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'''Albionian''' ({{gael|ta Alabenꞅcina}} or {{gael|ten Alabenscaì jiezyc}}) is a Slavic language spoken in Crackfic Irta Scotland. It has phonologically conservative features, such as the retention of the Proto-Balto-Slavic acute as stød, but is meant to be mutually intelligible with our Slavic languages, especially Czech and Slovak. It has as many Brythonic and Goidelic loanwords as Polish has German loanwords. It's notable for having vowel umlaut.
British branch of Maghrebi Arabic with loosely Danish sound changes


==Todo==
Fortis and lenis resonants; uvularization kept as 2ndary articulation of consonants
* insular ꞅ for /s/, s for /ʃ/? or should it be the other way round (because Irish ꞅ would often be /ʃ/)
* -owat is sometimes -àliowat, which is the default when verbing new loans when not from Latin or Romance (-áil-ovatь, like Russian -ировать)
** ''skoràliowat'' 'to score', ''guglàliowat'' 'to google', etc. but ''produkowat'' 'to produce', ''synkretyzowat'' 'to syncretize', ''mnaithowat''/''pomnaithowat'' 'to thank'
* Use the grave accent for long vowels like Gàidhlig (and a little bit of a Gàidhlig accent)
* Should be less head-initial than canon Bjeheond; should be a German~Icelandic relex?
* Alabenin = Albionian man, Alabenka = Albionian woman, Alabenie = plural
*soft yer unconditionally causes umlaut (unless analogized away or blocked by /w/) and umlaut caused by i/j is stress dependent (o and lengthened á get umlaut if unstressed)
*the big Celtic things are: unaspirated-aspirated with some preaspiration, θ ð corresponding pretty much 1-1 to Polish c dz, lack of metathesis and some Irish-inspired things like how čelweak is pronounced /tʃʰɛləβɪhk/; articles
*sv, zv > skw, zgw
*Initial stress, vowel reduction of short vowels, some umlaut to get aù, no yer-deletion if syllable is initial
*Changes found in other Slavic languages like vowel length and relative lack of palatalization from Czech (especially Common Czech), PSlav v > /w/, as well as some /l/ > /w/ as in Ukrainian; some /g/ > /ɣ/, also reminiscent of Czech
*the b~β~w allophony
*Made some weird choices in verb forms, like generalizing the PSlav 1st person *-xǔ in imperfect and aorist to all past forms, getting 1sg -ns in present from -m azǔ/-ǫ azǔ
 
Methavir nalaminyl mekerylide ester axoram:
*''Goworins o tej milausti al o taì nenauwisti.''
*''Ci charniꞅ tai to dlamnie?''
*''Miluêm mai jej, tož čtim mai jeo prichod.''
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Standard Albionian in Albion has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 27 consonants.
 
(Albionian orthography is fairly deep; the orthographic values in the table shouldn't be taken completely at face value.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosive
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| ('''dž''' /dž/)
| '''ď, di''' /J/
| '''g''' /g/
|
|-
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/
| '''t''' /tʰ/
| '''č''' /tʃʰ/
| '''ť, ti''' /cʰ/
| '''k''' /kʰ/
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''þ''' /θ/
|
|
| '''ch''' /χ/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''w''' /β/
| '''ð''' /ð/
|
|
| [ɣ]
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Non-spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| 
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || '''šč''' /ɕː/ || || '''-t''' ''etc.'' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''z''' /z/ || '''ž, ždž''' /ʒ/ || ||  ||
|-
!colspan="2"| Resonant
| '''-w, -g''' ''etc.'' /w/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''r''' /ɾ/
| '''j, -i, -g''' ''etc.'' /j/, '''ľ, li''' /(Slovak ľ)/
| [ɤ̃ˤʶ]
|
|}
 
* Voiceless stops are usually at least as strongly aspirated as Japanese voiceless stops and at most as strongly as English ones. Voiced stops are fully voiced or partially devoiced.
** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''skweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫo~ˈskwɛːɬˠːo] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ].
**  Word-final ''c'' is never preaspirated.
**Consonant assimilations:
***unaspirated stops voice before or after any voiced sound (vowel, resonant or voiced fricative)
* ''h'' is silent as in Romance languages (when not used in a digraph).
**''w'' has many allophones:
*** [w] or [ʍ] when it follows a consonant, according as whether the consonant is aspirated or not: ''skweat'' [skwɛ:h] 'world', ''kweat'' [kʰʍɛ:h] 'flower'.
*** [w] when not before a vowel: e.g. ''staw'' [staw] '(flowery) state, condition', ''o wꞅich was'' [ɔwˈʃɪχʍas] 'about all of you'. However, between words it may still be dropped: ''o wꞅich was'' [ɔˈʃɪχʍas].
*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/, thus merging with /b/: ''wečer'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening'.
*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''wčera'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.
***''w'' as [v~f] is a feature of some dialects, which may be transcribed as ''vv'', ''vf'', or ''ff'' in eye dialects.
**{{ast}}/nk/ assimilates to /ŋk/ (cf. Czech).
**Medial ''g'' (when it is not ''ng'') lenites and has complex pronunciation rules, similar to rules for writing the hamza in Arabic. These rules are listed in the order of decreasing priority (i.e. attempt to apply a rule if the conditions for the rules above it are not met):
**#After /j/ or /w/, ''g'' is always silent: ''sag'' [saw] 'ledge', ''töga'' [tʰœjə] 'honey' (term of affection for spouse; a doublet of ''tunga'' [tʰuŋə] 'desire').
**#After /r/ or /l/, ''g'' vocalizes to [ʊ] when non-prevocalic, and is pronounced [w] when prevocalic: ''darga'' /ˈdarwə/ 'a road'; ''darg'' /ˈdarʊ/ 'of roads'.
**#After other consonants, ''g'' is pronounced /k/ and devoices a preceding fricative: ''mozg'' /mɔsk/ 'brain'.
**#Unstressed ''go'' is pronounced /w/: ''jagoda'' 'berry' = [jawdə].
**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [bjɛ:ɤ̃ʶ], ''beagla'' ['bjɛ:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['bjɛ:l'ɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.
**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [bjɛːj] 'running; race course', ''nogai'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.
**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''ie ů'':
**#*If the ''g'' is not prevocalic or precedes /a ə a:/, it is silent and a preceding /a/ is lengthened to /a:/: ''sarchag'' /saɾəχə/ 'coffin'. In the case of ''ga'', the following schwa /ə/ is dropped as well: ''braga'' [pɾa:] 'yeast'.
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front unrounded vowel /ɛ ɪ/, it is pronounced /j/: ''bragai'' [pɾajɪ] 'yeast (gen. sg. or nom. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front rounded vowel /œ ʏ/, it is pronounced /β/: ''sarchagum'' [saɾəχəβʏm] 'coffins (dat. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a back vowel /ɔ ʊ/, it is pronounced /w/: ''brago'' [prawʊ] 'yeast (voc. sg.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''prebiega'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.
* The letter ''ṙ'' for formerly palatalized /r/ was used inconsistently in Early Modern Albionian and quickly fell out of use. It corresponds to the Czech ''ř'' sound, voiceless /r/ or trilled /r/ in dialects.
* th ð = /θ ð/ in Standard Albionian. Nonstandard accents of Standard Albionian have various realizations for these sounds, such as [f v], [ts dz], slit fricatives or retroflexes: ''se nauth'' 'tonight' [sɨ'nœf~sɨ'nœθ&#800;~sɨ'nœʂ~sɨ'nœts].
* /l/ is velarized before back vowels. It is vocalized to a nasalized pharyngealized uvular approximant in coda: ''postel'' 'bed' [pʰɔstɤ̃ˤʶ].
*Voiced fricatives are not devoiced at ends of words.
 
'''h c q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch k kw w ks f'''. For example: ''humanismus, calčium, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈʊmənʲɪsmʏs, kaltSi.ym, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə].
====Pleophony====
CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''smairt'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''galwa'' 'head' = /ˈgaɫəβə/, ''derwo'' 'tree' = /ˈdɛɾəβo/, ''welkej'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.
 
-w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: ''pozdarw'' [ˈpʰɔzdərʏ] 'greeting; regards (when signing a letter)'; ''dàrg'' /ˈtaːɾʊ/ 'of roads'.
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Standard British {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i, ai''' /ɪ/
| '''ì, aì''' /iː/
| [ʏ]
|
| [ɨ]
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ù''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''ea, oe''' /ɛː/
| '''au''' /œ/
| '''aù''' /œː/
| [ə]
|
| '''o''' /ɔ~o/, '''l''' [ɤ̃ʶ]
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''à''' /aː/
|
|
|-
! style="" |Diphthong
| colspan=2| '''ie''' /iə~ɪː/
|
|
|
|
| colspan=2| '''uo''' /uə/
|}
 
 
a e i/y o u/w au (ag) à oe ea ì ò/og aù/uê ù au ê/iê ô eo/oeo ìo aị aì/ei/eu = (unreduced) /a ɛ ɪ ɔ u œ aː aw ɛː jɛː iː ow øː uː œj iə uə ɛw~əw ɪw iː ɛj/
*''cy gy'' are pronounced /kʰɪ kɪ/, not /kʰɨ kɨ/.
*In standard Albionian, ''ea'' is pronounced as palatalizing long /ɛː/ when not reduced: ''jeat wai'' [ˈjɛːtʰ ʍɪ] 'y'all (familiar) eat'. After alveolar sibilants /θ ð s z ʃ ʒ/ it becomes /ɛː/.
*/ɛː/ shifts to /iː/ in basilectal southern accents.
*Initial ji jì jê > i ì ê in casual speech. For example, ''jiezyk'' /'jiəzɪk/ 'tongue; language' is pronounced ['iəzɪk].
*In noninitial syllables, historical short vowels are reduced and longs are shortened.
**/a/ reduces to /ə/
**/ɛ e/ reduces to non-palatalizing /ɨ/
**/jɛː ɪ/ reduces to palatalizing /ɪ/
**/ɔ/ reduces to /o/
***''slowo'' [sɫɔβo] 'a word'
**/œ ʊ/ reduces to /ʏ/
***''steam deatum'' 'with the children' [scɪm ˈciətʰʏm]
***''maužnaust'' 'possibility' [ˈmœʒnʏst]
*/ɛɪ/ reduces to /ɪj/
 
===Stress and tone===
Stress is always initial. Vowels have two possible registers: stød and no stød. Stød is marked in dictionaries using the underdot.
 
===Intonation===
Similar to Danish or Hiberno-English
 
==Dialects==
===Albion===
In Albion, the relationship between Albionian dialects and Standard Albionian is like the relationship between German dialects and Standard German. Traditionally, nonstandard dialects were used in local everyday speech and Standard Albionian is used in writing, formal or religious contexts or in contexts where speakers from different backgrounds need to understand each other. Today, regional dialects are under pressure due to modern societal conditions, such as public education and mass media. Some Albion dialects even have retroflex stops and resonants /ɳ ɭ ʈ ɖ/.
 
Crackfic Trician Albionian is much more uniform and closer to the standard, with comparatively minor regional differences in accent and vocabulary.
 
 
Various dialectal isoglosses:
*/dl/ (Standard) ~ /ɾl/ ~ /ɭ/ ~ /ɻ/ ~ /l/
**'soap': ''maịdlo'' (Southern to Midlands) ~ ''mȳrlo''/''mȳḷo''/''mȳzho'' (Bristol) ~ ''mýlo'' (Northern England)
*Liquid pleophony vs metathesis vs none
**metathesis (Some Scottish dialects)
**pleophony (Standard British, Midlands and Northern England, some Scottish dialects)
**no pleophony or metathesis (Southern dialects)
***r + coronal > retroflex (Bristol area, now only elderly speakers)
****'crow': ''wāṇa'' /'bǎ:ɳa/ (standard ''wàrna'' /'bawɾənə/)
*Common Slavic accent
**Common Slavic stress retained but not tone (northern and most Scottish dialects)
**4-tone system (Shetland, Church Alb.)
**3-tone systems (Midlands, Bristol area)
**2-tone systems (Modern Standard British Alb.)
**only length (Wales)
**new stress accent from length (Standard American Alb.)
 
==Writing==
In-universe, Netažin uses a Latin orthography similar to that of Vietnamese. Certain letters can take a palatalizing i which works much like in Italian and Polish: ''nia, tia, dia, nie, tie, die, ni, ti, di, etc.'' are read as ''ň ť ď'' + ''ia, e, ê, i, ì''. It is traditionally typeset in the Gaelic Uncial type (cf. Fraktur for Czech), a tradition which survives among Crackfic Trician Albionian speakers.
 
The orthography is based on the relatively conservative southern dialect of ___ of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the pronunciation of the standard koine has absorbed influences from other dialects, such as liquid pleophony from the Talmic-influenced northern dialects.
The underdot diacritic indicates the stød in dictionaries.
 
==Morphology==
 
===Nouns ===
Like our Slavic, Albionian has masculine, feminine and neuter genders, and has the same gender markers as our Slavic. Gender-neutral forms are sometimes created by concatenating masculine and feminine endings.
 
Modern Standard Netažin nouns and adjectives have retained five of the seven Proto-Slavic cases: nominative, dative, genitive, allative from the PSlav accusative after prepositions, and vocative. (Dialects differ in the number of cases; some conservative dialects retain all 7 Proto-Slavic cases, while some dialects, particularly in the New World, have lost case entirely.) The nominative is used for both subjects and direct objects; the dative fills the role of dative nouns and after some prepositions in our Slavic languages. The instrumental (''instrumentaùl'') is semi-productive in forming adverbs and expressions, e.g. ''prawdü'' 'really'; ''beagom'' 'during'; ''wuzglaindom'' 'owing to, in view of'; ''pomöþi'' 'with, using'; ''inejmi slowai'' 'in other words'.
 
The instrumental has been replaced with the dative in the following way:
*Instruments use the preposition ''se'' + dative (just like the comitative).
*After prepositions where our Slavic languages use the instrumental, such as ''nad'' 'above'.
*Predicate nouns and adjectives that denote becoming or ''change'' of state.
 
Some nouns have different stems for zero and nonzero endings: ''den'' 'day (nom.)' > ''dnea'' 'days (nom.)'; ''kün'' 'horse (nom.)' > ''könea'' 'horses (nom.)'.
====Some hard stem declensions====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''wailc'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=2| ''galwa'' (f.) = head<br/>''ġena'' (f.) = woman
! colspan=2| ''perdseada'' (m.) = chairman
! colspan=2| ''slowo'' (n.) = word
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''wailc'' ||''wailthi''
|''galwa''<br/>''ġena'' ||''galwai''<br/>''ġenai''
|''perdseada''|| ''perdseadi''
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wailca''  ||''wailcow''
|''galwai''<br/>''ġenai'' ||''galw''<br/>''ġen''
|''perdseadai'' || ''perdseadow''
|''slowa'' ||''slow''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''wailcu''  ||''wailcum''
|''galwe''<br/>''ġenie'' ||''galwum''<br/>''ġenum''
|''perdseadie'' ||''perdseadum''
|''slowe'' ||''slowum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''wailc'' ||''wailcai''*
|''galwu''<br/>''ġenu'' ||''galwai''<br/>''ġenai''
|''perdseadu''|| ''perdseadai''*
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''wailċe!''  ||''wailcai!''
|''galwo!''<br/>''ġeno!''||''galwai!''<br/>''ġenai!''
|''perdseado!'' || ''perdseadai!''
|''slowo!'' ||''slowa!''
|}
{{ast}} Sometimes ''-owea'' for humans.
 
Some ''wailc'' nouns drop intervening ''e'' or ''ai'' (from PS hard and soft yer respectively) when adding endings: ''pes'' 'dog' > gen. ''psa''; ''cauthec'' 'kitten' > gen. ''cauthca''.
 
In ''wailc'' nouns, -u is used for nouns ending in velars and ''-e'' for others.
 
The ending ''-e'' in the above declensions causes second palatalization: ''n ng t c d g ch'' become ''ṅ nn ṫ th ḋ ð s'', for example:
* ''stàrna'' 'side' > ''na taì stàrnie'' 'on the side'
* ''dàrga'' 'road' > ''na taì dàrðe'' 'on the road'
* ''tônga'' 'desire' > ''se tônne'' 'with desire'
* ''uċitelca'' 'teacher (f.)' > ''taì uċitelthe'' 'to/for the teacher'
 
====Some soft-stem declensions====
Some nouns like ''list'' 'leaf' and ''caust'' 'bone' end in a hard consonant in the nominative.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''muġ'' (m.) = man<br/>''list'' (m.) = leaf
! colspan=2| ''caust'' (f.) = bone<br/>''nauth'' (f.) = night
! colspan=2| ''zemea'' (f.) = earth
! colspan=2| ''saiꞃthe'' (n.) = heart
! colspan=2| ''zdaùniê'' (n.) = fact
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġowea, muġea''<br/>''listea''
|''caust''<br/>''nauth'' ||''causti''<br/>''nauthi''
|''zemea''  ||''zemi''
|''saiꞃthe'' ||''saiꞃtha''
|''zdaùniê''  ||''zdaùnia''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''muġea''<br/>''listea''  ||''muġì''<br/>''listì''
|''causti''<br/>''nauthi''  ||''caustì''<br/>''nauthì''
|''zemi''  ||''zemì''
|''saiꞃtha'' || ''saiꞃth''
|''zdaùnia''  ||''zdauṅ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''muġi''<br/>''listi''  ||''muġim''<br/>''listim''
|''causti''<br/>''nauthi''  ||''caust'''u'''m''<br/>''nauth'''u'''m''
|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''saiꞃthi'' || ''saiꞃthim''
|''zdaùnì''  ||''zdaùnim''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġi''<br/>''listi''
|''caust''<br/>''nauth'' ||''causti''<br/>''nauthi''
|''zemi''  ||''zemi''
|''saiꞃthe'' ||''saiꞃtha''
|''zdaùniê''  ||''zdaùnia''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''muġi!''<br/>''listi!''  ||''muġea!''<br/>''listea!''
|''causti!''<br/>''nauthi!''  ||''causti!''<br/>''nauthi!''
|''zemie!''  ||''zemi!''
|''saiꞃthe!'' ||''saiꞃtha!''
|''zdaùniê!''  ||''zdaùnia!''
|}
 
====-ê nouns====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''imê'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''zgwêrê'' (n.) = animal
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''imê'' ||''imena''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrenta''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''imenia''  ||''imen''
|''zgwêrentia'' ||''zgwêrent''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''imeni''  ||''imenum''
|''zgwêrenti'' ||''zgwêrentum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''imê'' ||''imena''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrenta''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''imê!''  ||''imena!''
|''zgwêrê!'' ||''zgwêrenta!''
|}
 
====Nouns with pseudo-duals====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''oco'' (n.) = eye
! colspan=2| ''ucho'' (n.) = ear
! colspan=2| ''runca'' (f.) = hand, arm
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''oco'' ||''auci''
|''ucho'' ||''uꞅi''
|''runca''  ||''runthe''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''oca''  ||''aucì''
|''ucha'' ||''uꞅì''
|''runcai'' ||''runthì''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''othe''  ||''aucim''
|''uꞅe'' ||''uꞅim''
|''runthe'' ||''runcum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''oco'' ||''auci''
|''ucho'' ||''uꞅi''
|''runcu''  ||''runthe''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''oco!''  ||''auci!''
|''ucho!'' ||''uꞅi!''
|''runco!'' ||''runthe!''
|}
 
====Miscellaneous====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''ċelweac'' (m.) = human, person
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ċelweac'' ||''lidea''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ċelweaca''  ||''lidì''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ċelweacu''  ||''lidum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''ċelweaca'' ||''lidi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ċelweaċe!''  ||''lidea!''
|}
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''aùteth'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''aùteth'' ||''aùthai''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''aùtha''  ||''aùthow''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''aùthu''  ||''aùthum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''aùtha''  ||''aùthi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''aùċe!''  ||''aùthai!''
|}
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''sluġineth'' (m.) = child
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''sluġineth'' ||''deati''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''sluġintha''  ||''deatì''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''sluġinthu''  ||''deatum''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''sluġintha'' ||''deati''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''sluġinthe!''  ||''deati!''
|}
archaic singular: ''diềtiê, diềtintia, diềtinti''; ''diêtiê'' is still used as a vocative like "child" is in English (but is mainly literary).
 
====Loan declension====
Masculine and neuter words from Latin, Greek and Lithuanian remove their original nominative singular endings when declined.
*Second-declension nouns follow the ''wylc'' declension: for example, ''soċialismus'' 'socialism', ''maìthos'' 'myth', ''Mindaugas'' 'Mindaugas (Lithuanian name)'.
*There is a tendency to keep nominative and oblique stems separate where the original languages do; this includes nouns such as ''thema, themata, thematu, thematu''.
*Second-declension words in ''-um'' or ''-on'' follow the ''slowo'' or ''saiꞃthe'' declension: for example, ''practicum'' 'internship'; ''critoerion'' 'criterion'.
*Nouns in ''-oe'' (for example, ''Athoenoe'' 'Athena') decline as feminine ''-e'' nouns; ''-ia'' nouns are a declension class of their own.
*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''oethos'' is ''oethosy''; using forms such as ''oethy'' would be hypercorrect.
 
Newer foreign ''-u'' names decline like ''slowo'' and ''-i'' names decline like ''-e'' nouns (allowed by Albionian vowel reduction). Female names ending in a consonant decline like ''caust'': ''Ester'' becomes ''Esteri'' in the non-nominative cases. Names that don't fit into native patterns are indeclinable, and simply add the definite article: the female name Hanako becomes ''ta Hanako''. The definite article declines when the name needs to be declined: ''ty walsy taì Hanako'' 'Hanako's hair'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''maìthos'' (m.) = myth
! colspan=2| ''practicum'' (n.) = internship
! colspan=2| ''critoerion'' (n.) = criterion
! colspan=2| ''geometria'' (f.) = geometry
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''maìthos'' ||''maìthy''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''critoerion''  ||''critoeria''
|''geometria'' || ''geometrii''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''maìtha''  ||''maìthow''
|''practica'' ||''practic''
|''critoeria'' ||''critoeriì''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometriì''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''maìthu''  ||''maìthum''
|''practicu'' ||''practicum''
|''critoerii'' ||''critoeriim''
|''geometrie'' || ''geometriim''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''maìthos''  ||''maìthy''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''critoerion'' ||''critoerii''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometrii''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''maìthe!''  ||''maìthy!''
|''practicum!'' ||''practica!''
|''critoerion!'' ||''critoeria!''
|''geometrio!'' || ''geometrii''
|}
 
The only irregular loan has a mixed Slavic-Latin declension (''Christus'' 'Christ' is declined as a regular ''-us'' loan):
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! | ''Jèsus'' (m.) = Jesus
|-
!
!singular
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''Jèsus''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''Jèsu''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''Jèsu(i)''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''Jèsus''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''Jèsu!''
|}
 
====Pluralia tantum====
Neuter pluralia tantum in ''-a'', such as ''ùsta'' 'mouth', ''warta'' 'door', ''nebesa'' 'sky', ''slowesa'' 'speech, words' (as opposed to ''slowa'' which is used for individual words), ''data'', ''agenda'' are colloquially often feminine singular. (''Propaganda'' is sometimes treated as neuter plural, which is hypercorrect.)
 
===Articles (''Articuly'')===
Like Irish and Welsh, Albionian has a definite article but no indefinite article; ''ġàba'' means 'a frog', and ''ta ġàba'' means 'the frog'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tet'' 'the; that'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ten'' || ''ta'' || ''to'' || ''ti''** (m/f), ''ta'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''teo''  ||''taì'' || ''teo'' || ''teach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''tom''  ||''taì''||''tom'' ||''team''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''teo''  ||''tu''||''to'' ||''tai''
|}
 
{{ast}}{{ast}} The article and demonstrative ''tai'' is aspirated /tʰɨ/; the second-person pronoun ''tai'' is unaspirated /tɨ/.
 
===Prepositions (''Preposiċii'')===
Prepositions have meanings similar to their cognates in our Slavic languages: ''na, o(b), od, u (+gen), cu (+dat), do (+gen), wu, po, za, se (+dat), bez (+gen), dla (+gen), perz, pri, nad, pod, perd, ...'' The prepositions ''na, nad, o, po, pod, za, pers, perd, pri, wu'' take the nominative/accusative when they denote motion, and the dative when they denote location (depending on the preposition; the dative is used where our Slavic languages would use the instrumental or the locative). Unlike in our Slavic languages, there's no difference between comitative and instrumental; the preposition ''sâ'' is used for both.
 
''o'' is ''ob'' before a vowel.
 
Possession is indicated using the preposition ''u'', as in Russian: ''Les umne prìclad.'' 'I have an example.'
 
Some things that look like prepositions are not: e.g. the ''se'' in fixed time expressions ''se den'', ''se jitro'', ''se weċer'', ''se nauth'' 'today, this morning, this evening, tonight' is actually a fossilized demonstrative from Proto-Slavic {{recon|sŭ}}.
====Preposition + pronoun combinations====
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the preposition + pronoun is written and pronounced as one word: ''Bunde weċerca u Catheriny, ċi poidem my cunì ċil ne?'' /pʊndɨ bɛtʃʰɪɾkʰə ʊ ˈkʰaθɨɾɪnɨ, tʃɪ ˈpɔɪdɨm mɨ ˈkʰʊnʲiː tʃɪw nɛ/ 'There's a party at Catherina's, are we going [to her house] or not?'. If a preposition combines with a personal pronoun, -e- may be added between the preposition and the pronoun: for example: ''nademnau, nadetau, podemnau, podetau, yzemnie, yzetwe, yzese, semnau, stau.''
 
====Preposition + article contractions====
''o, pri, na, cu, wu, po, za, se'' + ''tom'' > ''om, prim, nam, cum, wum, pom, zam, stom''
 
''se'' + ''team'' > ''steam''
 
===Adjectives (''Adjectìva'')===
Predicative forms of ''-scaì'' adjectives are in ''-scy''.
Hard stems:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''dobr'' 'good'
|-
!colspan=2|
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|colspan=2|'''Predicative'''
|colspan=4|''dobr''
|-
|colspan=2|'''Adverbial'''
|colspan=4|''dobre, dobro''
|-
|rowspan=4|'''Attributive'''
|'''Nom., Voc.'''
|''dobraì'' || ''dobrà'' || ''dobroe'' || ''dobrì'' (m), ''dobrê'' (f), ''dobrà'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dobroeo''  ||''dobraì'' || ''dobroeo'' || ''dobraìch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''dobroem''  ||''dobraì''||''dobroem'' ||''dobraìm''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''dobroeo'' || ''dobrau'' || ''dobroe'' || ''dobrê'' (m/f), ''dobrà'' (n)
|}
 
Soft stems:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''ostateṅ'' 'remaining'
|-
!colspan=2|
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|colspan=2|'''Predicative'''
|colspan=4|''ostateṅ''
|-
|colspan=2|'''Adverbial'''
|colspan=4|''*ostatnie''
|-
|rowspan=4|'''Attributive'''
|align="right"|'''Nom., Voc.'''
|''ostatnì'' || ''ostatnià'' || ''ostatniê'' || ''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatnià'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ostatnìo''  ||''ostatnì'' || ''ostatnìo'' || ''ostatnìch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ostatnìm''  ||''ostatnì''||''ostatnìm'' ||''ostatnìm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''ostatnìo''  ||''ostatnì''||''ostatniê'' ||''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatnià'' (n)
|}
====Possessive adjectives====
In colloquial language, only nouns denoting family members have possessive adjective forms.
 
''aùteth'' 'father' > ''aùthow, -owa, -owo'' 'father's'
 
''matca'' 'mother' > ''matċin, -ina, -ino''
 
For example: ''aùthow lewr'' /œ:θoʊ lɛʊr/ 'father's book'
 
In formal language, inherited possessive adjectives are used to denote concepts named after people (like German ''-sche''); e.g. ''zcusitelnaust Bayesowa'' 'Bayesian probability'; ''functiä Wesselowa'' 'Bessel function'.
 
===Verbs (''Verba'')===
Verbs retain the Proto-Slavic aspectual distinction. There are a number of analytic tenses like in English and modern Celtic languages, but often only one of the two aspects allow the constructions.
 
The conditional form is a bit unusual from the perspective of our Slavic; it continues the PS 1sg ''-xŭ'' and 1pl ''-xomŭ'' imperfective and aorist form, analogized to other persons and numbers. It corresponds to the L-participle + ''by'' construction in Russian, Polish, etc.. There is no distinction between present and past conditional, unlike in English; the Albionian conditional makes an aspect distinction rather than a tense one.
 
*present habitual: imperfective
*present progressive: imperfective
*present perfect: perfective
*past imperfect: imperfective
*past progressive: imperfective
*preterite: perfective
*future imperfective: imperfective (formed with a (fused) auxiliary)
*future perfective: perfective (formed like present)
*conditional can be either
 
3pl forms of verbs are only used with the plural pronoun ''ꞅi'' (''...nt wꞅi'' 'they all...'). Plural nouns and demonstratives take the 3sg form.
 
Special emphatic forms exist in the first person in formal language: ''senseꞅ'' 'it's me'.
 
====Negation====
Verbs are negated using the circumfix ''ne VERB als'' (etym. ''*ne ... wals'' 'not a hair of'), or colloquially, often just with ''VERB als''. (''als'' is pronounced /aws/) ''Als'' precedes the absolutive argument of a negated verb, as well as any absolutive argument of any lexical verb, UNLESS it is a subject personal pronoun for an intransitive verb (''Chaudil sty als tam nicdy?'' = 'Have you never been there?').
*For intranstive verbs, especially ones that denote motion or a change of state, ''als'' precedes the subject (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''sein'').
*Otherwise, ''als'' precedes the direct object (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''haben'').
 
A noun preceded by ''als'' is required to be in the genitive: ''Cdoġ sparuê eaðen'''iê''' myns'''o'''? Ne sparuêns als eaðen'''ia''' myns'''a'''.'' [kʰtoʃ 'spaɾœ 'jɛðɪnʲiə 'mɨnsʊ || nɪ 'spaɾœns əws 'jɛðɪnʲə 'mɨnsə] (also ''eaðeniê mynsa'' in more informal contexts) = 'Who condones eating meat? I don't condone eating meat.'
In the following tables, grayed-out forms are used in formal or literary language.
 
====-aṫ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dealaṫ, zdealaṫ'' 'to do''''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''dealàns'' || ''dealàꞅ tai'' || ''dealà'' || ''dealàm mai'' || ''dealàt wai'' || ''dealàn ꞅi'' || ''dealà-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens dealànth'' || ''stai dealànth'' || ''les ton dealànth'' || ''smy dealànth'' || ''swy dealànth'' || ''len ꞅi dealànth'' || ''dealàmo''
|-
! past
| ''dealalns, dealalans'' || ''dealal(a) stai'' || ''dealal on, ona; dealal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''dealaï smai'' || ''dealaï swai'' || ''dealaï ꞅi'' || ''dealalo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''dealachas'' || ''dealach tai'' || ''dealach'' || ''dealachum mai'' || ''dealach wai, dealachet wai, {{gray|dealast wai}}'' || ''dealach ꞅi, {{gray|dealaꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''dealach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dealei!'' || ''-'' || ''dealeim!'' || ''dealeite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|dealànthaì}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''dealanaì''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''dealauniê''
|}
 
====-eaṫ, -iêṫ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wideaṫ, uwideaṫ'' 'to see''''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl || impersonal
|-
! present
| ''wiðuns'' || ''widiêꞅ tai'' || ''widiê'' || ''widiêm mai'' || ''widiêt wai'' || ''wiðôn ꞅi'' || ''widiê-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens wiðônth'' || ''sty wiðônth'' || ''les ton wiðônth'' || ''smy wiðônth'' || ''swy wiðônth'' || ''len ꞅi wiðônth'' || ''wiðemo''
|-
! past
| ''widealns, widealans'' || ''wideal(a) stai'' || ''wideal on(a/o); wideal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''wideai smai'' || ''wideai swai'' || ''wideai ꞅi'' || ''widealo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''wideachas'' || ''wideach tai'' || ''wideach'' || ''wideachum mai'' || ''wideach wy, wideachet wy, {{gray|wideast wy}}'' || ''wideach ꞅi, {{gray|wideaꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''wideach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''wið!'' || ''-'' || ''wiðem!'' || ''wiðete!'' || ''-'' ||
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|wiðônthaì}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''wiðenaì''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''wiðeniê''
|}
 
====-iṫ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''nosiṫ'' 'to carry by foot (multidirectional); to wear; counterpart of ''nesṫ''' '''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''noꞅins'' || ''nosìꞅ tai'' || ''nosì'' || ''nosìm mai'' || ''nosìt wai'' || ''noꞅên ꞅi'' || ''nosì-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens noꞅênth'' || ''sty noꞅênth'' || ''les ton noꞅênth'' || ''smy noꞅênth'' || ''swy noꞅênth'' || ''len ꞅi noꞅênth'' || ''noꞅimo''
|-
! past
| ''nosilns, nosilans'' || ''nosil(a) stai'' || ''nosil on(a/o); nosil(a/o) NOUN'' || ''nosii smai'' || ''nosii swai'' || ''nosii ꞅi'' || ''nosilo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''nosichas'' || ''nosich tai'' || ''nosich'' || ''nosichum mai'' || ''nosich wy, nosichet wy, {{gray|nosist wy}}'' || ''nosich ꞅi, {{gray|nosiꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''nosich-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''nos!'' || ''-'' || ''nosem!'' || ''noste!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|noꞅênthaì}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''noꞅenaì''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''noꞅeniê''
|}
Changes in 1sg and 3pl present-system, participle and verbnoun forms: m p b n d t z s st > mj pj bj ṅ ð th ġ ꞅ sċ
*''laumiṫ'' "to break, to split (impf)" > ''laumins, laumieniê''
*''taupiṫ'' "to heat (impf)" > ''taupins, taupieniê''
*''slabiṫ'' "to weaken (impf)" > ''slabins, slabieniê''
*''platiṫ'' "to pay (impf)" > ''plathins, platheniê''
*''raudiṫ-sê'' "to be born (pf)" > ''rauðins-sê, rauðeniê''
*''zmeaniṫ'' "to change (pf)" > ''zmeanins, zmeanieniê''
*''rozcaziṫ'' "to decompose (pf)" > ''rozcaġins, rozcaġeniê''
*''zcusiṫ'' "to try (pf)" > ''zcuꞅins, zcuꞅeniê''
*''odpustiṫ'' "to forgive (pf)" > ''odpusċins, odpusċeniê''
 
====-owaṫ, -naunṫ====
The -owaṫ (the ending -owaṫ is pronounced /-oʊc/) verbs are from PSlav -ovati verbs, the perfective counterpart is -naunṫ from -nǫti.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''beseadowaṫ'' 'gather (imperfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''beseaduêns'' || ''beseaduêꞅ tai'' || ''beseaduê'' || ''beseaduêm mai'' || ''beseaduêt wai'' || ''beseaduên ꞅi'' || ''beseaduê-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens beseaduênth'' || ''sty beseaduênth'' || ''les ton beseaduênth'' || ''smy beseaduênth'' || ''swy beseaduênth'' || ''len ꞅi beseaduênth'' || ''beseaduêmo''
|-
! past
| ''beseadowalns, beseadowalans'' || ''beseadowal(a) stai'' || ''beseadowal on(a/o); beseadowal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadowai smai'' || ''beseadowai swai'' || ''beseadowai ꞅi'' || ''beseadowalo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''beseadochas'' || ''beseadoch tai'' || ''beseadoch'' || ''beseadochum mai'' || ''beseadoch wy, beseadochet wy, {{gray|beseadost wy}}'' || ''beseadoch ꞅi, {{gray|beseadoꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''beseadoch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''beseadui!'' || ''-'' || ''beseaduim!'' || ''beseaduite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|beseaduênthaì}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''beseadowanaì''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''beseadowaniê''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''beseadnaunṫ'' 'gather (perfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! future perfective
| ''beseadnuns'' || ''beseadneꞅ tai'' || ''beseadne'' || ''beseadnem mai'' || ''beseadnet wai'' || ''beseadnôn ꞅi'' || ''beseadne-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens beseadnunꞅi'' || ''sty beseadnunꞅi'' || ''les ton beseadnunꞅi'' || ''smy beseadnunꞅi'' || ''swy beseadnunꞅi'' || ''len ꞅi beseadnunꞅi'' || ''beseadnunto''
|-
! preterite
| ''beseadnôlns, beseadnôlans'' || ''beseadnôl(a) stai'' || ''beseadnôl on(a/o), beseadnôl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadnôi smai'' || ''beseadnôi swai'' || ''beseadnôi ꞅi '' || ''beseadnôlo-sê''
|-
! preterite
| ''beseadnuchas'' || ''beseadnuch tai'' || ''beseadnuch'' || ''beseadnuchum mai'' || ''beseadnuch wy, beseadnuchet wy, {{gray|beseadnust wy}}'' || ''beseadnuch ꞅi, {{gray|beseadnôꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''beseadnuch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''beseadni!'' || ''-'' || ''beseadnim!'' || ''beseadnite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''beseadnuntaì''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''beseadnuntiê''
|}
 
===Irregular verbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''prìnṫ'' 'to get, to obtain (perf. of ''prìmaṫ'')' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''prìmuns'' || ''prìmeꞅ tai'' || ''prìme'' || ''prìmem mai'' || ''prìmet wai'' || ''prìmôn'' || ''prìme-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens prìnꞅi'' || ''sty prìnꞅi'' || ''les ton prìnꞅi'' || ''smy prìnꞅi'' || ''swy prìnꞅi'' || ''len ꞅi prìnꞅi'' || ''prìnto''
|-
! past
| ''prìl(a)ns'' || ''prìl(a) stai'' || ''prìl on(a/o); prìl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''prì smai'' || ''prì swai'' || ''prì ꞅi'' || ''prìlo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''prijachas'' || ''prijach tai'' || ''prijach'' || ''prijachum mai'' || ''prijach wy, prijachet wy, {{gray|prijast wy}}'' || ''prijach ꞅi, {{gray|prijaꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''prijach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''prìmi!'' || ''-'' || ''prìmeam!'' || ''prìmeate!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past active participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|prìnꞅi}}''
|-
! past passive participle
|colspan="7"| ''prìnt''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''prìntiê''
|}
 
====-ṫ====
''doert'' 'to tear'
 
present: ''druns, dreꞅ ty, dre, drem my, dret wy, drôn''
 
past: ''derl''
 
conditional analytic: ''deroch''
 
past participle: ''derto''
 
verbnoun: ''dertiê''
 
d/t-stems go like this:
 
''ċìst, preċìst'' 'to read' (from a combination of *ċisti and *ċitati):
 
present: ''ċituns, ċiteꞅ ty, ċite ton, ċitem my, ċitet wy, ċitôn''
 
past: ''ċitl''
 
conditional analytic: ''ċitoch''
 
past participle: ''ċiteno''
 
verbnoun: ''ċiteniê''
 
''noest'' 'to carry (unidirectional)':
 
present: nesuns, neseꞅ ty, nese ton, nesem my, neset wy, nesôn ꞅi
 
past: ''nesl(a/o/i)''
 
conditional analytic: ''nesoch''
 
past participle: ''neseno''
 
verbnoun: ''neseniê''
 
imperative: ''nes! nesem! nesete!''
 
''iêsṫ, sêsṫ'' 'to eat' is irregular:
 
present: ''iêns, eaꞅ ty, ea ton, eam my, eat wy, eaðôn''
 
past: ''eadl(a/o/i)''
 
conditional analytic: ''eadeach''
 
past participle: ''eaðeno''
 
verbnoun: ''eaðeniê''
 
Note: In consonant-stem verbs, the past tense plural ending is ''-li''. ''eadli smai'' = we used to eat (cf. ''arbii smai'' = we used to work)
 
====-th====
boerth, loeth, mœ̀th, biêth, riêth, liênth, poeth, pônth, toeth, tiênth, stoerth, stìth, strìth, toelth, woelth, woerth, wyrth, ġoeth
 
From PS *-ťi verbs. Two subtypes: the *gti verbs and the *kti verbs.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''boerth'' 'to care for (imperfect)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''berguns'' || ''berġeꞅ tai'' || ''berġe'' || ''berġem mai'' || ''berġet wai'' || ''bergôn ꞅi'' || ''berġe-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens bergônth'' || ''sty bergônth'' || ''les ton bergônth'' || ''smy bergônth'' || ''swy bergônth'' || ''len ꞅi bergônth'' || ''berġemo''
|-
! past
| ''berglns, berglans'' || ''bergl(a) stai'' || ''bergl on(a/o), bergl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''bergli smai'' || ''bergli swai'' || ''bergli ꞅi'' || ''berglo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''bergochas'' || ''bergoch tai'' || ''bergoch on(a/o)'' || ''bergochum mai'' || ''bergoch wy, bergochet wy, {{gray|bergost wy}}'' || ''bergoch ꞅi, {{gray|bergoꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''bergoch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''berð!'' || ''-'' || ''berðem!'' || ''berðete!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''bergônthaì''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''berġenaì''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''berġeniê''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''riêth'' 'say (perfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! future perfective
| ''reacuns'' || ''reaċeꞅ tai'' || ''reaċe'' || ''reaċem mai'' || ''reaċet wai'' || ''reacôn ꞅi'' || ''reaċe-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens reacꞅi'' || ''sty reacꞅi'' || ''les ton reacꞅi'' || ''smy reacꞅi'' || ''swy reacꞅi'' || ''len ꞅi reacꞅi'' || ''reaċeno''
|-
! past
| ''realns, realans'' || ''real(a) stai'' || ''real on(a/o), real(a/o) NOUN'' || ''reali smai'' || ''reali swai'' || ''reali ꞅi'' || ''realo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''reachas'' || ''reach tai'' || ''reach'' || ''reachum mai'' || ''reach wy, reachet wy, {{gray|reacost wy}}'' || ''reach ꞅi, {{gray|reacoꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''reach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''reath!'' || ''-'' || ''reathem!'' || ''reathete!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''reaċenaì''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''reaċeniê''
|}
 
====''baịṫ'' 'to be'====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''baịṫ'' 'to be' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''sens'' || ''stai'' || ''les on, os on, los on (colloq.) ġes on (relative), ċis on (interrogative)'' || ''smai'' || ''swai'' || ''len ꞅi, òn ꞅi, lòn ꞅi (colloq.) ġen ꞅi (relative), ċin ꞅi (interrogative), {{gray|lesun ꞅi}}, {{gray|osun ꞅi}}, {{gray|ġesun ꞅi}}, {{gray|ċisun ꞅi}}'' || ''les-sê''
|-
! habitual
| ''baìwàns'' || ''baìwàꞅ tai'' || ''baìwà'' || ''baìwàm mai'' || ''baìwàt wai'' || ''baìwàn ꞅi'' || ''baìwà-sê''
|-
! past
| ''bylns, bylans'' || ''byl(a) stai'' || ''byl on(a/o); byl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''byi smai'' || ''byi swai'' || ''byi ꞅi'' || ''bylo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''bychas'' || ''bych ty, byꞅ tai'' || ''bych, by'' || ''bychum mai'' || ''bych wy, bychet wy, {{gray|byst wy}}'' || ''bych ꞅi, by ꞅi, {{gray|byꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''bych-sê''
|-
! future
| ''bunduns'' || ''bundeꞅ tai'' || ''bunde'' || ''bundem mai'' || ''bundet wai'' || ''bundôn ꞅi'' || ''bunde-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bônḋ!'' || ''-'' || ''bôndiem!'' || ''bônḋte!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|sônthaì}}''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''bytiê''
|}
 
====Verbs of motion====
*to go by foot: ìsṫ (uni); chaudiṫ (multi)
*to go by vehicle: eachaṫ (uni); eazdiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by foot): noesṫ (uni); nausiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by vehicle): woezṫ (uni); wauziṫ (multi)
*to run: biêth (uni); biêgaṫ (multi)
*to swim: plauṫ (uni); plewaṫ (multi)
*to fly: leateaṫ (uni); liêtaṫ (multi)
*to lead: woesṫ (uni); waudiṫ (multi)
*to climb: liêzṫ (uni); laziṫ (multi)
*to chase: gnaṫ (uni); ganiaṫ (multi)
 
===Pronouns (''Pronòmina'')===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (Albion; familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. (familiar in Albion) || rowspan="2" | 3pl., 2 formal in Albion || rowspan="2" | refl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom. (emphatic)
| ''aseꞅ, -seꞅ'' || ''tyꞅ'' || ''(t)onꞅ'' || ''(t)onaꞅ'' || ''(t)onoꞅ (an.), toꞅ (inan.)'' || ''myꞅ'' || ''wyꞅ'' || ''ꞅiꞅ'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''miê, mnie, -mnie (prep)'' || ''tiê, tebe, -twe (prep)'' || ''jei, -niei (prep.)'' || ''ji, -ni (prep.)'' || ''to'' || ''nàs'' || ''wàs'' || ''je, -nie (prep.)'' || ''sê, -sê (prep)''
|-
! gen.
| ''men, -mnie (prep)'' || ''teb, -twe (prep)'' || ''jeo, -nieo (prep.)'' || ''jì, -nì (prep.)''  || ''teo'' || ''nàs'' || ''wàs'' || ''jich, -nich (prep.)'' || ''seb, -sê (prep)''
|-
! dat.
| ''mi, mnau, -mnau (prep)'' || ''ti, tau, -tau (prep)'' || ''jem, mu, -niem (prep.)'' || ''jì, -nì (prep.)'' || ''tom'' || ''nàm'' || ''wàm'' || ''jim, -nim (prep.)'' || ''si, sau, -sau (prep)''
|-
! poss.
| ''môi'' || ''tôi'' || ''jeo'' || ''jì'' || ''teo'' || ''nàꞅ'' || ''wàꞅ'' || ''jich'' || ''sôi; walsnaì''
|}
The nominative forms ''ton'' etc. are used after verb forms ending in a vowel. Otherwise ''on'' etc. are used.
 
The form ''ꞅi'' is from ''*vьśi'' 'all'. ''ꞅi'' (same as the 3rd person plural) is also the standard polite pronoun in Albion. American Albionian uses ''wai'' for singular and plural familiar, ''wàsca'' for both singular and plural of neutral familiarity in the Americas, and ''tet pan, ta pani'' (pl. ''ty panowea, ty pani'') are very polite.
====Possessive pronouns====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''môi'' 'my'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''môi'' || ''mà'' || ''moe'' || ''mì'' (m), ''mê'' (f), ''mà'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''moeo''  ||''maì'' || ''moeo'' || ''maìch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''moem''  ||''maì''||''moem'' ||''maìm''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''moeo''  ||''mau'' || ''moe'' || ''mê'' (m/f), ''mà'' (n)
|}
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tôi'' 'thy'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tôi'' || ''twà'' || ''twoe'' || ''twì'' (m), ''twê'' (f), ''twà'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''twoeo''  ||''twaì'' || ''twoeo'' || ''twaìch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''twoem''  ||''twaì''||''twoem'' ||''twaìm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''twoeo'' || ''tau'' || ''twoe'' || ''twê'' (m/f), ''twà'' (n)
|}
 
''sôi'' is similar to ''tôi'' but with ''s-'' where ''tw-'' is used.
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''nàꞅ'' 'our'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''nàꞅ'' || ''naꞅa'' || ''naꞅe'' || ''naꞅi'' (m/f), ''naꞅe'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''naꞅeo''  ||''naꞅì'' || ''naꞅeo'' || ''naꞅich''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''naꞅem''  ||''naꞅì''||''naꞅem'' ||''naꞅim''
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''naꞅeo'' || ''naꞅi'' || ''naꞅe'' || ''naꞅi'' (m/f), ''naꞅe'' (n)
|}
''wàꞅ'' is similar.
 
====Uses of ''sam''====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Declension of ''sam''
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''sam'' || ''sama'' || ''samo'' || ''sami (m); samy (f); sama (n)''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''sameo''  ||''samej'' || ''sameo'' || ''samejch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''samem''  ||''samej''||''samem'' ||''samejm''
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''sameo'' || ''samu'' || ''samo'' || ''samy (m/f); sama (n)''
|}
When ''sam'' is used in ''X sam'' (where ''sam'' agrees with the gender and number of X), it is an intensifier, meaniing "X himself/herself" or "the very X". Similarly, ''sie sam'' (where ''sam'' agrees with the subject) is an emphasized reflexive pronoun.
 
''ten sam'' is a 3rd person pronoun in formal or literary language. They work like the German anaphoric use of ''dieser'' and are usually used to refer to the latest noun that has been used.
 
====Demonstratives====
Modern Netažin has no words for deictic 'this' or 'that', instead the words ''seam'' 'here' and ''tam'' 'there' are used for deictic purposes: ''to seam'' is used for 'this (thing)' and ''to NOUN seam'' is used for 'this NOUN'. For anaphoric use one can simply use a definite article or a third-person pronoun.
 
The formal language also has (strictly anaphoric) demonstratives ''tet (NOUN) zde'' or (pronominal) ''tet sam'' which is most commonly used to disambiguate the referent, like similar usage of German ''dieser''.
*person: kto, tet/ta (NOUN) seam, tet/ta (NOUN) tam, nikt, neakto, wꞅekt/každej
*thing: þo, to (NOUN) seam, to (NOUN) tam, niþ, nieþo, wšeþ
*modifier: akej/kterej, takej ... seam, takej ... tam, žaden (with negative; ''aden'' with negative in flowery language), neajakej, wꞅestek/každej
*when: kdy, nyn, tom, nikdy, neakdy, wšewynþ
*where: kde, seam/tundy/tunde, tam, nikde, neakde, wšekde
*whither: kam, seam, tam, nikam, neakam, wꞅekam
*whence: ''od'' + "where"-words
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''wšestek'' 'all'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''wšestek'' || ''wšeska'' || ''wšesko'' || ''wšesky'' (m/f), ''wšeska'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wꞅeo''  ||''wꞅi'' || ''wꞅeo'' || ''wꞅech''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''wꞅem''  ||''wꞅi''||''wꞅem'' ||''wꞅem''
|}
 
''acaì'' 'what kind of, what (used to ask what X, given that it's an X)'  ''tacaì'' 'such, like that', ''cteraì'' 'which (which item in a predetermined set of options)' decline as ordinary adjectives. The relativizer ''tacaìġ'' declines as ''tacaì'' + ''ġ''. Wehn the relative clause has a copula, the relativizer combines with the copula to form ''tacaìġes'' etc.
 
===Numerals (''Numeràlia'')===
(colloquially those are just called ''ċìsla'' 'numbers')
 
0. nula; nultej
 
1. aden /'adɪn/; pyrwej '1st'
 
2. dwa /twa/; drugej '2nd'
 
3. tri /tʰrɪ/; treti '3rd'
 
4. čiri /'tʃʰɪrɪ/; čkwyrtej
 
5. pient /pʰiənt/; pientej
 
6. šest /ʃɛst/; šestej
 
7. sedum /'sɛdʏm/; sedmej
 
8. ösum /'œsʏm/; ösmej
 
9. dewynt /'tɛβɨnt/; dewyntej
 
10. desynt /'tɛsɨnt/; desyntej
 
11.. 19: adnast, dwanast, trinast, čirnast, pientnast, šestnast, sednast, ösnast, dewyntnast /'adnast, 'twanast, .../; adnastej, dwanastej, ...
 
20: dwasti /'twastɪ/; dwastej
 
21... 29: dwasti aden, ..., dwasti dewynt
 
30, 40, ... 90: tridesta, čirdesta, piendesynt, šesdesynt, sedumdesynt, ösumdesynt, dewyndesynt /'tʰrɪdɨstə, .../; tridestej, ..., piêndesyntej, ...
 
100: sto /'stɔ/; stotej
 
200: dwestie
 
300, ..., 900: trista, čirista, pientset, šestset, sedumset, ösumset, dewyntset
 
1000: tysienþ /tʰɨsiənθ/
 
Small numerals decline as follows:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''aden'' '1'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''aden'' || ''adna'' || ''adno''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''adneo''  ||''adnej'' || ''adneo''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''adnem''  ||''adnej''||''adnem''
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''dwa'' '2'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''dwa'' || ''dwe'' || ''dwe''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dwej''  ||''dwej'' || ''dwej''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''dweam''  ||''dweam''||''dweam''
|}
''oba'' 'both' declines the same way:
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''oba'' 'both'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''oba'' || ''obea'' || ''obea''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''obej''  ||''obej'' || ''obej''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''obeam''  ||''obeam''||''obeam''
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tri'' '3' and ''ċiri'' '4'
|-
!
!''tri'' '3'
!''čiri'' '4'
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tri'' ||''čiri''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''trich'' || ''čirich''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''trim''  ||''čirum''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
Nouns following numbers five and above require the genitive case, in contexts that require the nominative case.
 
===Conjunctions (''Conjunctii'')===
*''i(l), a(l)'' = 'and'
**Though ''i'' and ''a'' had different meanings up to EMAlb, the choice between ''i'' and ''a'' is purely phonetically determined in the modern language. a(l) is used after /i: ɪ ɨ/, y(l) otherwise. The -l (from *li) is used iff a vowel follows.
*''ċi, libo, alibo'' = 'or'
**''àb'' = (literary) 'or'
*''ale'' = 'but'
*''aċcoi tac'' = 'however'
*''estli'' = 'if'
*''zaċ'' 'why?'
*''nebo(ꞅ)'' = 'because'; can't be used at the beginning of the sentence
*''tomże'' = because (can be used to start a sentence)
*''reaċì teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''dôwodem teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''staùniêm teo, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''zato(ġ)'' 'that's why'
*''abo(wêꞅ), boI(wêꞅ), nebowêꞅ'' = (''literary'') 'for'
*''aġ'' 'so that'
*''achġ'' (''literary'') 'in order that'
*''cdyġ'' 'when'
*''bônḋ... ċi...'' = 'either... or'
*''ne telco... ale pac...'' = 'not only... but also...'
*''neġ'' = 'than'
*''choṫ, chotiaġ'' = 'although'
**''aċcoi'' is more formal.
*''ċil, ċili'' = question particle
 
===Derivation===
*''-skej/-sky'' deletes a preceding *k (from a *θs~*ts > *s rule), umlauts and/or first palatalizes
**''mod lokriskej'' = Locrian mode
*''-en'' umlauts and/or 1st-palatalizes
**''podöben'' 'similar' < ''podoba'' 'likeness, appearance'
**''weačen'' 'eternal' < ''weak'' 'age'
*''-öst, (i)-stwo, -öta, (i)-ba'' abstract noun suffixes
 
==Syntax==
Strict VSO; other aspects of syntax more SAE
===Left-conjunct agreement===
==="There is" and "to have"===
In the past tense, the verb ''bylo'' agrees with the gender of the (first) subject in affirmatives but defaults to masculine singular when negated:
*''Byl'''a''' ġen'''a''' y piênt deatì unie.'' = He had a wife and five children.
*''Ne byl als teo lewra semnau.'' = I didn't have the book with me.
 
===To like===
''Lib X.DAT Y'' = X likes Y
 
e.g. ''Lib mi led wanilowej.'' I like vanilla ice cream.
 
''Niest lib mi...'' = I don't like...
 
'To hate' simply uses the regular verb ''nenaùwideaṫ'' in formal language. In informal language the ''gnus mi'' construction is used.
 
===Relative clauses===
To form a relative clause, usually the relativizer ''cde'' (indeclinable) is used after the noun phrase. Formal or literary writing may use the relativizer ''tacaìġ'', which declines but is ''not'' a true relative pronoun; it agrees with the case of the head in the matrix clause (cf. Arabic ''allaðī''). ''Jeġ'' is only used archaically. In both cases, a resumptive pronoun is used when the head is not a subject or a direct object in the relative clause:
 
:'''''Byla auwtha tacàġ ne byl unì als wolny'''''
:be.PST-3SG.F sheep-NOM.SG, REL.NOM.SG.F NEG be.PST.3SG.M by-(RES)3SG.F.GEN NEG wool-GEN.SG
:''There was a sheep which had no wool''
 
==Vocabulary==
===Celtic loans===
For Germanic words in our Slavic, Albionian uses Celtic or Latin words instead:
*''tet briêntin'' (PCeltic *brigant-) = king
*''tet tauwsàc, ta tauwsàċca'' (*tovĭsakŭ, from PCeltic *towissākos) = prince (all senses)
*''tet dryw'' = wren
 
===Latin loans===
(mainly religious and official words)
*''tet lewr'' (from Latin ''liber'') = book
*''wendìthiṫ, po-'' (from Latin benedico, via Brythonic) = to bless
**has doublet ''mnithowaṫ, po-'' = to thank
*''zamechtìthen'' (from ''maledico'' via Welsh ''melltithio'') = (''attributive only'') goddamn, bloody
**''zachtìthen'' is more vulgar.
 
===Proto-English loans===
*''to melco'' = Borrowing from Proto-English?
===Internationalisms===
In Latin loans, vowel lengths are determined by the position of stress; long vowels are used where the Latin has a long vowel in the antepenultimate or the penultimate. In Greek loans, the original Greek length is used to determine the length of every vowel. e.g. {{Gael|misogynen}} (BrAlb. /ˈmɪsʊwɪnɪn/ AmAlb /mɪˈsɔwɪnɪn/) 'misogynistic' from μισογύνης.
 
*{{Gael|-iscaì}} '-ic, -ical' ({{Gael|soemantiscaì}} 'semantic')
*{{Gael|-aùlen}} '-al' ({{Gael|mùsicaùlen}} 'musical', {{Gael|mentaùlen}}  'awesome, amazing')
*{{Gael|-aùren}} '-ar, -ary' ({{Gael|militaùren}} 'military')
*{{Gael|-en}} '(when the source word does not have a suffix)' ({{Gael|homogenen}} 'homogeneous', {{Gael|intimen}}'intimate')
*{{Gael|-aùsen}} '-ous' ({{Gael|nervaùsen}} 'nervous')
*{{Gael|-ìven}} '-ive' ({{Gael|alternatìven}} 'alternative')
*{{Gael|-tiä}} '-tion, -ce, -cy'
** This causes Albionian speakers to sometimes confuse these suffixes in English.
*{{Gael|-tiën}} '-tional, -tionary'
*{{Gael|-ita}} '-ity', {{Gael|-itaùren}} '-itarian' ({{Gael|aùthorita}} BrAlb /ˈœjθɔɾɪtʰə/ AmAlb /œʏˈθɔɾɪtə/ 'authority', {{Gael|aùthoritaùren}} BrAlb /ˈœjθɔɾɪtœɾən/ AmAlb /œʏθɔɾɪˈtœɾən/ 'authoritarian')
*{{Gael|-se}} '-sis' ({{Gael|synthese}} 'synthesis')
*{{Gael|-tùra}} ({{Gael|literatùra}} 'literature')
*{{Gael|-ist}} '-ist' (noun)
**{{Gael|-istiscaì}} '-ist' (adjective)
 
==Phrasebook==
* {{Gael|Zdarw}} (informal), {{Gael|Zdarwte}} (formal) = Hello
* {{Gael|Tho ġes ta weath?}} = What's up? (lit. What's the thing?)
* {{Gael|Mnithi}} = Thank you
** {{Gael|Mnithi stocàrt}} /mniθi stokha:ST/ = Thank you so much (lit. thank you a hundred times)
 
==Sample texts==
===Schleicher===
'''{{Gael|Ta auwtha ai tai caunia}}'''
 
{{Gael|Baila auwtha tacàġ ne bail unì als wolnai, il uwideal ona tꞃi caunia: aden taingànth wôz tiêġcaì, aden nesônth noꞅe welcà, il aden nesônth ċelweac boꞃzo. ꞃeala ta auwtha team caunim: "Bolì moe saiꞃthe cdaiġ wiðuns ċelweac na eazdienì na caunia." Odpoweadeali tai caunia: "Sluchoì, auwtho! Bolì naꞅe saiꞃthe cdaiġ widiêm mai to: beꞃe ċelweac, ten gospodin, ta wolna taì auwthai a dealà ton oðeda teplà iznì. I nêst als wolnai u taì auwthai." Uslaiꞅꞅi to, nabeagla ta auwtha do teo pola.}}
 
===UDHR===
{{Gael|Ꞃaudì-sê wꞅescai lidea waulnê i sobie aꞃwnê wu saì dôstauinausti a saìm pꞃàwum. Lesun ꞅi nadàꞃenê ꞅe aꞃzumu i pꞃawoznaùnì, tedai les dolg nanim ċiniṫ aden wuzglaindem teo dꞃugoeo wu duchu teo bꞃatꞃstwa.}}
 
==Early Modern Albionian==
Today some syntactic constructions and endings from Early Modern Netažin still survive in poetic or flowery Netažin, but the register as a whole sounds markedly religious and is thus not used even in modern fantasy or historical fiction.
===Orthography===
*'''a&#795;''' was sometimes used for umlauted long ''à''. Today this sound is written ''aù'' and is pronounced /œ:/
 
===Accent===
*Old acute (modern stød): ạ
*Neoacute (high rising): á
*Dipping-rising: à (resulting from contraction of VjV)
*Grave or circumflex (low): à (long but not acute)
*Unaccented: a (resulting from stress shift to initial)
 
All of those diacritics (except the flat one for length) are obsolete today, except the old acute in dictionaries; neoacute, old acute dipping rising and grave all merged into length marked with the question-mark diacritic. Only old editions of religious and liturgical texts consistently use tone diacritics.
 
===Morphology===
*Instrumental case (''instrumentaùl'')
*Pseudo-dual dative and instrumental endings in {{Gael|-ma}}: {{Gael|walsnaìma dweama aucima}} 'with one's own two eyes'
*Some archaic forms such as {{Gael|ꞃeacl}} 'he said' for {{Gael|ꞃeal}}
*Possessive adjectives in ''-ow'' or ''-in'' more widespread (''ty marchogowea Arþyrowai'' 'Arthur's knights', modern ''ty marchogowea Arthyra'')
*Infinitives in ''-ti'' or ''-thi'' (e.g. ''dealati'', ''rieþi'')
*Pro-drop when the subject is not 3rd person
*3sg, 2pl and 3pl present and future perfective forms in ''-t'', ''-te'' and ''-nt'' (e.g. ''dealàt, dealàte, dealànt'', sometimes for more archaic effect ''dealaït, dealaïte, dealaïnt''); the 3pl form is always used with a plural subject.
*''ne'' used without ''als''.
*''est'' and ''sunt'' are used for 3sg and 3pl present of ''baịt'' (The modern forms ''les/os'' and ''len/lesun/òn/osun'' are from ''gleḋ/ot est'' 'here is' and ''gleḋ/ot sunt''.)
*definite articles in genitive phrases: a genitive phrase of the form X DEF.GEN Y.GEN is implied to be definite (cf. Hebrew and Irish). On the other hand, Modern Albionian usually requires X to take the definite article as well.
*The use of ''-li'' on verbs for interrogatives: ''znạš-li?'' 'dost thou know? kennst du?' This still survives as a way to mark conditional clauses in modern formal language.
*''-mo'' is sometimes used instead of ''-m''  for dative (but not instrumental) singular masculine and neuter adjectives and pronouns: ''spiewejte jemo pieseň nowa'' 'sing unto him a new song', ''prechodnejmo'' 'fleeting'. ''-mo'' is still found in literary poetry but it doesn't consistently correspond to the Proto-Slavic dative. <!-- I chose to change mu to mo to make it sound like Archaic Biblical Hebrew -ėmo -->
*Adjectives may come before nouns.
*Early Modern Albionian disallowed morphological "double negatives":
**ne... aden X instead of ne... wals ġàdnoeo X
**ne... weath  instead of ne... wals niċeo
**ne... ċelweac 'not a human' instead of ne... wals niceo
 
 
[[Category:Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]

Latest revision as of 17:46, 5 March 2024

British branch of Maghrebi Arabic with loosely Danish sound changes

Fortis and lenis resonants; uvularization kept as 2ndary articulation of consonants

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