Bright languages: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 66px; " | | |||
! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal | |||
! style="width: 66px; " |Labial | |||
|- | |||
! Sonorant | |||
| l r | |||
| n m | |||
|- | |||
! Non-Sonorant | |||
| s d | |||
| f b | |||
|} | |||
The | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 66px; " | | |||
! style="width: 66px; " |Front | |||
! style="width: 66px; " |Center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| i ɛ | |||
| a ae̯ | |||
|} | |||
===Sound Laws=== | ===Sound Laws=== | ||
Line 16: | Line 41: | ||
*Voicing: consonants between vowels are voiced | *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless | ||
*Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br> | |||
*Lenition: if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br> | EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf'' and ''elba'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br> | ||
EX: | |||
*Assimilation: | *Assimilation: | ||
*Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br> | *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br> | ||
*Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br> | *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br> | ||
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br> | m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br> | ||
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br> | m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br> | ||
r/l + | r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br> | ||
r/l + | r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br> | ||
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br> | r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br> | ||
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br> | r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br> | ||
*/ | */d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped. | ||
EX: The hypothetical ''ereden'' becomes ''eren'' | |||
*Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized. | |||
alma > almi > ilmi | alma > almi > ilmi | ||
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anda "space" [ant, endë] | anda "space" [ant, endë] | ||
- | - | ||
endar "land", anderë "lands" | |||
embal (amba + arda/alba) "celestial body~god", ambelë... | |||
endar | endar | ||
tirya | tirya | ||
Line 78: | Line 96: | ||
ARNA | ARNA | ||
nua vāl / nua valár = ni erec alf ... ni | |||
*analytic | |||
*no articles | |||
*no declension | |||
*context and syntax play important role | |||
Adamic verb | |||
arú > erec | |||
ārú > irida | |||
nua sit, askút | |||
ni ereden | |||
- | |||
ísit ārú | |||
ni irida ederen | |||
sikt > ciren | |||
hal > cilma | |||
cilm | |||
sikt niru | |||
nae ciren | |||
ciren | |||
nicae | |||
ec | |||
icae | |||
anu/nua > ni | |||
ani/nia > nae | |||
ana/nā > na | |||
''Elbë irida indili na'' | |||
= ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ'' | |||
Ni irida ereden, ec cilma | |||
Tua hícal, rī askút | |||
hil > ciren | |||
-h-c-l- > indili | |||
hácal > andal | |||
ni irida andal | |||
erec & irida > -c- | |||
ni, idae | |||
fe, ec | |||
ae, cae | |||
fe erec > ec | |||
ae erec > icae | |||
indili (v), andal (p) | |||
ciren (n), ederen (v) | |||
cilba (n), indili (v) | |||
-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë | |||
h/q > n | |||
s/z > c | |||
k/g > r | |||
- | |||
t/d > nd | |||
h/q> | |||
z > | |||
g > l | |||
d > mb | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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The Bright Tongue is composed of stems, which modify roots. | The Bright Tongue is composed of stems, which modify roots. | ||
ilmini, | ALMA > ELEME | ||
eldar (alba-endar) | |||
erbal (arda-elbar) | |||
arbelë | |||
ilben, ilbini | |||
eleben, af | |||
lef, felin | |||
ilmen, ilmini | |||
elemen, am | |||
lem, melin | |||
irdem, irdimi | |||
eredem, erc | |||
rec, cerin | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== |
Latest revision as of 22:41, 2 November 2024
Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.
Introduction
Phonology
The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.
Coronal | Labial | |
---|---|---|
Sonorant | l r | n m |
Non-Sonorant | s d | f b |
The
Front | Center | |
---|---|---|
i ɛ | a ae̯ |
Sound Laws
- Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
- Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.
EX: Adamic vāl "person" and vār "people" become alf and elba respectively in the Bright Tongue [alf instead of *falf].
- Assimilation:
- Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]
- Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]
- /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
EX: The hypothetical ereden becomes eren
- Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
alma > almi > ilmi ilmi nae ilmi tae ilmi ae alba "people" [alp, elbë] arda "things" [art, erdë] alma "high faculties" [al, elmë] arna "emotions, sensations" [ar, ernë] amba "time" [amp, embë] anda "space" [ant, endë] - endar "land", anderë "lands" embal (amba + arda/alba) "celestial body~god", ambelë... endar tirya arni, ernyë
NA > ni [0], nae [1]
alba enir
ni, pe, ae
MA
NA
PA
TA
LA
RA
-
ALBA
ARDA
AMBA
ANDA
ALMA
ARNA
nua vāl / nua valár = ni erec alf ... ni
- analytic
- no articles
- no declension
- context and syntax play important role
Adamic verb arú > erec ārú > irida
nua sit, askút ni ereden - ísit ārú ni irida ederen
sikt > ciren hal > cilma
cilm
sikt niru nae ciren
ciren
nicae
ec
icae
anu/nua > ni ani/nia > nae ana/nā > na
Elbë irida indili na = Ara avâla ana ahalâ
Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
Tua hícal, rī askút
hil > ciren -h-c-l- > indili hácal > andal
ni irida andal
erec & irida > -c-
ni, idae fe, ec ae, cae
fe erec > ec ae erec > icae
indili (v), andal (p)
ciren (n), ederen (v) cilba (n), indili (v)
-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë h/q > n s/z > c k/g > r - t/d > nd h/q> z > g > l d > mb
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
The Bright Tongue is composed of stems, which modify roots.
ALMA > ELEME eldar (alba-endar) erbal (arda-elbar) arbelë ilben, ilbini eleben, af lef, felin ilmen, ilmini elemen, am lem, melin
irdem, irdimi eredem, erc rec, cerin