IPA for Bemé: Difference between revisions

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| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=7 | Consonants
! colspan=6 | Consonants
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation
! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation
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! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]]<br>Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]]<br>Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]]<br>Columbé
! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]]<br>Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]]<br>Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]]<br>Columbé
|-
|-
| b || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]] || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|'''b'''emeh]] || '''b'''ow
| rowspan=2 | b || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|b}} || {{ipa|b}} || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|'''b'''emeh]] || '''b'''ow
|-
|-
| ch || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ts]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]] || [[Contionary:chena#Bemé|'''ch'''ena]] || '''Ch'''ina
| {{ipa|β}}<ref name="bdg">Columbé /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] in intervocalic positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:abo#Bemé|a'''b'''o]] || (''Columbé'') between '''b'''a'''b'''y and be'''v'''y
|-
|-
| d || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]] || [[Contionary:dan#Bemé|'''d'''an]] || '''d'''one
| ch || {{ipa|tʃ}} || {{ipa|ts}} || {{ipa|tʃ}} || [[Contionary:chena#Bemé|'''ch'''ena]] || '''Ch'''ina
|-
|-
| g || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]] || [[Contionary:gud#Bemé|'''g'''ud]] || '''g'''ood
| rowspan=2 | d || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|d}} || {{ipa|d}} || [[Contionary:dan#Bemé|'''d'''an]] || '''d'''one
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | gr || rowspan=2 | gɹ~dʒɹ || kɹ || rowspan=2 | gɾ || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|'''gr'''inyeh]] || '''gr'''ill or '''dr'''ink
| {{ipa|ð}}<ref name="bdg"></ref> || [[Contionary:ridem|ri'''d'''em]] || '''th'''en
|-
|-
| kw || [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|'''gr'''own]] || (''Bijun'') '''qu'''ay
| rowspan=2 | g || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|g}} || {{ipa|g}} || [[Contionary:gud#Bemé|'''g'''ud]] || '''g'''ood
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | h || [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]  || rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || [[Contionary:hampo#Bemé|'''h'''ampo]] || '''h'''am
| {{ipa|ɣ}}<ref name="bdg"></ref> || [[Contionary:biginim|bi'''g'''inim]] || (''Columbé'') a'''g'''ain, but without the tongue
touching the soft palate
|-
|-
| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || ∅ || ji'''h'''ad || uh'''-'''oh
| rowspan=2 | gr || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|gɹ~dʒɹ}} || {{ipa|kɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|gɾ}} || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|'''gr'''inyeh]] || '''gr'''ill or '''dr'''ink
|-
|-
| j || [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]] || [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]] || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|'''j'''amis]] || '''j'''eans
| {{ipa|kw}}<ref name=bijun-kr>/kr/ is pronounced /kw/ before back vowels /o u/.</ref><ref name=bijun-rw>Bijun /ɹ/ is pronounced /w/ between a consonant and a back vowel (/o u/). This effect most commonly appears in the cluster /kr gr/ (which are both pronounced /kɹ~kw/ in Bijun specifically).</ref> || [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|'''gr'''own]] || (''Bijun'') '''qu'''ay
|-
|-
| k || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]] || [[Contionary:kaneh|'''k'''aneh]] || '''k'''ing
| rowspan=2 | h || {{ipa|h}}<ref>/h/ is pronounced as /[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/ in word-initial positions.</ref> || {{ipa|ʔ}}<ref>Bijun /h/ is pronounced as a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]] in word-initial positions.</ref>  || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|h}}<ref>Columbé /h/ is always present and pronounced /[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/.</ref> || [[Contionary:hampo#Bemé|'''h'''ampo]] || '''h'''am
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | kr || rowspan=2 | tɹ̥~kɹ̥~tʃɹ̥ || kɹ || rowspan=2 | kɾ || [[Contionary:kriyal|'''kr'''iyal]] || '''kr'''ill or '''tr'''ee
| {{ipa|ʔ}}<ref>/h/ is pronounced /ʔ/ in word-medial positions.</ref> || ∅<ref>Bijun /h/ is not pronounced in word-medial positions, so words like ''mehan'' [meʔan] become [mian].</ref> || {{bm|mehan|me'''h'''an}} || uh'''-'''oh
|-
|-
| kw || [[Contionary:krom|'''kr'''om]] || (''Bijun'') '''qu'''ay
| j || {{ipa|dʒ}} || {{ipa|ʒ}} || {{ipa|dʒ}} || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|'''j'''amis]] || '''j'''eans
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | l || rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || rowspan=2 | [[w:Dark l|ɫ]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|ko'''l'''o]] || '''l'''id
| k || colspan=3 | {{ipa|k}} || [[Contionary:kaneh|'''k'''aneh]] || '''k'''ing
|-
|-
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] || [[Contionary:Beybl|Beyb'''l''']] || (''Columbé'') mi'''lli'''on
| rowspan=2 | kr || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tɹ̥~kɹ̥~tʃɹ̥}}<ref>The distinction between /kr tr tʃr/, as well as between /gr dʒr/, has been historically neutralised, leading to a varying pronunciation:
* ⟨kr⟩ may be heard as /tɹ̥ kɹ̥ tʃɹ̥/;
* In the most [[w:Basilect|basilectal]](''Kriyal'') varieties, the stop may be simply [[w:Aspirated consonant|strongly aspirated]], leaving /tʰː kʰː tʃʰː/;
* The realisation may be aspirated [[w:Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] /ʈʰ/, and similarly [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|affricated]] to /ʈʂ ʈʂʰ/.
The pronunciation of ⟨gr⟩ is less variable; there still exists a distinction between /gr~dʒr/ and /dr/, though /dr/ is extremely rare and only exists in certain words, such as '''''gr'''ag'' "stop (v.)" and '''''dr'''ag'' "drag queen".</ref>|| {{ipa|kɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|kɾ}} || [[Contionary:kriyal|'''kr'''iyal]] || '''kr'''ill or '''tr'''ee
|-
| {{ipa|kw}}<ref name=bijun-kr></ref><ref name=bijun-rw></ref> || [[Contionary:krom|'''kr'''om]] || (''Bijun'') '''qu'''ay
|-
|-
| m || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Contionary:ameh#Bemé|a'''m'''eh]] || '''m'''other
| rowspan=2 | l || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|l}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɫ}} || {{ipa|l}} || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|ko'''l'''o]] || '''l'''id
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | n || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Contionary:chena|che'''n'''a]] || '''n'''ice
| {{ipa|ʎ}}<ref>Columbé /l/ is only pronounced /ʎ/ when syllabic.</ref> || [[Contionary:Beybl|Beyb'''l''']] || (''Columbé'') mi'''lli'''on
|-
|-
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dampi'''n'''i]] || (''Columbé'') ca'''ny'''on
| m || colspan=3 | {{ipa|m}} || [[Contionary:ameh#Bemé|a'''m'''eh]] || '''m'''other
|-
|-
| ng || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Contionary:kring#Bemé|kri'''ng''']] || swimmi'''ng'''
| rowspan=2 | n || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | {{ipa|n}}<ref>/n/ may be variably pronounced /m ŋ ɲ/ before certain consonants; see [[Bemé#Nasal assimilation]] for more.</ref> || {{ipa|n}} || [[Contionary:chena|che'''n'''a]] || '''n'''ice
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | ny || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Contionary:snyek|s'''ny'''ek]] || ca'''ny'''on
| {{ipa|ɲ}}<ref>Columbé /n/ is [[w:Palatalization|palatalised]] before /i/ (but not /iː/, which is an allophone of the diphthong /ei̯/).</ref> || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dampi'''n'''i]] || (''Columbé'') ca'''ny'''on
|-
|-
| [[w:Nasalization|j̃]] || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|gri'''ny'''eh]] || (''Columbé'') [[w:Polish language|Polish]] [[w:Gdańsk|Gda'''ń'''sk]]
| ng || colspan=3 | {{ipa|ŋ}} || [[Contionary:kring#Bemé|kri'''ng''']] || swimmi'''ng'''
|-
|-
| p || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]] || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dam'''p'''ini]] || s'''p'''in
| rowspan=2 | ny || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɲ}} || {{ipa|ɲ}} || [[Contionary:snyek|s'''ny'''ek]] || ca'''ny'''on
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | r || rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap|ɾ]] || [[Contionary:ridem|'''r'''idem]] || '''rh'''ythm
| {{ipa|j̃}}<ref>Columbé /ɲ/ is pronounced as /j̃/ in intervocalic positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:grinyeh#Bemé|gri'''ny'''eh]] || (''Columbé'') [[w:Polish language|Polish]] [[w:Gdańsk|Gda'''ń'''sk]]
|-
|-
| [[w:Voiced labial-velar approximant|w]] || [[Contionary:krom|k'''r'''om]] || (''Bijun'') '''w'''ing
| p || colspan=3 | {{ipa|p}} || [[Contionary:dampini#Bemé|dam'''p'''ini]] || s'''p'''in
|-
|-
| s || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || [[Contionary:sebis|'''s'''ebi'''s''']] || '''s'''ervi'''c'''e
| rowspan=2 | r || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɹ}} || {{ipa|ɹ}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|ɾ}} || [[Contionary:ridem|'''r'''idem]] || '''rh'''ythm
|-
|-
| sh || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiceless postalveolar sibilant|ʃ]] ||  [[Contionary:shik|'''sh'''ik]] || '''sh'''ine
| {{ipa|w}}<ref name=bijun-rw></ref>  || [[Contionary:krom|k'''r'''om]] || (''Bijun'') '''w'''ing
|-
|-
| t || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]] || [[Contionary:titrink|'''t'''itrink]] || '''t'''ea
| s || colspan=3 | {{ipa|s}} || [[Contionary:sebis|'''s'''ebi'''s''']] || '''s'''ervi'''c'''e
|-
|-
| w || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiced labial-velar approximant|w]] || [[Contionary:wan#Bemé|'''w'''an]] || '''w'''ant
| sh || colspan=3 | {{ipa|ʃ}} || [[Contionary:shik|'''sh'''ik]] || '''sh'''ine
|-
|-
| y || colspan=3 | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|'''y'''u]] || '''y'''ou
| t || colspan=3 | {{ipa|t}} || [[Contionary:titrink|'''t'''itrink]] || '''t'''ea
|-
|-
| z || [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] || [[Contionary:mazik#Bemé|ma'''z'''ik]] || '''z'''oo
| w || colspan=3 | {{ipa|w}} || [[Contionary:wan#Bemé|'''w'''an]] || '''w'''ant
|-
| y || colspan=3 | {{ipa|j}} || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|'''y'''u]] || '''y'''ou
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=7 | Vowels
! colspan=6 | Vowels
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation
! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation
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! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]]<br>Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]]<br>Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]]<br>Columbé
! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]]<br>Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]]<br>Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]]<br>Columbé
|-
|-
| a || colspan=3 | [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]] || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|j'''a'''mis]] || tr'''a'''p
| a || colspan=3 | {{ipa|a}} || [[Contionary:jamis#Bemé|j'''a'''mis]] || tr'''a'''p
|-
| e || {{ipa|e}} || {{ipa|i}} || rowspan=2 | {{ipa|e}}<ref>Columbé incorporates a complete lack of ''[[Bemé#Leleh|leleh]]''; /ɛ/ is always pronounced /e/.</ref> || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|b'''e'''meh]] || m'''a'''y
|-
|-
| e || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || rowspan=2 | e~ɛ || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|b'''e'''meh]] || m'''a'''y
| eh || colspan=2 | {{ipa|ɛ}} || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|bem'''eh''']] || b'''e'''d
|-
|-
| eh || colspan=2 | [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[Contionary:bemeh#Bemé|bem'''eh''']] || b'''e'''d
| i || colspan=3 | {{ipa|i}} || [[Contionary:bi#Bemé|b'''i''']] || '''ea'''t
|-
|-
| i || colspan=3 | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || [[Contionary:bi#Bemé|b'''i''']] || '''ea'''t
| rowspan=3 | o || rowspan=3 | {{ipa|o}} || {{ipa|ɔ}}<ref>Bijun /o/ is pronounced /ɔ/ in word-initial syllables.</ref> || rowspan=3 | {{ipa|o}} || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|k'''o'''lo]] || y'''aw'''n<br>(''Bijun'') '''o'''ff
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | o || rowspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] || [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || rowspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|k'''o'''lo]] || y'''aw'''n<br>(''Bijun'') '''o'''ff
| {{ipa|o}} || {{bm|komonis|kom'''o'''nis}} || y'''aw'''n
|-
|-
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|kol'''o''']] || (''Bijun'') h'''oo'''k
| {{ipa|u}}<ref>Bijun /o/ is pronounced /u/ in word-final positions.</ref> || [[Contionary:kolo#Bemé|kol'''o''']] || (''Bijun'') h'''oo'''k
|-
|-
| u || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]] || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|y'''u''']] || h'''oo'''k
| u || {{ipa|u}} || {{ipa|ʊ}} || {{ipa|ʌ}} || [[Contionary:yu#Bemé|y'''u''']] || h'''oo'''k
|}
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=4 | Diphthongs
! colspan=6 | Diphthongs
|-
! rowspan=2 | Bemé orthography !! colspan=3 | IPA !! rowspan=2 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | English approximation
|-
! [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]]<br>Bemé !! [[File:Bijun.svg|24px]]<br>Bijun !! [[File:Columban.svg|24px]]<br>Columbé<ref>The pronunciation of diphthongs /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/ in Columbé has great variations; this table only shows the most common pronunciation. For more information, see [[Columbé#Phonology|Columbé § Phonology]].</ref>
|-
|-
! Bemé orthography !! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
| ey || {{ipa|ei̯}} || colspan=2 | {{ipa|eː}} || [[Contionary:skey#Bemé|sk'''ey''']] || m'''ay'''
|-
|-
| ey || ei̯ || [[Contionary:skey#Bemé|sk'''ey''']] || m'''ay'''
| oi || {{ipa|oi̯}} || {{ipa|ui̯}} || {{ipa|oː}} || [[Contionary:woiwoi|w'''oi'''w'''oi''']] || j'''oy'''
|-
|-
| oi || oi̯ || [[Contionary:woiwoi|w'''oi'''w'''oi''']] || j'''oy'''
| rowspan=2 | ow || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{ipa|ou̯}} || {{ipa|uː}} || rowspan=2 | [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|gr'''ow'''n]] || b'''ow''',<br>(''Columbé'') b'''oo'''t (''[[w:Vowel length|long]]'')
|-
|-
| ow || ou̯ || [[Contionary:grown#Bemé|gr'''ow'''n]] || b'''ow'''
| {{ipa|u}}<ref>Columbé /ou̯/ is often pronounced as a short /u/ in closed syllables.</ref> || (''Columbé'') b'''oo'''t (''[[w:Vowel length|short]]'')
|}
|}
|}
|}
The distinction between /kr tr tʃr/, as well as between /gr dʒr/, has been historically neutralised, leading to a varying pronunciation:
 
* ⟨kr⟩ may be heard as /tɹ̥ kɹ̥ tʃɹ̥/;
* In the most [[w:Basilect|basilectal]](''Kriyal'') varieties, the stop may be simply [[w:Aspirated consonant|strongly aspirated]], leaving /tʰː kʰː tʃʰː/;
* The realisation may be aspirated [[w:Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] /ʈʰ/, and similarly [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|affricated]] to /ʈʂ ʈʂʰ/.
The pronunciation of ⟨gr⟩ is less variable; there still exists a distinction between /gr~dʒr/ and /dr/, though /dr/ is extremely rare and only exists in certain words, such as '''''gr'''ag'' "stop (v.)" and '''''dr'''ag'' "drag queen".
[[Category:Bemé]]
[[Category:Bemé]]

Latest revision as of 16:20, 16 September 2025

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Standard Bemé, Bijun and Columbé pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see Help:IPA.

IPA Keys
Aelatha
Attian
Avendonian
Ayeri
Azimasi
Bemé
Biscayan
Brittainese
Central Isles Creole
Cet
Cha
Cruckeny
Enventian
Etlish
Etzeá
Evonish
Favlona
Guimin
Gwaxol
Hantza
Hemaluan
High Valyrian
Hraayan
Iaskyon
Izhkut
Jukpë
Kaikiwan
Keeltyewarem
Kihā́mmic
Kilīmos-sāîl
Knrawi
Koṭärt
Kunarek
Ludovian
Luthic
Logun
Lôppic
Maryan Coptic
Messinese
Mihousapeja
Millennish
Moshurian
Modern Coptic
Nawuhu
Old Yaraji
Oltic
Owaex
Pokht
Pomorian
Ponish
Qafesona
Qut
Rangyayo
Rulhilli
Sinatolean
Soc'ul'
Sudyrnish
Umbrean
Vairish
Consonants
Bemé orthography IPA Examples English approximation
Poccasin.svg
Bemé		 Bijun.svg
Bijun		 Columban.svg
Columbé
b b b bemeh bow
β[1] abo (Columbé) between baby and bevy
ch tʃ ts tʃ chena China
d d d dan done
ð[1] ridem then
g g g gud good
ɣ[1] biginim (Columbé) again, but without the tongue

touching the soft palate

gr gɹ~dʒɹ kɹ gɾ grinyeh grill or drink
kw[2][3] grown (Bijun) quay
h h[4] ʔ[5] h[6] hampo ham
ʔ[7] ∅[8] mehan uh-oh
j dʒ ʒ dʒ jamis jeans
k k kaneh king
kr tɹ̥~kɹ̥~tʃɹ̥[9] kɹ kɾ kriyal krill or tree
kw[2][3] krom (Bijun) quay
l l ɫ l kolo lid
ʎ[10] Beybl (Columbé) million
m m ameh mother
n n[11] n chena nice
ɲ[12] dampini (Columbé) canyon
ng ŋ kring swimming
ny ɲ ɲ snyek canyon
j̃[13] grinyeh (Columbé) Polish Gdańsk
p p dampini spin
r ɹ ɹ ɾ ridem rhythm
w[3] krom (Bijun) wing
s s sebis service
sh ʃ shik shine
t t titrink tea
w w wan want
y j yu you
Vowels
Bemé orthography IPA Examples English approximation
Poccasin.svg
Bemé		 Bijun.svg
Bijun		 Columban.svg
Columbé
a a jamis trap
e e i e[14] bemeh may
eh ɛ bemeh bed
i i bi eat
o o ɔ[15] o kolo yawn
(Bijun) off
o komonis yawn
u[16] kolo (Bijun) hook
u u ʊ ʌ yu hook
Diphthongs
Bemé orthography IPA Examples English approximation
Poccasin.svg
Bemé		 Bijun.svg
Bijun		 Columban.svg
Columbé[17]
ey ei̯ eː skey may
oi oi̯ ui̯ oː woiwoi joy
ow ou̯ uː grown bow,
(Columbé) boot (long)
u[18] (Columbé) boot (short)
  1. ^ a b c Columbé /b, d, g/ are lenited to fricative [β, ð, ɣ] or approximant [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] in intervocalic positions.
  2. ^ a b /kr/ is pronounced /kw/ before back vowels /o u/.
  3. ^ a b c Bijun /ɹ/ is pronounced /w/ between a consonant and a back vowel (/o u/). This effect most commonly appears in the cluster /kr gr/ (which are both pronounced /kɹ~kw/ in Bijun specifically).
  4. ^ /h/ is pronounced as /h/ in word-initial positions.
  5. ^ Bijun /h/ is pronounced as a glottal stop in word-initial positions.
  6. ^ Columbé /h/ is always present and pronounced /h/.
  7. ^ /h/ is pronounced /ʔ/ in word-medial positions.
  8. ^ Bijun /h/ is not pronounced in word-medial positions, so words like mehan [meʔan] become [mian].
  9. ^ The distinction between /kr tr tʃr/, as well as between /gr dʒr/, has been historically neutralised, leading to a varying pronunciation:
    • ⟨kr⟩ may be heard as /tɹ̥ kɹ̥ tʃɹ̥/;
    • In the most basilectal(Kriyal) varieties, the stop may be simply strongly aspirated, leaving /tʰː kʰː tʃʰː/;
    • The realisation may be aspirated retroflex /ʈʰ/, and similarly affricated to /ʈʂ ʈʂʰ/.
    The pronunciation of ⟨gr⟩ is less variable; there still exists a distinction between /gr~dʒr/ and /dr/, though /dr/ is extremely rare and only exists in certain words, such as grag "stop (v.)" and drag "drag queen".
  10. ^ Columbé /l/ is only pronounced /ʎ/ when syllabic.
  11. ^ /n/ may be variably pronounced /m ŋ ɲ/ before certain consonants; see Bemé#Nasal assimilation for more.
  12. ^ Columbé /n/ is palatalised before /i/ (but not /iː/, which is an allophone of the diphthong /ei̯/).
  13. ^ Columbé /ɲ/ is pronounced as /j̃/ in intervocalic positions.
  14. ^ Columbé incorporates a complete lack of leleh; /ɛ/ is always pronounced /e/.
  15. ^ Bijun /o/ is pronounced /ɔ/ in word-initial syllables.
  16. ^ Bijun /o/ is pronounced /u/ in word-final positions.
  17. ^ The pronunciation of diphthongs /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/ in Columbé has great variations; this table only shows the most common pronunciation. For more information, see Columbé § Phonology.
  18. ^ Columbé /ou̯/ is often pronounced as a short /u/ in closed syllables.
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