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'''Padmanábha''' | '''Padmanábha''' /'pæð.n̩.'niə.b̥e/ or '''Padmapradhána''' /...pʁɑ̈.'tʰiə.n̩/ is a [[Verse:Crackfic Irta/Camalic]] language spoken in a Trician Island in Crackfic Tricin, called ''Padmas'' /'pæð.n̩s/ in the language. It's a descendant of [[Verse:Crackfic Irta/Bhadhagha/Old|Old Bhadhagha]]. | ||
The | The motivation for Padmanábha is "Irish orthography read as Danish with Sanskrito-Khmer loans". | ||
Its orthography is the same as in Old Bhadhagha, but it underwent a Khmer-like vowel split from Old Bhadhagha voiced and breathy voiced stops. After the vowel split it underwent sound changes very similar to Danish: for example, Old Bhadhagha ''r'' also became uvular, and vocalized or colored adjacent vowels. This has resulted in modern Padmanábha having more vowels than Danish. It's also a tonal/register language like Danish, having stød corresponding to Old PN monosyllables (and retained with the addition of the definite article ''-as'' and possessive suffixes). | |||
Stops should be Danish-like, Camalanàbha loans should sound a lot like Sanskrito-Khmer but with a Danish touch | |||
Native PN should have fh and sh but no mh? | |||
t | == Diachronics == | ||
Old PN vowels: a e i o u á é í ó ú ai ao ae aoi aei ia ua iai uai éi ei ái aí eo ea éa eoi eao eá eái io iu iú iúi oí oi ói uí ui úi | |||
heavily steal from Khmer vowel changes | |||
Should breathy voice become a suprasegmental feature in pre-modern PN? (leading to a kind of vowel harmony after the Khmerization) | |||
Assuming no adjacent R's: | |||
<poem> | |||
a, ai > /æ, E(raised)/ | |||
ea > /æ, eə(short)/ | |||
á > /A:, iə/ | |||
eá(i) > /E(raised): iə/ | |||
éa > /E(raised):ə, iə/ | |||
ei > /E(raised), e(raised)/ | |||
éi > /æe, e:(raise)/ | |||
i > /e̝ i/ | |||
i > /əi i:/ | |||
o > /O(lowered) O(raised)/ | |||
ó > /Ao o:(raise)/ | |||
u > /o(raised) u/ | |||
ú > /ou u:/ | |||
ae > /æe/ | |||
aei > /æi Ij/ | |||
ao > /Au Iw/ | |||
aoi > /Œy Yy/ | |||
eao > /Œ: œ:/ | |||
eo > /Œø ø:/ | |||
eoi > /øy Yy/ | |||
io, iu > /ø y/ | |||
iú, iúi > /øy y:/ | |||
ia ua > /iə uə/ | |||
iai uai > /ie ue/ | |||
ai oi > /ə(lowered) ə(raised)/ | |||
ui > /ə(raised) ı/ | |||
oì uì > /əı, ı:/ | |||
schwa (from both unstressed a and e) > /(Seoul eo) e/ | |||
</poem> | |||
Final -mh disappears as in Ăn Yidiș: sraimh /sʁæ(stød)/ | |||
== Phonology == | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ [[Morphophoneme]]–[[phoneme]]–[[phone (phonetics)|phone]] correspondence{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=45–7, 52, 57–9, 71, 546–7}}{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|pp=36–7, 59–61, 287–92, 420–1}} | |||
! rowspan="2" | Morpho-<br />phoneme | |||
! colspan="2" | [[Tautosyllabic]] <br />environment | |||
! rowspan="2" | Phoneme | |||
! rowspan="2" | Phone | |||
! rowspan="2" | Narrow <br />tran-<br />scription | |||
! rowspan="2" | Example | |||
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Note | |||
|- | |||
! After | |||
! Before | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}i{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/i/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[i]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[i]}} | |||
| ''m'''i'''s'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}iː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[iː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[iː]}} | |||
| ''m'''i'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}e{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/e/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[e̝]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[e̝]}} | |||
| ''l'''i'''st'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝]}} | |||
| ''br'''i'''st'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}eː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/eː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[e̝ː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[e̝ː]}} | |||
| ''m'''e'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝ː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝ː~ɛ̝j]}} | |||
| ''gr'''e'''ne'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɛ{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[e]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[e]}} | |||
| ''l'''æ'''st'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}} | |||
| ''b'''æ'''r'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|∅|Nothing}}, {{abbr|D|Dorsal (palatal, velar or uvular)}}{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} or {{IPA|/ɑ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[æ~ɑ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[a~ɑ̈]}} | |||
| ''r'''æ'''kke'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[ɑ]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=45}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɑ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɑ̈]}} | |||
| ''kr'''æ'''ft'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɛː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɛː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[eː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[eː]}} | |||
| ''m'''æ'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|[eː~ɛː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[eː~ɛː]}} | |||
| ''b'''æ'''re'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[ɛː]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=149}} | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝ː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝ː~ɛ̝j]}} | |||
| ''kr'''æ'''se'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}d{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/ɑː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[æː~ɑː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[æː~ɑ̈ː]}} | |||
| ''gr'''æ'''de'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[ɑː]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=285}} | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}a{{pipe}}}} | |||
| ≠ {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|A|Alveolar}}{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|/a/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[æ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[æ]}} | |||
| ''m'''a'''lle'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑ/}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑ]}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑ̈]}} | |||
| ''t'''a'''kke'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ar{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|<nowiki>#</nowiki>|Word boundary}}{{pipe}}}} | |||
| ''v'''ar''''' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | Only in a handful of words.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=154}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/ɑː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɑː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɑ̈ː]}} | |||
| '''''ar'''ne'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}aː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɛː]}} | |||
| ''m'''a'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑː/}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑː]}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑ̈ː]}} | |||
| ''tr'''a'''ne'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}aːr{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ''h'''ar''''' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}y{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/y/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[y]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[y]}} | |||
| ''l'''y'''t'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}yː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/yː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[yː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[yː]}} | |||
| ''k'''y'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ø{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ø/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ø]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ø]}} | |||
| ''k'''y'''s'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| ≠ {{IPA|{{pipe}}v, j, ɡ{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ̝~œ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ̝~œ]}} | |||
| ''gr'''y'''nt'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[œ]}} in innovative varieties. | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}v{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|/œ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɶ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɶ̝]}} | |||
| ''dr'''ø'''v'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | {{sfnp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991|p=87}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}j, ɡ{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ʌ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɒ̽]}} | |||
| ''t'''ø'''j'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}øː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/øː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[øː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[øː]}} | |||
| ''k'''ø'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|[œ̝ː~œː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ̝ː~œː]}} | |||
| ''r'''ø'''be'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[œː]}} in innovative varieties. | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}œ{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/œ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ̝]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ̝]}} | |||
| ''h'''ø'''ns'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ]}} | |||
| ''g'''ø'''r'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|[ɶ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɶ̝]}} | |||
| ''gr'''ø'''n'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}œː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/œː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ̝ː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œ̝ː]}} | |||
| ''h'''ø'''ne'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | Rare.{{sfnp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991|p=108}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[œː]}} | |||
| ''g'''ø'''re'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}u{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/u/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[u]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[u]}} | |||
| ''g'''u'''ld'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/u/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[u~o]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[u~o̝]}} | |||
| ''br'''u'''sk'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[o]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=150}} | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}uː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[uː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[uː]}} | |||
| ''m'''u'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} or {{IPA|/oː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[uː~oː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[uː~o̝ː]}} | |||
| ''r'''u'''se'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[oː]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=150}} | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}o{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|∅|Nothing}}, r{{pipe}}}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/o/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[o]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[o̝]}} | |||
| ''s'''o'''rt'' ('black') | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|[ɔ̝]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɔ̽]}} | |||
| '''''o'''st'' ('cheese') | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}oː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[oː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[o̝ː]}} | |||
| ''m'''o'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɔ{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ʌ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɒ̽]}} | |||
| ''m'''å'''tte'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɔr{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|<nowiki>#</nowiki>|Word boundary}}{{pipe}}}} | |||
| {{IPA|/ɒ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɒ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɒ̝]}} | |||
| ''v'''or''''' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | Only in a handful of words.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=154}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɒː/}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɒː]}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɒ̝ː]}} | |||
| ''m'''or'''se'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɔːr{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ''t'''år'''ne'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɔː{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɔ̝ː]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ɔ̽ː]}} | |||
| ''m'''å'''le'' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ə{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ə]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ə]}} | |||
| ''hopp'''e''''' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ər{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɐ/}} | |||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɐ]}} | |||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɒ̽]}} | |||
| ''fatt'''er''''' | |||
| style="text-align: left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}rə{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ''tu'''re''''' | |||
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | After long vowels.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=72, 81}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}rər{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ''tu'''rer''''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}jə{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/jə/}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɪ]}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɪ]}} | |||
| ''ve'''je''''' | |||
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: left;" | See {{section link||Schwa-assimilation}}. | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɡə{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ''ja'''ge''''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}və{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/və/}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}} | |||
| ''ha'''ve''''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}əd{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/əð/}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ð̩]}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ð̩˕˗ˠ]}} | |||
| ''mån'''ed''''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}də{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/ðə/}} | |||
| ''ba'''de''''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}əl{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/əl/}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[l̩]}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[l̩]}} | |||
| ''gamm'''el''''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}lə{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/lə/}} | |||
| ''ta'''le''''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}nə{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/nə/}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[n̩]}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[n̩]}} | |||
| ''hå'''ne''''' | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ən{{pipe}}}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/ən/}} | |||
| ''hest'''en''''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|[m̩]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[m̩]}} | |||
| ''hopp'''en''''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}} | |||
| {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}} | |||
| ''pakk'''en''''' | |||
|} | |||
The three way distinction in front rounded vowels {{IPA|/y ø œ/}} is upheld only before nasals, e.g. {{IPA|/syns sønˀs sœns/}} ''synes, synds, søns'' ('seems', 'sin's', 'son's'). | |||
{{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} on the one hand and {{IPA|/ɑ/}} and {{IPA|/ɑː/}} on the other are largely in complementary distribution. However, a two-phoneme interpretation can be justified with reference to the unexpected vowel quality in words like ''andre'' {{IPA|/ˈɑndrɐ/}} 'others' or ''anderledes'' {{IPA|/ˈɑnɐˌleːðəs/}} 'different', and an increasing number of loanwords.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=50–1}} | |||
Some phonemes and phones that only occur in unstressed position often merge with full phonemes and phones:{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} | |||
* {{IPA|[ʊ]}} with {{IPA|[o]}}, leading to a variable merger of {{IPA|/və/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} (the former can be {{IPA|[wə]}} or {{IPA|[wʊ]}} instead, in which case no merger takes place). | |||
* {{IPA|/ɐ/}} with {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. According to {{harvp|Basbøll|2005}}, these sounds are usually merged, the main difference being the greater variability in the realizations of {{IPA|/ɐ/}}, which only occurs in unstressed position. In the narrow phonetic transcriptions of {{harvp|Grønnum|2005}} and {{harvp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991}}, the two sounds are treated as identical.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=419|ps=; both sounds are transcribed as {{IPA|[ʌ˖˕˒]}}.}}{{sfnp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991|p=86|ps=, using ''ɔ'' in the [[Dania transcription]].}} | |||
== Orthography == | |||
Padmanábha is written either in the cipher of this page's Latin orthography in the Clofabic alphabet, or in the Camalic abugida. | |||
== Grammar == | |||
-as def article | |||
loses independent verbs like Jp, anna (always pronounced with stød) becomes a subject marker | |||
Denominal adjectives: rugalach -> rugalachaí (from CN genitive), sometimes rugalaich (native) for fanciness | |||
''Annan rinbhrainnear, Praimhín anna rugelachas mó séicmhann.'' /'ænˀn̩ 'ʁɛ̝mpʁɑ̈nɑ̈, pʁɑ̈'vi:nˀ n̩ˀ 'ʁo̝.ʊ.l̩xəs mo̝: 'sæ:jˀʊn/ = I don't think Praimhín ate the rugelach. | |||
==Lexicon== | ==Lexicon== | ||
* ''rugalach'' /ʁo̝.ʊ.l̩x/ = rugelach, slightly different from ours; from a root ''r-g'' 'to love'? | |||
* *widq-ma -> PCam *wīˀdma -> éidhme | * *widq-ma -> PCam *wīˀdma -> éidhme /æedn̩/ (eye) | ||
[[Category:Camalic languages]] | [[Category:Camalic languages]] |
Latest revision as of 00:10, 3 February 2022
Padmanábha /'pæð.n̩.'niə.b̥e/ or Padmapradhána /...pʁɑ̈.'tʰiə.n̩/ is a Verse:Crackfic Irta/Camalic language spoken in a Trician Island in Crackfic Tricin, called Padmas /'pæð.n̩s/ in the language. It's a descendant of Old Bhadhagha.
The motivation for Padmanábha is "Irish orthography read as Danish with Sanskrito-Khmer loans".
Its orthography is the same as in Old Bhadhagha, but it underwent a Khmer-like vowel split from Old Bhadhagha voiced and breathy voiced stops. After the vowel split it underwent sound changes very similar to Danish: for example, Old Bhadhagha r also became uvular, and vocalized or colored adjacent vowels. This has resulted in modern Padmanábha having more vowels than Danish. It's also a tonal/register language like Danish, having stød corresponding to Old PN monosyllables (and retained with the addition of the definite article -as and possessive suffixes).
Stops should be Danish-like, Camalanàbha loans should sound a lot like Sanskrito-Khmer but with a Danish touch
Native PN should have fh and sh but no mh?
Diachronics
Old PN vowels: a e i o u á é í ó ú ai ao ae aoi aei ia ua iai uai éi ei ái aí eo ea éa eoi eao eá eái io iu iú iúi oí oi ói uí ui úi
heavily steal from Khmer vowel changes
Should breathy voice become a suprasegmental feature in pre-modern PN? (leading to a kind of vowel harmony after the Khmerization)
Assuming no adjacent R's:
a, ai > /æ, E(raised)/
ea > /æ, eə(short)/
á > /A:, iə/
eá(i) > /E(raised): iə/
éa > /E(raised):ə, iə/
ei > /E(raised), e(raised)/
éi > /æe, e:(raise)/
i > /e̝ i/
i > /əi i:/
o > /O(lowered) O(raised)/
ó > /Ao o:(raise)/
u > /o(raised) u/
ú > /ou u:/
ae > /æe/
aei > /æi Ij/
ao > /Au Iw/
aoi > /Œy Yy/
eao > /Œ: œ:/
eo > /Œø ø:/
eoi > /øy Yy/
io, iu > /ø y/
iú, iúi > /øy y:/
ia ua > /iə uə/
iai uai > /ie ue/
ai oi > /ə(lowered) ə(raised)/
ui > /ə(raised) ı/
oì uì > /əı, ı:/
schwa (from both unstressed a and e) > /(Seoul eo) e/
Final -mh disappears as in Ăn Yidiș: sraimh /sʁæ(stød)/
Phonology
Morpho- phoneme |
Tautosyllabic environment |
Phoneme | Phone | Narrow tran- scription |
Example | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
After | Before | ||||||
|i| | /i/ | [i] | [i] | mis | |||
|iː| | /iː/ | [iː] | [iː] | mile | |||
|e| | /e/ | [e̝] | [e̝] | list | |||
|r| | [ɛ̝] | [ɛ̝] | brist | ||||
|eː| | /eː/ | [e̝ː] | [e̝ː] | mele | |||
|r| | /ɛː/ | [ɛ̝ː] | [ɛ̝ː~ɛ̝j] | grene | |||
|ɛ| | /ɛ/ | [e] | [e] | læst | |||
|r| | [ɛ] | [ɛ] | bær | ||||
|r| | |Template:Abbr, Template:Abbr| | /ɛ/ or /ɑ/ | [æ~ɑ] | [a~ɑ̈] | række | [ɑ] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp | |
/ɑ/ | [ɑ] | [ɑ̈] | kræft | ||||
|ɛː| | /ɛː/ | [eː] | [eː] | mæle | |||
|r| | [eː~ɛː] | [eː~ɛː] | bære | [ɛː] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp | |||
|r| | [ɛ̝ː] | [ɛ̝ː~ɛ̝j] | kræse | ||||
|d| | /aː/ or /ɑː/ | [æː~ɑː] | [æː~ɑ̈ː] | græde | [ɑː] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp | ||
|a| | ≠ |r| | |Template:Abbr| | /a/ | [æ] | [æ] | malle | |
/ɑ/ | [ɑ] | [ɑ̈] | takke | ||||
|ar| | |Template:Abbr| | var | Only in a handful of words.Template:Sfnp | ||||
/ɑː/ | [ɑː] | [ɑ̈ː] | arne | ||||
|aː| | /aː/ | [ɛː] | [ɛː] | male | |||
|r| | /ɑː/ | [ɑː] | [ɑ̈ː] | trane | |||
|aːr| | har | ||||||
|y| | /y/ | [y] | [y] | lyt | |||
|yː| | /yː/ | [yː] | [yː] | kyle | |||
|ø| | /ø/ | [ø] | [ø] | kys | |||
|r| | ≠ |v, j, ɡ| | [œ̝~œ] | [œ̝~œ] | grynt | [œ] in innovative varieties. | ||
|v| | /œ/ | [ɶ] | [ɶ̝] | drøv | Template:Sfnp | ||
|j, ɡ| | /ɔ/ | [ʌ] | [ɒ̽] | tøj | |||
|øː| | /øː/ | [øː] | [øː] | køle | |||
|r| | [œ̝ː~œː] | [œ̝ː~œː] | røbe | [œː] in innovative varieties. | |||
|œ| | /œ/ | [œ̝] | [œ̝] | høns | |||
|r| | [œ] | [œ] | gør | ||||
|r| | [ɶ] | [ɶ̝] | grøn | ||||
|œː| | /œː/ | [œ̝ː] | [œ̝ː] | høne | Rare.Template:Sfnp | ||
|r| | [œː] | [œː] | gøre | ||||
|u| | /u/ | [u] | [u] | guld | |||
|r| | /u/ | [u~o] | [u~o̝] | brusk | [o] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp | ||
|uː| | /uː/ | [uː] | [uː] | mule | |||
|r| | /uː/ or /oː/ | [uː~oː] | [uː~o̝ː] | ruse | [oː] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp | ||
|o| | |Template:Abbr, r| | /o/ | [o] | [o̝] | sort ('black') | ||
[ɔ̝] | [ɔ̽] | ost ('cheese') | |||||
|oː| | /oː/ | [oː] | [o̝ː] | mole | |||
|ɔ| | /ɔ/ | [ʌ] | [ɒ̽] | måtte | |||
|ɔr| | |Template:Abbr| | /ɒ/ | [ɒ] | [ɒ̝] | vor | Only in a handful of words.Template:Sfnp | |
/ɒː/ | [ɒː] | [ɒ̝ː] | morse | ||||
|ɔːr| | tårne | ||||||
|ɔː| | /ɔː/ | [ɔ̝ː] | [ɔ̽ː] | måle | |||
|ə| | /ə/ | [ə] | [ə] | hoppe | |||
|ər| | /ɐ/ | [ɐ] | [ɒ̽] | fatter | |||
|rə| | ture | After long vowels.Template:Sfnp | |||||
|rər| | turer | ||||||
|jə| | /jə/ | [ɪ] | [ɪ] | veje | See Template:Section link. | ||
|ɡə| | jage | ||||||
|və| | /və/ | [ʊ] | [ʊ] | have | |||
|əd| | /əð/ | [ð̩] | [ð̩˕˗ˠ] | måned | |||
|də| | /ðə/ | bade | |||||
|əl| | /əl/ | [l̩] | [l̩] | gammel | |||
|lə| | /lə/ | tale | |||||
|nə| | /nə/ | [n̩] | [n̩] | håne | |||
|ən| | /ən/ | hesten | |||||
[m̩] | [m̩] | hoppen | |||||
[ŋ̍] | [ŋ̍] | pakken |
The three way distinction in front rounded vowels /y ø œ/ is upheld only before nasals, e.g. /syns sønˀs sœns/ synes, synds, søns ('seems', 'sin's', 'son's').
/a/ and /aː/ on the one hand and /ɑ/ and /ɑː/ on the other are largely in complementary distribution. However, a two-phoneme interpretation can be justified with reference to the unexpected vowel quality in words like andre /ˈɑndrɐ/ 'others' or anderledes /ˈɑnɐˌleːðəs/ 'different', and an increasing number of loanwords.Template:Sfnp
Some phonemes and phones that only occur in unstressed position often merge with full phonemes and phones:Template:Sfnp
- [ʊ] with [o], leading to a variable merger of /və/ and /o/ (the former can be [wə] or [wʊ] instead, in which case no merger takes place).
- /ɐ/ with /ɔ/. According to Template:Harvp, these sounds are usually merged, the main difference being the greater variability in the realizations of /ɐ/, which only occurs in unstressed position. In the narrow phonetic transcriptions of Template:Harvp and Template:Harvp, the two sounds are treated as identical.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
Orthography
Padmanábha is written either in the cipher of this page's Latin orthography in the Clofabic alphabet, or in the Camalic abugida.
Grammar
-as def article
loses independent verbs like Jp, anna (always pronounced with stød) becomes a subject marker
Denominal adjectives: rugalach -> rugalachaí (from CN genitive), sometimes rugalaich (native) for fanciness
Annan rinbhrainnear, Praimhín anna rugelachas mó séicmhann. /'ænˀn̩ 'ʁɛ̝mpʁɑ̈nɑ̈, pʁɑ̈'vi:nˀ n̩ˀ 'ʁo̝.ʊ.l̩xəs mo̝: 'sæ:jˀʊn/ = I don't think Praimhín ate the rugelach.
Lexicon
- rugalach /ʁo̝.ʊ.l̩x/ = rugelach, slightly different from ours; from a root r-g 'to love'?
- *widq-ma -> PCam *wīˀdma -> éidhme /æedn̩/ (eye)