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| ==Proto-Naengic==
| | Naeng has some diasporas in Irta, the largest and most prominent being in Oklahoma, Paraguay, Tanzania, the Czech Republic, and parts of Tibet and Xinjiang. Naeng is the largest minority language in Irta's Czech Republic. In addition, ethnic Naeng communities as well as Mărotłite communities which aren't necessarily Naeng-speaking exist in many other parts of Irta. |
| *Syllable structure: (C)(ə).(C)(C)V(C)[sʔ]
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| *VSO and head-initial, of course
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| *The unmarked 'absolute state' marked the end of the noun phrase. 'Construct state' or the connective was marked with a clitic ''*-s''.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| | Naeng is the Trician language with the most speakers in Irta. The second most common is Clofabosin, followed by Scellan. |
| ! colspan="8"|Proto-Nängic consonants
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Dental
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | *m
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| |colspan="2"| *n
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| | *ɲ
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| | *ŋ
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| |
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| !|<small>plain</small>
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| | *p
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| |colspan="2"| *t
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| | *c
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| | *k
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| | *ʔ
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| |-
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| !|<small>voiced</small>
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| | *b
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| |colspan="2"| *d
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| | *ɟ
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| | *g
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| |-
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| !|<small>implosive</small>
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| | *ɓ
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| |colspan="2"| *ɗ
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| | *ʄ
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| |
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| | *θ
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| | *ç
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| | *h
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2"|Trill
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| | *r
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Lat. app.
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| | *l
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | *w
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| | *j
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| |}
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| | ==Lexical and syntactic differences== |
| | Oklahoman Naeng has a few divergences from Bjeheondian Naeng and has lexical influence from Cherokee, Maghrebi Azalic, and to an extent, English. |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
| | Czech Naeng has a bit more SAE syntax as well as loanwords from Latin, but certain non-SAE features in contemporary vernacular Naeng but absent in literary Naeng are exaggerated; for instance, Czech Naeng strongly prefers verbs of motion rather than pronouns. The articles ''se'' and ''fi'' are also commonly mixed up especially for younger speakers of Czech Naeng, so the article system turns into a specific/nonspecific one. The most notable SAE-ism in Czech Naeng is the use of ''ruay'' for a perfective or telic aspect, for instance ''Fi rüech ruay patsrin fi muad'' "The bird ate the fruit". This is also used in impersonal sentences, such as ''Ruay patsrin fi muad.'' "The fruit has been/was eaten." |
| ! colspan="4" | Proto-Nängic vowels
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="1" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | *i
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| | *u
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | *e
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| | *ə
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| | *o
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | *æ
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| | *ɒ
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| |}
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| ==Trây-Mèk==
| | Another common SAE-ism is the use of dative external possession. |
| ===PTrây-Mèk > Trây===
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| *{{recon|VC[+voiced]}} > {{recon|VːC[+voiceless]}}
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| *''{{recon|ç}}'' > [ʒ] / #_[+voiced], [ʃ] / otherwise
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| *''{{recon|-s}}'' > [+phonation magic] > vowel changes and ablaut
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| *''{{recon|tç-}}'', ''{{recon|cç-}}'', ''{{recon|tc-}}'' > ''{{recon|çç-}}'' > [s] {{angbr|''ß''}}
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| ===PTrây-Mèk > Mèk=== | | ==Phonological differences== |
| | | Syllable onset <r> in Czech Naeng is often realized as an alveolar lateral flap or merged with <l>. This is from a historical Bjeheondian pronunciation as an alveolar flap. Sometimes l's may become r's by hypercorrection as well. |
| ==Bôr==
| |
| *{{recon|θ}} > {{recon|v}}
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| *{{recon|d}} > {{recon|ð}} > {{recon|z}}
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| *{{recon|c-}} > {{recon|t͡s-}}
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| *{{recon|lV}}, {{recon|rV}} > {{recon|Vr}}, {{recon|Vl}}? Or {{recon|Cl-}}, {{recon|Cr-}} > {{recon|Cˤ}}?
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| | |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="16"|Bôr-A consonants
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="2" |Labial
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| ! colspan="2" |Alveolar
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| ! colspan="2" |Palatal
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| ! colspan="2" |Velar
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| ! colspan="2" |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>phar.</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>phar.</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>phar.</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>phar.</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>phar.</small>
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''ml''' /mˤ/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | '''nl''' /nˤ/
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| | '''ñ''' /ɲ/
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| | '''ñl''' /ɲˤ/
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| | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
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| | '''ŋl''' /ŋˤ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| !|<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''pl''' /pˤ/
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| | '''t''' /t/
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| | '''tl''' /tˤ/
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| | '''k''' /k/
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| | '''kl''' /kˤ/
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| | '''ʔ''' /ʔ/
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| |-
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| !|<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''bl''' /bˤ/
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| | '''d''' /d/
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| | '''dl''' /dˤ/
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| | '''g''' /g/
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| | '''gl''' /gˤ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| !|<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''sl''' /x/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| !|<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''f''' /v/
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| | '''fl, wl''' /vˤ/
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| | '''z''' /z/
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| | '''zl''' /ɣ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
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| | '''c''' /ts/
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| | '''cl''' /tsˤ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Lat. app.
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| | '''j''' /j/
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| |}
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| | |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="7" | Bôr vowels
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''ı''' /i/
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| | '''ır''' /iː/
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| | '''u''' /ɯ/
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| | '''ur''' /ɯː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /ɛ/
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| | '''er''' /ɛː/
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| | '''y''' /ə/
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| | '''yr''' /əː/
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| | '''o''' /ɔ/
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| | '''or''' /ɔː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''ar''' /aː/
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| |
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| |}
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| | |
| | |
| ====Tones!====
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| *'''a''': low level/modal
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| *'''ä''': high breathy
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| *'''ą''': low nasalized dipping
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| *'''ā''': high tense
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| *'''ȧ''': glottalized
| |
| *'''â''': sharp falling
| |
Naeng has some diasporas in Irta, the largest and most prominent being in Oklahoma, Paraguay, Tanzania, the Czech Republic, and parts of Tibet and Xinjiang. Naeng is the largest minority language in Irta's Czech Republic. In addition, ethnic Naeng communities as well as Mărotłite communities which aren't necessarily Naeng-speaking exist in many other parts of Irta.
Naeng is the Trician language with the most speakers in Irta. The second most common is Clofabosin, followed by Scellan.
Lexical and syntactic differences
Oklahoman Naeng has a few divergences from Bjeheondian Naeng and has lexical influence from Cherokee, Maghrebi Azalic, and to an extent, English.
Czech Naeng has a bit more SAE syntax as well as loanwords from Latin, but certain non-SAE features in contemporary vernacular Naeng but absent in literary Naeng are exaggerated; for instance, Czech Naeng strongly prefers verbs of motion rather than pronouns. The articles se and fi are also commonly mixed up especially for younger speakers of Czech Naeng, so the article system turns into a specific/nonspecific one. The most notable SAE-ism in Czech Naeng is the use of ruay for a perfective or telic aspect, for instance Fi rüech ruay patsrin fi muad "The bird ate the fruit". This is also used in impersonal sentences, such as Ruay patsrin fi muad. "The fruit has been/was eaten."
Another common SAE-ism is the use of dative external possession.
Phonological differences
Syllable onset <r> in Czech Naeng is often realized as an alveolar lateral flap or merged with <l>. This is from a historical Bjeheondian pronunciation as an alveolar flap. Sometimes l's may become r's by hypercorrection as well.