Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

δȳrom 'bird'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	δȳrom	δyδȳrom	δȳrīs
Definite	δȳrae	δyδȳrae	δȳrinny

Possessed forms of δȳrom - 'word'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	δȳrot	δȳror
1sg possessor	δȳrōn	δȳroryn
2sg.m possessor	δȳrossi	δȳroressi
2sg.f possessor	δȳrossy	δȳroressy
3sg.m possessor	δȳrō	δȳrory
3sg.f possessor	δȳrī	δȳrorī
3sg.n possessor	δȳra	δȳrora
1exc possessor	δȳrommo	δȳrorammo
1inc possessor	δȳront	δȳrorynt
2pl possessor	δȳrocca	δȳrorecca
3pl possessor	δȳrōr	δȳrorōr

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	gondā	gogondā	gondār
Definite	gondām	gogondām	gondāsa

Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	gondāt	gondanna
1sg possessor	gondaen	gondannan
2sg.m possessor	gondaessi	gondannassi
2sg.f possessor	gondaessy	gondannassy
3sg.m possessor	gondae	gondanny
3sg.f possessor	gondaeī	gondannī
3sg.n possessor	gondaea	gondanna
1exc possessor	gondaemmo	gondannammo
1inc possessor	gondaent	gondannynt
2pl possessor	gondaecca	gondannecca
3pl possessor	gondaeōr	gondannōr

Neuter nouns

tecty 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	tecty	tetecty	tectȳn
Definite	tectys	tetectys	tectȳr

Possessed forms of tecty - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tectyt	tectȳsi
1sg possessor	tectyn	tectȳsin
2sg.m possessor	tectyssi	tectȳssi
2sg.f possessor	tectyssy	tectȳssy
3sg.m possessor	tectymy	tectȳsiō
3sg.f possessor	tectymī	tectȳsī
3sg.n possessor	tectyma	tectȳsia
1exc possessor	tectȳmmo	tectȳsimmo
1inc possessor	tectȳnt	tectȳsint
2pl possessor	tectȳcca	tectȳsicca
3pl possessor	tectymōr	tectȳsiōr

Mass nouns

jenā 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	jenā	jenenā
Definite	jenaȝes	jenenaȝes

Adjectives

The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. switch-reference marker
2. applicative or derivational prefixes
3. object prefix
4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
5. STEM
6. voice suffix
7. TAM + subject
8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

• 1sg: ni-
• 2sg: ri-
• 3sg: bi-
• 1pl.ex: mē-
• 1pl.ex: dē-
• 2pl: sē-
• 3pl: nē-

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

• Consonant stems: (-y-)
• Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:

• cacsynis = I eat
• nīs cacsyn = I do not eat

Present

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussanis	torenis	cacsynis
2SG	tussaris	toreris	cacsyris
3SG.M	tussamis	toremis	cacsymis
3SG.F	tussasis	toresis	cacsysis
3SG.N	tussas	tores	cacsis
1EX	tussamēs	toremēs	cacsymēs
1IN	tussantis	torentis	cacsyntis
2PL	tussasces	toresces	cacsysces
3PL	tussatis	toretis	cacsytis

Dependent forms (shown with nīs 'not'):

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussan	nīs toren	nīs cacsyn
2SG	nīs tussar	nīs torer	nīs cacsyr
3SG.M	nīs tussam	nīs torem	nīs cacsym
3SG.F	nīs tussasi	nīs toresi	nīs cacsysi
3SG.N	nīs tussa	nīs tore	nīs cacsy
1EX	nīs tussamē	nīs toremē	nīs cacsymē
1IN	nīs tussant	nīs torent	nīs cacsynt
2PL	nīs tussasce	nīs toresce	nīs cacsysce
3PL	nīs tussat	nīs toret	nīs cacsyt

Imperfect

Uses reduplication:

• Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant
• Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- lengthen the first vowel

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I beg, pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tetussanis	tetorenis	cecacsynis
2SG	tetussaris	tetoreris	cecacsyris
3SG.M	tetussamis	tetoremis	cecacsymis
3SG.F	tetussasis	tetoresis	cecacsysis
3SG.N	tetussas	tetores	cecacsis
1EX	tetussamēs	tetoremēs	cecacsymēs
1IN	tetussantis	tetorentis	cecacsyntis
2PL	tetussasces	tetoresces	cecacsysces
3PL	tetussatis	tetoretis	cecacsytis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tetussan	nīs tetoren	nīs cecacsyn
2SG	nīs tetussar	nīs tetorer	nīs cecacsyr
3SG.M	nīs tetussam	nīs tetorem	nīs cecacsym
3SG.F	nīs tetussasi	nīs tetoresi	nīs cecacsysis
3SG.N	nīs tetussa	nīs tetore	nīs cecacsy
1EX	nīs tetussamē	nīs tetoremē	nīs cecacsymē
1IN	nīs tetussant	nīs tetorent	nīs cecacsynt
2PL	nīs tetussasce	nīs tetoresce	nīs cecacsysce
3PL	nīs tetussat	nīs tetoret	nīs cecacsyt

Preterite

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I beg, pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussannemis	torennemis	cēnnemis
2SG	tussarȳs	torerȳs	cērȳs
3SG.M	tussasmis	toresmis	cēsmis
3SG.F	tussastis	torestis	cēstis
3SG.N	tussasos	toresos	cēsos
1EX	tussameris	toremeris	cēmeris
1IN	tussanteris	torenteris	cēnteris
2PL	tussasceris	toresceris	cēsceris
3PL	tussateris	toreteris	cēteris

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussannem	nīs torennem	nīs cēnnem
2SG	nīs tussarȳ	nīs torerȳ	nīs cērȳ
3SG.M	nīs tussasmi	nīs toresmi	nīs cēsmi
3SG.F	nīs tussasti	nīs toresti	nīs cēsti
3SG.N	nīs tussaso	nīs toreso	nīs cēso
1EX	nīs tussamer	nīs toremer	nīs cēmer
1IN	nīs tussanter	nīs torenter	nīs cēnter
2PL	nīs tussascer	nīs torescer	nīs cēscer
3PL	nīs tussater	nīs toreter	nīs cēter

Future

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.

• cs + t > :st or cs?
• f + t > ct

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussatēnis	toretēnis	cacsēnis
2SG	tussatēris	toretēris	cacsēris
3SG.M	tussatēmis	toretēmis	cacsēmis
3SG.F	tussatēsis	toretēsis	cacsēsis
3SG.N	tussatēs	toretēs	cacsēs
1EX	tussatēmēs	toretēmēs	cacsēmēs
1IN	tussatēntis	toretēntis	cacsēntis
2PL	tussatēsces	toretēsces	cacsēsces
3PL	tussatētis	toretētis	cacsētis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussatēn	nīs toretēn	nīs cacsēn
2SG	nīs tussatēr	nīs toretēr	nīs cacsēr
3SG.M	nīs tussatēm	nīs toretēm	nīs cacsēm
3SG.F	nīs tussatēsi	nīs toretēsi	nīs cacsēsi
3SG.N	nīs tussatē	nīs toretē	nīs cacsē
1EX	nīs tussatēmē	nīs toretēmē	nīs cacsēmē
1IN	nīs tussatēnt	nīs toretēnt	nīs cacsēnt
2PL	nīs tussatēsce	nīs toretēsce	nīs cacsēsce
3PL	nīs tussatēt	nīs toretēt	nīs cacsēt

Subjunctive

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussanaes	torenaes	cacsynaes
2SG	tussaraes	toreraes	cacsyraes
3SG.M	tussamioris	toremioris	cacsymioris
3SG.F	tussasioris	toresioris	cacsysioris
3SG.N	tussoris	torioris	cacsioris
1EX	tussamaes	toremaes	cacsymaes
1IN	tussantaes	torentaes	cacsyntaes
2PL	tussascaes	torescaes	cacsyscaes
3PL	tussatioris	toretioris	cacsytioris

Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative δā):

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussanae	δā torenae	δā cacsynae
2SG	δā tussarae	δā torerae	δā cacsyrae
3SG.M	δā tussamior	δā toremior	δā cacsymior
3SG.F	δā tussasior	δā toresior	δā cacsysior
3SG.N	δā tussor	δā torior	δā cacsior
1EX	δā tussamae	δā toremae	δā cacsymae
1IN	δā tussantae	δā torentae	δā cacsyntae
2PL	δā tussascae	δā torescae	δā cacsyscae
3PL	δā tussatior	δā toretior	δā cacsytior

Optative

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussaedonis	torēdonis	cacsidonis
2SG	tussaedoris	torēdoris	cacsidoris
3SG.M	tussaedomis	torēdomis	cacsidomis
3SG.F	tussaedosis	torēdosis	cacsidosis
3SG.N	tussaedos	torēdos	cacsidos
1EX	tussaedomēs	torēdomēs	cacsidomēs
1IN	tussaedontis	torēdontis	cacsidontis
2PL	tussaedosces	torēdosces	cacsidosces
3PL	tussaedotis	torēdotis	cacsidotis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussaedon	δā torēdon	δā cacsidon
2SG	δā tussaedor	δā torēdor	δā cacsidor
3SG.M	δā tussaedom	δā torēdom	δā cacsidom
3SG.F	δā tussaedosi	δā torēdosi	δā cacsidosi
3SG.N	δā tussaedo	δā torēdo	δā cacsido
1EX	δā tussaedomē	δā torēdomē	δā cacsidomē
1IN	δā tussaedont	δā torēdont	δā cacsidont
2PL	δā tussaedosce	δā torēdosce	δā cacsidosce
3PL	δā tussaedot	δā torēdot	δā cacsidot

Imperative

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I beg, pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	tussās!	torēs!	cacsys!
1IN	tussantēs!	torentēs!	cacsyntēs!
2PL	tussascēs!	torescēs!	cacsyscēs!

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	δā tussā!	δā torē!	δā cacsy!
1IN	δā tussantē!	δā torentē!	δā cacsyntē!
2PL	δā tussascē!	δā torescē!	δā cacsyscē!

Non-finite forms

Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.

First infinitive

Formed with -s

Second infinitive

Formed with -ācos

Derivational morphology

• ar-, afor- = telic
• fer- = nominalizer
• ēs- = co-, together
• -ro- = passive marker
• -t- = a causative marker

Numbers

• 1: cēmym
• 2: tiθōr
• 3: narge
• 4: δaobe
• 5: salithe
• 6: stāmym
• 7: rōde
• 8: lorede
• 9: barve
• 10: ħiōr
• 11: jācēmym
• 12: cnaesā