Bright languages: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.


4 vowels and 8 consonants.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
|-
! Sonorant
| l r
| n m
|-
! Non-Sonorant
| s d
| f b
|}
 
The
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Front
! style="width: 66px; " |Center
|-
!
| i ɛ
| a ae̯
|}


===Sound Laws===
===Sound Laws===
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*Voicing: consonants between vowels are voiced.
*Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
*Devoicing: initial and final consonants are voiceless.
*Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
*Lenition: if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf'' and ''elba'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
EX: The Adamic or Babelic forms ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alp'' and ''elbë'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alp'' instead of ''*palp''].<br>
*Assimilation:
*Assimilation:
alba-alp > albabelë; silma-alp > silmemalë; ...
*Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
*Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
*Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
*Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
r/l + p -lb [extension of l]<br>
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
r/l + t -rd [extension of r]<br>
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
*/t/ can only happen before /a/ and/or /ə/.
*/d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
 
EX: The hypothetical ''ereden'' becomes ''eren''
Because final consonants are easily lost in Typology, /r/ /l/ /m/ and /n/ always mutate
*Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.


C̥VC̬VC̥


anë




[the dorsal column was deleted and the distinction of voice lost] ...plus, m and n are added and f and s lost
m, l, p, b
n, r, t, d


alma > almi > ilmi
alma > almi > ilmi
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anda "space" [ant, endë]
anda "space" [ant, endë]
-
-
andar (anda + arda/alba) "land~kingdom", anderë "lands"
endar "land", anderë "lands"
ambal (amba + arda/alba) "celestial body~god", ambelë...
embal (amba + arda/alba) "celestial body~god", ambelë...
endar
endar
tirya
tirya
Line 78: Line 96:
ARNA
ARNA


nua vāl / nua valár = ni erec alf ... ni
*analytic
*no articles
*no declension
*context and syntax play important role
Adamic verb
arú > erec
ārú > irida
nua sit, askút
ni ereden
-
ísit ārú
ni irida ederen
sikt > ciren
hal > cilma
cilm
sikt niru
nae ciren
ciren
nicae
ec
icae
anu/nua > ni
ani/nia > nae
ana/nā > na
''Elbë irida indili na''
= ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
Tua hícal, rī askút
hil > ciren
-h-c-l- > indili
hácal > andal
ni irida andal
erec & irida > -c-
ni, idae
fe, ec
ae, cae


fe erec >  ec
ae erec > icae


Velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, therefore removed. Palatalization /ku/ for example has the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/ and /b/, whereas /ki/ will lead to /t͡ʃi/ and /ʃi/.
indili (v), andal (p)


Back vowels are totally erased, to contrast with dark tongues, plus to avoid the sound change /du/ > // > /b/
 
 
ciren (n), ederen (v)
cilba (n), indili (v)
 
-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
h/q > n
s/z > c
k/g > r
-
t/d > nd
h/q>
z >
g > l
d > mb


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 99: Line 190:
The Bright Tongue is composed of stems, which modify roots.
The Bright Tongue is composed of stems, which modify roots.


ilmini, paert,  
ALMA > ELEME
eldar (alba-endar)
erbal (arda-elbar)
arbelë
ilben, ilbini
eleben, af
lef, felin
ilmen, ilmini  
elemen, am
lem, melin


Root > stem > verb
irdem, irdimi
eredem, erc
rec, cerin


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 22:41, 2 November 2024

Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.


Introduction

Phonology

The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.

Coronal Labial
Sonorant l r n m
Non-Sonorant s d f b

The

Front Center
i ɛ a ae̯

Sound Laws

  • Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
  • Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.

EX: Adamic vāl "person" and vār "people" become alf and elba respectively in the Bright Tongue [alf instead of *falf].

  • Assimilation:
  • Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]
  • Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.

m/n + p -mb [extension of p]
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]

  • /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.

EX: The hypothetical ereden becomes eren

  • Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.



alma > almi > ilmi ilmi nae ilmi tae ilmi ae alba "people" [alp, elbë] arda "things" [art, erdë] alma "high faculties" [al, elmë] arna "emotions, sensations" [ar, ernë] amba "time" [amp, embë] anda "space" [ant, endë] - endar "land", anderë "lands" embal (amba + arda/alba) "celestial body~god", ambelë... endar tirya arni, ernyë


NA > ni [0], nae [1] alba enir ni, pe, ae MA NA PA TA LA RA - ALBA ARDA AMBA ANDA ALMA ARNA

nua vāl / nua valár = ni erec alf ... ni

  • analytic
  • no articles
  • no declension
  • context and syntax play important role


Adamic verb arú > erec ārú > irida

nua sit, askút ni ereden - ísit ārú ni irida ederen

sikt > ciren hal > cilma


cilm

sikt niru nae ciren

ciren


nicae ec icae

anu/nua > ni ani/nia > nae ana/nā > na

Elbë irida indili na = Ara avâla ana ahalâ


Ni irida ereden, ec cilma Tua hícal, rī askút

hil > ciren -h-c-l- > indili hácal > andal


ni irida andal

erec & irida > -c-

ni, idae fe, ec ae, cae

fe erec > ec ae erec > icae

indili (v), andal (p)


ciren (n), ederen (v) cilba (n), indili (v)

-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë h/q > n s/z > c k/g > r - t/d > nd h/q> z > g > l d > mb

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

The Bright Tongue is composed of stems, which modify roots.

ALMA > ELEME eldar (alba-endar) erbal (arda-elbar) arbelë ilben, ilbini eleben, af lef, felin ilmen, ilmini elemen, am lem, melin

irdem, irdimi eredem, erc rec, cerin

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources