⧸ V_R): type-2 consonants extend to i, u, nd, mb, lb, and rd respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.


Vocalization

X

E.g. ad /at/ (0>VOWEL/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (0>VOWEL/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (0>VOWEL/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (0>VOWEL/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>VOWEL/TONE)

Phthongization (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)

Monophthongization happens during closed syllables — e.g. vaíds /véːt͡s/ —, and diphthongization in open syllables compare — e.g. tō /tau̯/.

diphthongs to monophthongs iu > y, ui > ȳ ia > e, ai > ē ua > o, au > ō

triphthongs to diphthongs ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō

in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>VOWEL/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (TONE>VOWEL/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (TONE>VOWEL/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (TONE>VOWEL/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (TONE>VOWEL/TONE)

Tonization

X

E.g. ad /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)




E.g. amba /ˈau̯ba/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)

E.g. au /oː/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/0) 



*aud, alb > alb, amb > *aub

Decrescence=

(Z → ∅ ⧸ [#]_[#]/[G]_[G]): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.

Elision

Apocape

In a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel. [...] unstressed short high vowels are erased next to sonorants and sibilants (suphí > sphí), (bilí > blí)

Syncope

In a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.

Aphaeresis

In a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.

Dissimilation

  • swébʰ(i)ey > *sébʰey (bilabial sound expels bilabial sound)


non-tonic vowels become high (begí > bigí)

Epenthesis

Prothesis

In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added. EX: ...


In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added. EX: 'atlya > adalyal

Paragoge

In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant). EX: palk > palsil

Harmony

(used in special cases of other laws)

Haplology

dadasa > dasa

Compensatory lengthening

bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla

Metathesis

glides only where the stress is garda, gráda, gadrá

adtís > addís

Initial/Final/Intervocalic (de)voicing

(-sonorant → -voice ⧸ _#)

a → y ⧸ _{iu}


dad > dat

ata > ada


/ai̯/ > /eː/ /i̯a/ > /e/ /au̯/ > /oː/ /u̯a/ > /o/ /u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/ /i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/


/e/ > /i/ /o/ > /u/


Word derivation is less intricate in Canonic.

skt > saga, sazēia (-) / sia, siēia / kada, kaēia (+)

gll > galba, gallēia (-) / galba, gallēia / alba, allēia (+)

krp > karda, karrēia (-) / kāba, kāmēia / raba, ramēia (+)

qfl > qava, qavēia (-) / qulba, qullēia / falba, fallēia (+)

karda "murder" > karri "murderer" / karru "victim", raba "execution" > rami "executioner" / ravu "prisoner"

i (concrete, active terms) / u (abstract, passive terms)


qiat azīs hu "he saw the giant's dog"

avāda sazēia "the temptations of humans"

k’ālú "to be in a place"


∅ = sēzu "I philosophize", sēgau "I will philosophize"

Íz > IgÁ

Úq > UgÁ

Í' > IdÁ

Úr > UdÁ

Ím > IbÁ

Úv > UbÁ

Sandhi

Internal Euphony

External Euphony

Meter

Canonic extends the concepts of "short" and "long" in Adamic grammar to the syllable as a whole, identifying the following segments:

  • (C)2VV(C̥) ~ (C)2V̄(C̥) ~ (C)2VC̬(C̥) (heavy)
  • (C)2V̄V(C̥) ~ (C)2VVC̬(C̥) ~ (C)2V̄C̬(C̥) (superheavy)

Any other arrangement, such as (C)(C)V̄VC̬, is forbidden. [...] Non-sonorant consonants if [...] C̬ = one sonorant or two non-sonorant consonants, C̥ = one non-sonorant consonant

light (μ1) heavy (μ2) superheavy (μ3)

A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables, 24 heavy syllables, up to 36 light syllables [...]

Caesura

Elision

KH- KH/HK -HK

monosyllabic stressed word attracts article bîbl /ˈbiːbl/ + iru /iru/ = bîbliru ... = bîbliru

canonic allophones kʲ kʷ kʰ gʲ gʷ gʱ pʲ pʷ pʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ tʲ tʷ tʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ

canonic clusters hk ɦg hp ɦb ht ɦd / ŋk ŋg mp mb nt nd / lk rk lg rg lp rp lb rb lt rt ld rd kh gɦ ph bɦ th dɦ / kŋ gŋ pm bm tn dn / kl kr gl gr pl pr bl br tl tr dl dr

the equivalent of lucifer "lightbearer" would be haípar (h’l + p'r X i/aí/a/)





not pro-drop (subject is only ommitted in relative clauses)

suma "who?" > cu masu-ta "you being ...?", cu suma-ta "who are you?" aliúma "where?" > cu maliú-ta "where are you going?", cu aliúma-ta "where are you from?" OBL + ma = interrogative


combinations such as *sr (SH/HS) and *sp (SK/KS) are not possible, and will trigger the insertion of vowels EX: ask > asak

-k-h-s- "one" kis ~ ksi ~ iks ... káhs -p-n-f- "two" puf ~ pfu ~ upf ... pánf -t-l-c- "three" tac ~ tca ~ atc ... tálc -g-q-z- "four" gīz ... gaíz -b-m-v- "five" būv ~ bvū ~ ūbv ... baúv -d-r-'- "six" dā' ~ d'ā ~ ād' ... dâ'

khis, nuf, tlac, ghīz, mūv, drā

kihs 1 punf 2 talc 3 qīz 4 nūv 5 drā 6 drāsi 7 nūca 8 qīfu 9 unū 10 unūs 11 udrā 12 udrās 13 udrāf 14 anū 15 anūs 16 anūf 17 adrā 18 adrās 19 īnū 20 īnūs 21 īnūf 22 īnūc 23 īdrā 24 ūnū 25 ūnūs 26 ūnūf 27 ūnūc 28 ūnūzi 29 ūdrā/ānū 30 ... ādrā 36 ... upādrā 72 ... īqādrā 144 ... ādupādrā 432

ikh/si up/fu at/ca īq/zī ūn/vū ād/ā

kihs ghīz ikh hzī punf bmūv upn mvū talc drā' atl r'ā / drāikh 7 ghīzu 8 talcatl 9 mūvu 10 ... drā'atl 18 drā'rā 36

drā’ikh 7, drā’upn 12, drā’atl 18, drā’zī 24, drā’vū 30, drā’’ā 36

Non-finite verbs are (despite the name) more treated as defective nouns. They lack article yet behave as if were regulated by them

murú appúral "I do not pretend to die" ígul mārasu "eating is good

liviatan "whale" maubidik "sperm whale" bailzaibub "fly" drakula "bat" ganaisa "elephant"

aran bailzaibub gulí amārâ-la, qaut babaiaga "flies don't like getting eaten, said the witch"


3 genders, but the masculine can be treated as the neuter

mostly synthetic



nun/nȳō, lih/sȳē, al/sȳa (nom)

nuf/nȳu, lis/sȳi, ac/sȳa (acc)

nuf/nȳua, lis/sȳia, at/sȳa (dat)

mū (n > m-u-u)

ry (l > r-i-u)

zō (∅ > z-a-u)

Triptote Inflection

infinite participles


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Example texts

  1. ^ The Sound Pattern of English (1968).
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