Thulean: Difference between revisions
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2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of. Eg: | 2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of. Eg: | ||
a) | |||
pikselhat talki = any of the people | pikselhat telli | ||
= any one of the people | |||
pik-selka-t tin-Li | |||
ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF | |||
b) | |||
pikselhat talki | |||
= any of the people | |||
pik-selka-t tak-Li | |||
ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL | |||
===Demonstratives === | ===Demonstratives === |
Revision as of 17:48, 7 March 2017
Introduction
Description
The Thulean language (endonym: Minegkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.
The Thurse
Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny generally are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the northernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.
Influences
The phonology is inspired by Finnish and Quenya phonaesthetics but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.
Goals
My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too conplex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.
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Phonology
Orthography
Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is phonemic but does show the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:
1) Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | Lateral | Plain | Labialised | |||||
Sonorant | Nasal | m | n | nj | g | gw | ||
Liquid | r | l | lj | |||||
Stop | Fortis | pp | tt | ttl | ttj | kk | kkw | |
Lenis | p | t | tl | tj | k | kw | x | |
Fricative | Fortis | ss | ssl | ssj | qqw | |||
Lenis | s | sl | sj | q | qw | |||
Approximant | v | j | h | w |
2) Vowels
Front | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|
Monophthong | High | i | u |
Low | e | a | |
Diphthong | ai | au |
Note that the glottal stop is not written word-initially. The geminate palatal and labialised velar nasals are written "nnj" and "ggw" respectively. The geminate palatal liquid is written "llj".
Consonants
Thulean has 35 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | Lateral | Plain | Labialised | |||||
Sonorant | Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | /ŋw/ | ||
Liquid | /r/ | /l/ | /ʎ/ | |||||
Stop | Fortis | /pp/ | /tt/ | /ttɬ/ | /ttʃ/ | /kk/ | /kkw/ | |
Lenis | /p/ | /t/ | /tɬ/ | /tʃ/ | /k/ | /kw/ | /ʔ/ | |
Fricative | Fortis | /ss/ | /ɬɬ/ | /ʃʃ/ | /xx/ | /xxw/ | ||
Lenis | /s/ | /ɬ/ | /ʃ/ | /x/ | /xw/ | |||
Approximant | /v/ | /j/ | /h/ | /w/ |
Vowels
Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 8.75 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:
Front | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|
Monophthong | High | /i/ | /u/ |
Low | /ɛ/ | /ɑ/ | |
Diphthong | /ai/ | /au/ |
Allophony
1) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.
2) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.
3) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.
4) /tɬ/ is realised as [dð] in intervocalic position.
5) /ɬ/ is realised as [θ] in onset position following a coda consonant of /n, r/.
6) /ɬ/ is realised as [ð] in intervocalic position.
7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.
8) The geminate clusters /mm, nn, ɲɲ, ŋŋ, ŋŋʷ, rr, ll, ʎʎ/ realised as [mb, nd, ɲʤ, ŋg, ŋgʷ, rd, ld, ʎʤ].
9) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a liquid coda.
Prosody
Stress
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis obstruents close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root. In compound nouns, the primary stress falls within the second root.The stress placement within a root is fixed.
Intonation
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.
Phonotactics
1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).
2) Permitted syllable codas:
a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/
b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, x/
3) Fortis obstruents may not occur in word-initial position.
4) Fortis plosives may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.
5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.
6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.
7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.
8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:
m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | r | l | ʎ | p | t | tɬ | ʧ | k | kʷ | ʔ | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | v | j | h | w | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | mm | mp | mʔ | mv | ||||||||||||||||||||
n | nn | nt | ntɬ | nʔ | ns | |||||||||||||||||||
ɲ | ɲɲ | ɲʧ | ɲʃ | |||||||||||||||||||||
ŋ | ŋŋ | ŋŋʷ | ŋk | ŋkʷ | ŋʔ | ŋx | ŋxʷ | ŋh | ||||||||||||||||
r | rr | rp | rt | rtɬ | rʧ | rk | rkʷ | rʔ | rs | rɬ | rʃ | rx | rxʷ | rv | rj | rh | rw | |||||||
l | ll | lp | lt | lk | lkʷ | lʔ | ls | lx | lxʷ | lv | lh | lw | ||||||||||||
ʎ | ʎʎ | ʎʧ | ʎʃ | |||||||||||||||||||||
p | ps | px | ||||||||||||||||||||||
t | ts | tx | ||||||||||||||||||||||
t | ks | kx | ||||||||||||||||||||||
s | sp | st | stɬ | sʧ | sk | skʷ | ||||||||||||||||||
x | xp | xt | xtɬ | xʧ | xk | xkʷ |
9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.
10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.
11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.
12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.
13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.
14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis obstruent.
15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.
Morphophonology
Consonant Gradation
1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:
a) Fortis obstruents
b) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel
2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.
3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:
a) Fortis obstruents, and lenis stops following a liquid:
GRADE I | GRADE II | GRADE III |
---|---|---|
pp | p | v |
tt | t | r |
ttɬ | tɬ | l |
tʧ | ʧ | j |
kk | k | h |
kkʷ | kʷ | w |
ss | s | |
ɬɬ | ɬ | |
ʃʃ | ʃ | |
xx | x | |
xxʷ | xʷ |
b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
GRADE I | GRADE II |
---|---|
mp | mb |
nt | nd |
ntɬ | ld |
ɲʧ | ɲʤ |
ŋk | ŋg |
ŋkʷ | ŋgʷ |
4) Consonant gradation occurs after metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.
Sandhi
1) Sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.
2) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from suffixation then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the triconsonantal cluster.
3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:
m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | r | l | ʎ | p | t | tɬ | ʧ | k | kʷ | ʔ | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | v | j | h | w | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | mb | nd | ɲʤ | ŋg | ŋgʷ | rd | ld | ʎʤ | mp | nt | ntɬ | ɲʧ | ŋk | ŋkʷ | mʔ | ns | nθ | ɲʃ | ŋx | ŋxʷ | mv | ɲ | ŋh | ŋʷ |
n | nʔ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
t | nt | ɲʧ | nt | ŋkʷ | rt | tɬ | ʎʧ | pp | tt | ttɬ | tʧ | kk | kkʷ | tt | ts | tɬ | ʧ | tx | kkʷ | kʷ | ʧ | tx | kʷ | |
k | ŋk | ŋk | rk | lk | kk | ks | kx | kx | ||||||||||||||||
x | ŋx | nʃ | ŋx | ŋxʷ | rx | lx | ʎʃ | ʃp | ʃt | ʃtɬ | ʃʧ | ʃk | ʃkʷ | xʔ | ss | ɬɬ | ʃʃ | xx | xxʷ | ʃ | xx | xʷ |
4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.
Morphology
General Notes
Thulean morphology has the following constituents:
1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.
2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.
3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.
4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.
Nominal Morphology
Nominal Structure
1) Noun template:
case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix
2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.
Cases
Case | Prefix | Function | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
Absolutive | Ø- |
|
|
Ergative | a- |
|
|
Instrumental | ki- |
|
|
Locative | jet- |
|
|
Allative | nu- |
|
|
Ablative | pik- |
|
|
Perlative | me- |
|
|
Equative | sin- |
|
Number
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.
2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:
a) singular-plural
b) collective-singulative
3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. Eg:
SG: kattu = cat
PL: katut = cats
4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. Eg:
COL: makku = pigs
SGV: makuq = pig
5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. Eg:
COL: ninta = water
SGV: ninnuq = a drop or sip of water
6) Number suffixes:
a) After vowel:
PL: -t
SGV: -q
b) After consonant or before suffix:
PL: -ta
SGV: -qe
Possession
1) Pronominal Possession:
This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:
1SG: -nne
2SG: -gke
3SG ANIM: -nte
3SG INAN: -mme
4SG ANIM: -lle
4SG INAN: -nse
1PL EXCL: -gka
1PL INCL: -ppa
2PL: -kka
3PL ANIM: -tta
3PL INAN: -mma
4PL ANIM: -lka
4PL INAN: -ksa
2) Nominal Possession:
This is indicated by the following construction:
NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix eg:
akimet katunte = the woman's cat
a-kimet kattu-nte
ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS
The Indefinite
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.
2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of. Eg:
a)
pikselhat telli
= any one of the people
pik-selka-t tin-Li
ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF
b)
pikselhat talki
= any of the people
pik-selka-t tak-Li
ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL
Demonstratives
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:
a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.
b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.
c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.
d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.
2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:
PROX CIT: -ksi
DIST CIT: -psu
PROX ULT: -tje
DIST ULT: -nja
Gender
1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.
2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.
3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.
4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers. Eg:
paslanti kattu = the pretty cat
helkammu ninta = the hot water
Pronouns
Verbal Morphology
Verbal Structure
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources
Thulean Lexicon
ahaq = fire
aira = tree
alwa = lark
ana = fruits
anja = copper, small change
apa = to be not, negative auxiliary
aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)
arhat = silver, money, cash
arqa = to eat
aru = kernel, core
avalla = apple
ekwa = horse
elet = bronze
eqpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active)
esak = salmon
esel = leaves
gaxala = to heal, to doctor
hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)
-halla = augmentative
-hansle = too much, excessively
hanta = to give
helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)
isan = iron
iskalva = eagle, falcon, hawk
issit = hair
istilu = pen
jaipiq = fishes
jakken = boat
janaq = man
jelen = valley
jensa = pine tree
jiggat = to drink
kai = but
kallun = witch, sorcerer
kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)
kaqqwe = coffee
karra = stone
karvat = wagon, cart
katen = chains
kategkarvat= train
kategwala = laser
katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)
kattu = cat
kerta = skeleton, frame
kespe = moon, month
kimet = woman
kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)
kwena = a smile
-kwepsu = never
kwersi = piece, portion
kwetsala = feathers
lakka = duck
latju = thug, bravo
-limut = should, must, ought
lira = sea ocean
-lkwa = white, blonde
lukat = mice
maiset = to mislead
-mak = can, able to
makku = pigs
makkusluse = pork
maslen = bread
mesalka = blackbird
-mmelet = black, brunette
nara = be located
nasura = bones
nina = ash tree
ninta = water
njara = to purr
numme = to be red
nutje = eels
palka = to go
pantju = to buy
passla = be beautiful
patata= potatoes
pattu = hare
pattuhalla = donkey
penelku = pencil
penta = to fill
pilun = lead
qaneq = willows
qaste = world
qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)
-qpak = dimunitive
qwakka = fuck
qwenestla = window
qwestu = winds
rarka = be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)
rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)
runna = fist
russla = spirit, soul
-rusta = red, ginger
sahu = sun, day
selka = person
sinarva = gold
sinnak = fox
slaka = maggots
slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)
slatan = wing
-slempi = certain, sure
sluse = meat, flesh
sukkaru = sugar
sunik = snow
suvi = strawberries
tagka = tin
taha = sword
tamate = tomato
teninta = tea
tjakalat = chocolate
tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)
tlanta = children
unnu = pillow
unnujakken = hovercraft
uruk = foreigners
vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)
vakkan = rain
vanna = raven
varka = badger
varra = wolves
vassli = wasp
vasslislatan = helicopter
-verri = new, young, fresh
verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)
vika = bee
-vinja = old, mature, wise
vussu = mouth
vuta = house
wala = light
wervu = amber