Idavic languages: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
*Consonants: b d j | *Consonants: b d j g ɓ t’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ | ||
*Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō ə | *Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō ə | ||
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''aˀ''') | *Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''aˀ''') | ||
===Diachronics=== | ===Diachronics=== | ||
*b > v; ɓ > b; | *b > v; ɓ > b; g > għ-, -j; j > ʒ | ||
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H | *Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H | ||
*q G q' > H ayin q | *q G q' > H ayin q | ||
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*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/ | *Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/ | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
1- or 2- syllabic roots most common | 1- or 2- syllabic roots most common: CVC, CVCC, CVCCa, CVCVC, CVCCVC | ||
CVC, CVCC, CVCVC, CVCCVC | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Revision as of 05:52, 13 March 2020
Ashe and Hirst's Shalaian grammar provides the following diachronics:
Phonology
- Consonants: b d j g ɓ t’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
- Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō ə
- Pitch accent: modal (á), creaky (aˀ)
Diachronics
- b > v; ɓ > b; g > għ-, -j; j > ʒ
- Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
- q G q' > H ayin q
- further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
- Vowel shifts: ā > /ɛɪ/ (except before pharyngeals); ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
- final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
- Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
- Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
Phonotactics
1- or 2- syllabic roots most common: CVC, CVCC, CVCCa, CVCVC, CVCCVC
Morphology
Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Shalaian, as in Modern Shalaian.
The three genders, the strong and weak declensions and the two sets of possessive markers are all Proto-Shalaian features. Verbs were not inflected for tense or person, and were syntactically verbal nouns; it is thought that verbs developed personal marking later from possessed (even doubly-possessed) verbal noun forms.
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
The auxiliary
Syntax
Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:
- Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)