Germian

Germian
Germic
The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags. The crossing represents the intertwining of languages.
Pronunciation	[germiʃ]
Created by	Jeppesper
Date	2022
Setting	Germanic languages
Native to	Anyone
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Germic Germian
Writing system	Latin

Germian (Germic IPA: /germiʃ/) is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, germ stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable and to lack grammatical gender and gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influenced by Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Yiddish, West-frisian, Luxembourgish and Icelandic.

Qualities

Alignment	Neutral alignment
Type	Analytical
Tonal	No
Genders	None

Nouns decline according to	Case Number Definiteness
Verbs conjugate according to	Tense Aspect
Adjectives decline according to	Comparision

100%	Phonetic alphabet
100%	Consistent noun & adjective declensions
100%	Consistent verb conjugations
0%	Noun/Pronoun gender differentiation
+	Swadesh inclusive
+	GSRD inclusive

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Plosive	p b		t d			k g
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ				h
Approximant					j		w
Trill			r
Lateral app.			l
Clusters						ks kw

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
High	iː yː				uː
Near-high		ɪ ʏ		ʊ
High-mid	eː				oː
Mid
Low-mid	ɛ				ɔ
Near-low
Low		a			ɑː
Diphthongs	ɛ͡ɪ	a͡ɪ a͡ʊ			ɔ͡ɪ ɔ͡ʊ

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter	Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Sound	/a/	/b/	/ʃ/	/d/	/ɛ/	/f/	/g/	/h/	/ɪ/	/j/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/ɔ/	/p/	/kw/	/r/	/s/	/t/	/ʊ/	/v/	/w/	/ks/	/ʏ/	/z/
Name	/a/	/beː/	/ʃeː/	/deː/	/ɛ/	/ɛf/	/geː/	/hoː/	/ɪ/	/jɛɪ/	/kɛɪ/	/ɛl/	/ɛm/	/ɛn/	/ɔ/	/peː/	/kwuː/	/ɛr/	/ɛs/	/teː/	/ʊ/	/vɛɪ/	/wʏn/	/ɛks/	/ʏ/	/zɛt/

Digraphs & Diphthongs

Digraphs & Diphthongs	Aa aa	Ee ee	Ii ii	Oo oo	Uu uu	Yy yy	Ng ng	Ai ai	Ei ei	Oi oi	Au au	Ou ou
Sound	/ɑː/	/eː/	/iː/	/oː/	/uː/	/yː/	/ŋ/	/a͡ɪ/	/ɛ͡ɪ/	/ɔ͡ɪ/	/a͡ʊ/	/ɔ͡ʊ/
Name	lang a	lang e	lang i	lang o	lang u	lang y	/ɛŋ/	/a͡ɪ/	/ɛ͡ɪ/	/ɔ͡ɪ/	/a͡ʊ/	/ɔ͡ʊ/

Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds

Foreign letters	Ðð	Þþ	Åå	Ææ Ää	Öö Øø	Üü	ẞß
Foreign sounds	/ð/	/θ/	/o/	/æ/	/œ/ /ø/	/ɵ/ /ʉ/	/s/
Germian translitteration	dh	th	ao	ae	oe	ue	ss

Phonotactics

• Note: These phonotactics may vary for loan words and words with foreign letter/sound translitterations.

1. There are no silent letters.

2. There is no phonemic reduced vowel sound like English's /ə/.

3. Multiple consonants, vowels and diphthong combinations interact as follows:

Double consonants (that aren't part of a digraph) are pronounced with a syllable break:

Example: bb = /b.b/

Vowels following each other that are not part of a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are not pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: ia = /ɪa/

Example: iea = /ɪɛa/

Example: aioe = /a͡ɪ.ɔɛ/

The first 2 vowels that are viable as a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are the ones that will be pronounced as such:

Example: aii = /a͡ɪ.ɪ/

Example: eei = /eː.ɪ/

Not like: aii = /a.iː/

Not like: eei = /ɛ.ɛ͡ɪ/

Vowel digraph/diphthong pairs and single vowels that directly preceeds/follows a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: aaeiou = /ɑː.ɛ͡ɪ.ɔ͡ʊ/

Example: eaa = /ɛ.ɑː/

Example: aio = /a͡ɪ.ɔ/

Example: aaa = /ɑː.a/

Grammar

Syntax

Germian syntax follows a SVO (subject–verb–object) word order.

Descriptive examples:

Example: Jaik¹ hav² ain³ kat⁴. ⇄ I¹ have² a³ cat⁴.

Example: Jaik¹ siien⁴ nite³ et⁵. ⇄ I¹ do² not³ see⁴ it⁵.

Example: Ain¹ roud² rous³. ⇄ A¹ red² rose³.

^{Example: Vat1 wilte4 duu3 dun5 6? ⇄ What1 do2 you3 want4 to5 do6?}

^{Example: Vii1 brauke2 gouen3 in4 de5 morgen6. ⇄ We1 usually2 walk3 in4 the5 morning6.}

^{Example: Siien4 du2 et5 nite3? ⇄ Do1 you (s.)2 not3 see4 it5?}

Noun declenations

Case articles and number

Example	Singular	Plural
Nominative-Definite	de kat	de kates
Nominative-Indefinite	ain kat	(vleere) kates
Possessive-Definite	de katese	de kateses
Possessive-Indefinite	ain katese	(vleere) kateses

Vocabulary

^{ain ⇄ a, an (singular indefinite article)}

^{de ⇄ the (definite article)}

^{kat ⇄ cat}

^{vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")}

Noun affixes

-er ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employer)

-iie ⇄ (making-object e.g. English's employee)

-ing ⇄ (state/condition e.g. English's childhood)

Verb conjugations

Infinitive/Imperative: sainen ⇄ to be	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	sain ⇄ am/is/are	saine ⇄ being	hasainen ⇄ have/has been
Past	saind ⇄ was/were	sainde ⇄ was/were being	hadsainen ⇄ had been
Future	vil sain ⇄ will be	vil saine ⇄ will become	vil hasainen ⇄ will have been
Conditional			skalde hasainen ⇄ would have been	skalde sain ⇄ would be

Infinitive/Imperative: dunen ⇄ to do	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	dun ⇄ do	dune ⇄ doing	hadunen ⇄ have/has done
Past	dund ⇄ did	dunde ⇄ was/were doing	haddunen ⇄ had done
Future	vil dun ⇄ will do	vil dune ⇄ will be doing	vil hadunen ⇄ will have done
Conditional			skalde hadunen ⇄ would have done	skalde dun ⇄ would do

Infinitive/Imperative: haven ⇄ to have	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	hav ⇄ have	have ⇄ having	hahaven ⇄ have/has had
Past	havd ⇄ had	havde ⇄ was/were having	hadhaven ⇄ had had
Future	vil hav ⇄ will have	vil have ⇄ will be having	vil hahaven ⇄ will have had
Conditional			skalde hahaven ⇄ would have had	skalde hav ⇄ would have

Modal auxiliary verbs

berhauce ⇄ need

brauke ⇄ brukar, usually do

burt ⇄ ought

durfo ⇄ may, to be permitted to, to be allowed to, dürf, få

kan ⇄ can, to be able

kaunde ⇄ could

moug ⇄ might

must ⇄ must

skal ⇄ shall

skalde ⇄ would

taure ⇄ dare

vil ⇄ will, going to

wilte ⇄ want

Verb affixes

-en ⇄ (making-verb)

Example	(Making-verb)	Progressive	Example phrase	Example phrase
vit ⇄ white	viten ⇄ whiten	vite ⇄ whitening	viten de tands ⇄ whiten the teeth	de vite faun de tands ⇄ the whitening of the teeth

rii- ⇄ (repeat)

un- ⇄ (deprive)

ike-- ⇄ (negate)

Example	(repeat)	(deprive)	(negate)
vit ⇄ white	riiviten ⇄ rewhiten	unviten ⇄ unwhiten	ike-vit ⇄ non-white

Adjective comparison

-er ⇄ (comparative)

-est ⇄ (superlative)

Example	Positive/Negative	Comparative	Superlative
Adjective	groos	grooser	groosest

Example: Et sain groos. ⇄ It is big.

Example: Et sain grooser dan dat. ⇄ It is larger than that.

Example: Et sain (de) groosest. ⇄ It is the largest.

Example: Et sain klain. ⇄ It is small.

Example: Et sain klainer dan dat. ⇄ It is smaller than that.

Example: Et sain (de) klainest. ⇄ It is the smallest.

Example: Et sain fiiler dan dat. ⇄ It is more than that.

Example: Et sain klimer dan dat. ⇄ It is less than that.

Example: Jaik wilte meer. ⇄ I want (even) more.

Example: Jaik wilte haven vleere. ⇄ I want to have several ones.

Vocabulary

^{dan ⇄ than}

^{dat ⇄ that}

^{de ⇄ the}

^{et ⇄ it}

^{fiil ⇄ many, much, a lot}

^{groos ⇄ big}

^{hav ⇄ have}

^{jaik ⇄ I}

^{klain ⇄ small}

^{klim ⇄ little meer ⇄ even more, additional}

^{sain ⇄ am/is/are}

^{vleere ⇄ several}

^{wilte ⇄ want}

Adjective affix

-ic ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of)

Example	gold ⇄ gold	hund ⇄ dog
-ic	goldic	hundic

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns	Nominative	Possesive	Reflexive
1st person	jaik ⇄ I vii ⇄ we	jaikse ⇄ my/mine viise ⇄ our/ours	jaikself ⇄ myself viiselfs ⇄ ourselves
2nd person	duu ⇄ you (s.) juu ⇄ you (pl.)	duuse ⇄ your/yours (s.) juuse ⇄ you/yours (pl.)	duuself ⇄ yourself (s.) juuselfs ⇄ yourselves (pl.)
3rd person	xiin ⇄ they/this one (s. proximate./former. standard) diin ⇄ they/that one (s. obviative./post-former.) et ⇄ it dei ⇄ they (pl.)	xiinse ⇄ theirs (s.) diinse ⇄ theirs (s.) etse ⇄ its deise ⇄ theirs (pl.)	xiinself ⇄ themself (s.) diinself ⇄ themself (s.) etself ⇄ itself deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.)
4th person	eim ⇄ one	eimse ⇄ one's	eimself ⇄ oneself

Numerals

1. Ordinal numbers are marked by adding the suffix "-ce" to a number.

2. Spaces are used to group digits in numerals e.g. 20 000.

3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half").

4. The comma is used as the decimal separator.

Capitalization

Capital letters are used for the first word of a sentence and for proper nouns.

The proper nouns in Germian are exclusively: personal names, place names, marketed titles and organization names.

Punctuation

Apostrophe

The apostrophe ( ’, ' ), is used to mark letters omitted in contractions.

Brackets

Brackets ( [...], (...), {...}, ⟨...⟩ ), are used for parenthesis, explanation or comment.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the brackets when they apply only to the explanation or comment; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing the material, they are placed outside the marks.

Colon

The colon ( : ) is used to start an enumeration and it is used between two clauses when the second clause otherwise clarifies the first.

Comma

The comma ( , ) is used to disambiguate the meaning of sentences, by providing boundaries between clauses and phrases.

The comma is also used as the decimal separator.

Dash and hyphen

The dash ( –, — ) is used:

1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text.

2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers "1–10", and cross countries "US–Canada".

3. to mark someone speaking.

4. to mark the one who said something.

The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used:

1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines.

2. to apply a prefix to a word for which there is no canonical compound word;

Ellipsis

An ellipsis ( ..., …, . . .) is used to mark omitted text or when a sentence trails off.

Exclamation mark

The exclamation mark ( ! ) is used to mark an exclamation.

Period/full stop/full point

The character known as the period/full stop/full point ( . ) serves multiple purposes. It is used to mark the end of a sentence, to indicate abbreviation, including of names as initials, as well as a separation marker when listing things with numbers e.g. "1. 2. 3.".

Question marks

The question mark ( ? ) is used to mark the end of a sentence which is a question.

Quotation marks

Quotation marks ( ‘...’, “...”, '...', "..." ) are used in pairs to set off quotation, with two levels for distinguishing nested quotations: single and double. Germian texts favours double quotation marks for the primary quotation.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the quotation marks when they apply only to the quoted material; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing or introducing the material, they are placed outside the marks.

Semicolon

The semicolon ( ; ) is used to separate two independent but related clauses. The semicolon is also used to separate list items when the list items contain commas.

Slash

The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.

Abbreviations

Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods.

Word creation

A word in Germian is created by looking at the equivalent words for it in English, German, Dutch and Swedish to then find the most prominant phonological features within these equivalent words. Then these features are used to create a word in accordance to germian phonology and orthography. Sometimes it is clear that these languages' equivalent words are very much the same and can be translated very phonologically e.g. through cat /kæt/ in English, Katze /katzɛ / in German, kat /kat/ in Dutch and katt /kat/ in Swedish, it becomes kat /kat/ in Germian. Sometimes there are more significant differences between words of the Germanic languages, but if they work well together they can just be merged together. When there are bigger differences between words of the four Germanic languages that can't be merged, then one can look at the word in other Germanic languages to even it out.

When words in the Germanic languages have differences that don't interact well, or when one just has an idea of an interesting sounding variation of the word that fits, then creative liberty can be pursued.

Sometimes there are many words for the same thing in a language, and for diversity's sake, many of them can have a Germian equivalent e.g. "cau" and "halo" from German's "ciao" and "hallo", "dae" from Dutch's "dag", "hei" from Swedish's "hej", "guutein" from English's "have a good one", and then Germian's exclusive "hae".

Sometimes there are strong similarities for a word within two of the four Germanic languages and between the other two Germanic languages but not between all four. Then both pairs get a Germian equivalent but with slightly different meanings e.g. German's "farb" with Swedish's "färg" made the Germian word "farb" (paint), and English's "color" with Dutch's "kleur" made the Germian word "kolur" (color).

Compound words

When creating a Germian compound word one ought to look at each of the 4 Germanic languages' equivalent words to decide how it will be formed. There are 3 types of compound words in Germian:

Closed compound words

Example: apel + juus = apeljuus ⇄ applejuice

Example: hamburger + brout = hamburgerbrout ⇄ hamburger bun, hamburger bread

Open compound words

Many open compound words function as nouns and are formed by combining a noun with another noun or with an adjective.

Example: video speil ⇄ video game

Example: ful moon ⇄ full moon

Hyphenated compound words

Hyphens are often used when a compound modifies a noun or verb.

Example: CD + - + caifa = CD-caifa ⇄ CD-disc

Example: maind + - + blasperen = maind-blasperen ⇄ mind-blowing

Loan words

Words from any other language that is getting a Germian equivalent will have to adapt the word to Germian phonology and orthography:

Example: déjà vu ⇄ deica vue

Words in the four Germanic languages of which the conlang is based on (English, German, Dutch and Swedish) that are loan words will be treated as any other word:

Example: sushi ⇄ suci

Example: motto ⇄ moto

Example: niche ⇄ niic

Sometimes Germian will loan words directly from one of the four Germanic languages.

Example: Wi-Fi ⇄ Wi-Fi

Example: internet ⇄ internet

Countries & languages

The word creation for country/region and language names should be done through adapting the most standard and prominent endonymic name phonologically for the country/region or language to Germian phonology and orthography e.g. Sverige /svɛrjɛ/ (Sweden) ⇄ Sverje. For languages the suffix "-ic" is added e.g. svenska /svɛnska/ (Swedish) ⇄ svenskaic

Words that are added to indicate specifics like "North" America, "South" America, "West" Frisian and names alike are to be translated to Germian and then added to the country/region or language name accordingly and as a closed compound word e.g. Nordamerika, Saudamerika, Vestfriskic.

Dictionary

Phrases

Jaik heiten... ⇄ My name is...	jaik ⇄ I	heiten ⇄ to be named, heiße, heet, heter
Vat sain duuse name? ⇄ What is your name?	name ⇄ name	Spraten duu... ⇄ Do you speak...
Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak...	Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand.	Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet?
Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it?, How is it going?	Sain duu okee/ok? ⇄ Are you okay?	Sain et okee/ok? ⇄ Is it going okay?
okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok	jaa ⇄ yes	nei ⇄ no
njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well	jee ⇄ yeah	naa ⇄ nah
maince ⇄ maybe	natuuric ⇄ of course	kain problem ⇄ no problem
antswer ⇄ answer	genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right	inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong
tangke ⇄ thanks	tangke duu/juu (s./pl.) ⇄ thank you	fiil tangke ⇄ thank you very much
stop! ⇄ stop!	help ⇄ help	akta! ⇄ look out!
sori ⇄ sorry	sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this	pardon ⇄ excuse me
spliise ⇄ please	ckol ⇄ cheers	grelsing ⇄ greeting
haloo ⇄ hello	hae ⇄ hi	hei ⇄ hey
dae ⇄ good day/bye/dag	guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye	cau ⇄ bye
adjoo ⇄ adieu	ferwel ⇄ farewell	sees vii ⇄ see you/see you later
wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome	moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome	guut morgen ⇄ good morning
guut daag ⇄ good day	guut naftermiddaag ⇄ good afternoon	guut aufend ⇄ good evening
guut nact ⇄ good night	jaik eliibe duu ⇄ I love you	Vur fiil sain dit? ⇄ How much is this?

Swadesh+

1. I ⇄ jaik
2. we ⇄ vii
3. you (singular) ⇄ duu
4. you (plural) ⇄ juu
5. they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
6. they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
7. they (plural) ⇄ dei
8. this ⇄ dit
9. that ⇄ dat
10. here ⇄ heir
11. there ⇄ daar
12. who ⇄ viim
13. whose ⇄ viis
14. what ⇄ vat
15. why ⇄ vatfuur
16. which ⇄ velke
17. where ⇄ veir
18. when ⇄ van
19. how ⇄ vur
20. what kind of, what something's like ⇄ vurvat
21. not ⇄ nite
22. all ⇄ al
23. none, no, not any ⇄ kain
24. many ⇄ fiil
25. few ⇄ veenig
26. some ⇄ somige
27. other ⇄ aader
28. one ⇄ ein
29. two ⇄ tvei
30. three ⇄ drii
31. four ⇄ fiir
32. five ⇄ faif
33. big ⇄ groos
34. small ⇄ klain
35. long ⇄ lang
36. short ⇄ kort
37. wide ⇄ breid
38. narrow ⇄ smaal
39. thick ⇄ dik
40. thin ⇄ dun
41. heavy ⇄ cveer
42. light ⇄ leict
43. female ⇄ femlin
44. male ⇄ manske
45. hermaphrodite ⇄ herm
46. androgyne ⇄ wenle
47. gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon)
48. genderless ⇄ zukjon (zunte-kjon)
49. cultural gender ⇄ qukjon (qultural-kjon)
50. inter(-sex/-gender) ⇄ jinen(-sec/-kjon)
51. endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon)
52. trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon)
53. diverse/variating/queer ⇄ veirai
54. human ⇄ huumas
55. child, youngling ⇄ kind
56. child, progeny ⇄ cinder
57. spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing
58. parent ⇄ elter
59. animal ⇄ diir
60. fish ⇄ fic
61. bird ⇄ fogel
62. dog ⇄ hund
63. louse ⇄ laus
64. snake ⇄ clang
65. worm ⇄ wurm
66. nature ⇄ natuur
67. tree ⇄ trai
68. forest ⇄ skoog
69. stick ⇄ stape
70. fruit ⇄ fruut
71. seed ⇄ saed
72. leaf ⇄ lauv
73. root ⇄ wrootcel
74. bark (of a tree) ⇄ bark
75. flower ⇄ blom
76. grass ⇄ grais
77. rope ⇄ roup
78. body ⇄ bodi
79. organ ⇄ organ
80. skin ⇄ skind
81. leather ⇄ leder
82. scale ⇄ sqeil
83. meat ⇄ flec
84. blood ⇄ blut
85. bone ⇄ boun
86. fat (noun) ⇄ feit
87. grease ⇄ greis
88. mucle ⇄ muskel
89. guts ⇄ darm
90. heart ⇄ hart
91. brain ⇄ breihin
92. liver ⇄ leever
93. egg ⇄ eig
94. horn ⇄ horn
95. stinger ⇄ stakel
96. antenna ⇄ anten
97. tail ⇄ stvan
98. feather ⇄ veder
99. hair ⇄ har
100. fur ⇄ fel
101. head ⇄ hovd
102. face ⇄ sicte
103. ear ⇄ oor
104. eye ⇄ ooge
105. nose ⇄ noose
106. snout ⇄ snuut
107. mouth ⇄ mund
108. beard ⇄ bard
109. mustasch ⇄ mustac
110. lip ⇄ lip
111. tooth ⇄ tand
112. tongue ⇄ tunge
113. foot ⇄ fut
114. leg ⇄ leg
115. knee ⇄ knii
116. hand ⇄ hand
117. finger ⇄ finger
118. nail (body part) ⇄ nagel
119. claw ⇄ klau
120. wing ⇄ ving
121. belly ⇄ belai
122. stomach ⇄ maage
123. neck ⇄ hals
124. nape ⇄ nek
125. throat ⇄ keel
126. back ⇄ rug
127. breast, boob ⇄ brost
128. chest ⇄ cest
129. ass, butt ⇄ bump
130. anus ⇄ anus
131. urethra ⇄ uretra
132. vagina ⇄ vagin
133. vagina (juvenile) ⇄ vip
134. clitoris ⇄ klitoris
135. womb ⇄ wuum
136. ovary ⇄ oovery
137. ovum ⇄ oovum
138. penis ⇄ peenis
139. penis (juvenile) ⇄ pik
140. scrotum, ballsack ⇄ skrung
141. male genitals ⇄ prung
142. glans ⇄ gleiskel
143. testicle ⇄ testikel
144. sperm ⇄ sperm
145. to drink ⇄ dringken
146. to eat ⇄ spiitsen
147. to nibble ⇄ knibelen
148. to bite ⇄ baiten
149. to suck ⇄ saugen
150. to spit ⇄ speiten
151. to vomit ⇄ sparfen
152. to blow ⇄ blousen
153. to breathe ⇄ andemen
154. to laugh ⇄ lahen
155. to see ⇄ siien
156. to hear ⇄ hooren
157. to know ⇄ visten
158. to think ⇄ tengken
159. to smell ⇄ raukten
160. to taste ⇄ spruufen
161. to feel (emotionally) ⇄ kenden
162. to feel (physicaly) ⇄ fuulen
163. to touch ⇄ rooren
164. to sense ⇄ sensen
165. to fear ⇄ frangsten
166. to sleep ⇄ slaapen
167. to live ⇄ leven
168. to die ⇄ cdurden
169. to kill ⇄ douden
170. to fight (combat) ⇄ straiden
171. to fight (struggle) ⇄ kempen
172. to hunt ⇄ jakten
173. to hit ⇄ slaagen
174. to cut ⇄ cneiden
175. to chop ⇄ haken
176. to stab ⇄ staben
177. to share ⇄ deelen
178. to split ⇄ spliten
179. to scratch ⇄ skrapsen
180. to dig ⇄ graven
181. to swim ⇄ swimen
182. to fly ⇄ fliigen
183. to walk, to go ⇄ gouen
184. to come ⇄ komen
185. to lie (lay) ⇄ leegen
186. to sit ⇄ siten
187. to stand ⇄ standen
188. to turn (intransitive) ⇄ dreiden
189. to rise ⇄ staigen
190. to fall ⇄ falen
191. to give ⇄ geeven
192. to take ⇄ neimen
193. to hold ⇄ halden
194. to squeeze ⇄ sqeesen
195. to rub ⇄ ruben
196. to wash ⇄ vasen
197. to wipe ⇄ drooken
198. to pull ⇄ pulen
199. to push ⇄ druken
200. to throw ⇄ troiven
201. to catch ⇄ fangen
202. to tie ⇄ binden
203. to sew ⇄ snaien
204. to count ⇄ reekenen
205. to say ⇄ saagen
206. to sing ⇄ singen
207. to play ⇄ spleien
208. to float ⇄ flouten
209. to sink ⇄ zingken
210. to flow ⇄ floisen
211. to swell ⇄ svelen
212. to freeze ⇄ friisen
213. to burn ⇄ brenen
214. fire ⇄ fiier
215. sun ⇄ son
216. star ⇄ ster
217. earth ⇄ erd
218. moon ⇄ mon
219. salt ⇄ salt
220. stone ⇄ steen
221. dust ⇄ stov
222. gravel ⇄ graus
223. boulder ⇄ boulder
224. ash ⇄ ask
225. mountain ⇄ berg
226. hill ⇄ houvel
227. sand ⇄ sand
228. road ⇄ veeg
229. water ⇄ vaater
230. drop ⇄ drop
231. rain ⇄ regen
232. river ⇄ flusd
233. lake ⇄ see
234. sea ⇄ haav
235. waterstream ⇄ vaaterstroum
236. waterfall ⇄ vaaterfal
237. snow ⇄ snee
238. ice ⇄ ais
239. fog ⇄ neevel
240. mist ⇄ mist
241. tsunami ⇄ tsunaami
242. air ⇄ luft
243. cloud ⇄ woln
244. sky ⇄ himel
245. wind ⇄ wind
246. smoke ⇄ rook
247. disaster ⇄ katastrof
248. color ⇄ kolur
249. paint ⇄ farb
250. red ⇄ roud
251. orange ⇄ oranc
252. yellow ⇄ gelu
253. lime ⇄ laim
254. green ⇄ grun
255. turquoise ⇄ turkois
256. cyan ⇄ cyan
257. azure ⇄ azor
258. blue ⇄ blo
259. purple ⇄ prila
260. magenta ⇄ magent
261. cerise ⇄ ceri
262. white ⇄ vit
263. gray ⇄ gro
264. black ⇄ svart
265. brown (dark orange colors) ⇄ brun
266. pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz
267. beige ⇄ beic
268. light ⇄ lict
269. hazy ⇄ hazi
270. dark ⇄ dunkel
271. night ⇄ nact
272. day ⇄ daag
273. year ⇄ jaur
274. warm ⇄ varm
275. cold ⇄ kald
276. full ⇄ fol
277. empty ⇄ lemtom
278. new ⇄ nue
279. old ⇄ old
280. good ⇄ guut
281. bad ⇄ slect
282. ripe, mature ⇄ raif
283. rotten ⇄ rotnen
284. clean ⇄ crein
285. dirty ⇄ smotsic
286. straight ⇄ strak
287. bent ⇄ bougd
288. round ⇄ rund
289. sharp (as a knife) ⇄ cerp
290. dull (as a knife) ⇄ dulp
291. smooth ⇄ glat
292. ragged ⇄ rugd
293. wet ⇄ vnot
294. dry ⇄ drog
295. near ⇄ neer
296. far ⇄ faar
297. right ⇄ rect
298. left ⇄ lingks
299. center ⇄ centraal
300. north ⇄ nord
301. south ⇄ saud
302. east ⇄ oust
303. west ⇄ vest
304. at ⇄ aton
305. in ⇄ in
306. with ⇄ mit
307. and ⇄ end
308. if ⇄ ifals
309. because ⇄ soodat
310. name ⇄ name
311. correct, right ⇄ korekt, ret
312. incorrect, false/wrong ⇄ inkorekt, falc

Wordlists

• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Conjunctions and subjunctions
• Interjections
• Nouns
• Numerals
• Prepositions
• Pronouns
• Verbs

Texts

Fragments 31

Fragments 31 — Sapfo — Anne Carson

Xiin, fuur jaik, saims eqalaik tsoo de gauds dat manske

das oposit duu siten

end hooren duu neer

spraaken soutlyt

en lahen fryktlyt, das inderde

maaken jaikse hart fladeren in jaikse brost;

fuur van jaik caiken aton duu naur ain kort taid

et sain kain meer moigelic fuur jaik tsoo spraaken

aber et sain als if jaikse tunge sain kaput

end unmidelyt renen ain subtiil fiier over jaikse skind,

Jaik kan nict siien mit jaikse ooges,

end jaikse oors buze

kaudsveit komen over jaik, drerende

graipen jaik overal, jaik sain bleeker

dan greis, end jaik saims neerlyt

tsoo hacdurden.

aber alding must hatauren, sinds ...

---

That man seems to me to be equal to the gods

who is sitting opposite you

and hears you nearby

speaking sweetly

and laughing delightfully, which indeed

makes my heart flutter in my breast;

for when I look at you even for a short time,

it is no longer possible for me to speak

but it is as if my tongue is broken

and immediately a subtle fire has run over my skin,

I cannot see anything with my eyes,

and my ears are buzzing

a cold sweat comes over me, trembling

seizes me all over, I am paler

than grass, and I seem nearly

to have died.

but everything must be dared/endured, since ...