Proto-Haïdic: Difference between revisions

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== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
=== Alignment ===
{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Noun cases
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Dual
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! <small>full</small>
! <small>reduced</small>
! <small>full</small>
! <small>reduced</small>
! <small>full</small>
! <small>reduced</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''*-i''
| rowspan="3" | ''*-Ø''
| ''*-āni''
| rowspan="3" | ''*-ān''
| ''*-īna''
| ''*-īn''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''*-u''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ānay''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ūna''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ūn''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''*-a''
|}
Broadly speaking, Proto-Haïdic is reconstructed as having a nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment system, as opposed to the Bäladiri alignment system of [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]].  Nouns in Proto-Haïdic decline for three cases; the [[w:Nominative case|nominative]], [[w:Oblique case|oblique]], and [[w:Genitive case|genitive]].  The verb agrees with its subject in person and number.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| *t’īnu ʔaʕzāk’
| tea-OBL 1SG-CONCL/IPFV/drink
| 'I'm drinking tea'}}
The oblique case may serve as an accusative or dative case in polyvalent words.  In addition, the bare stem of a noun may be incorporated into the verb as an object, especially in embedded clauses.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| *magīzu t’īnu ʔasiʕzak’
| friend-OBL tea-OBL 1SG-CONCL/PFV/make_drink
| 'I made my friends drink tea'}}
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| *t’īn ʕazak’ ʔamagīzīn
| tea INF/PFV/drink 1SG-friend-PL
| 'My friends who drink tea'}}
=== Derived stems ===
{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Verb patterns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stem
! colspan="3" | Verb
! rowspan="2" | Description
! rowspan="2" | Meaning
|-
! <small>''adnominal''</small>
! <small>''conclusive''</small>
! <small>''infinitive''</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | I
| ''*patah''
| ''*ʔaptah''
| ''*ʔaptuhu''
| The simple stem for [[w:Transitive verb|transitive]] and [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive]] verbs.
| 'I strike'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | II
| ''*putih''
| ''*ʔuptih''
| ''*ʔupātuhu''
| ''*u''-mediopassive, used to form intransitive verbs from transitive Stem I verbs.
| 'I am stricken'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | III
| ''*itpatah''
| ''*ʔamitpatah''
| ''*ʔamitpātuhu''
| Simple stem with t-infix after first radical, indicating reciprocal or reflexive.
| 'we strike each other'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | IV
| ''*itputih''
| ''*ʔitputih''
| ''*ʔitputuhu''
| ''*u''-mediopassive with t-infix after first radical, indicating reflexive.
| 'I strike myself'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | V
| ''*pittah''
| ''*ʔapittah''
| ''*ʔapittuhu''
| Gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive.
| 'I destroy'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | VI
| ''*puttih''
| ''*ʔuputtih''
| ''*ʔuputtuhu''
| ''*u''-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive mediopassive.
| 'I am destroyed'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | VII
| ''*itpattah''
| ''*ʔamitpattah''
| ''*ʔamitpattuhu''
| Gemination of the second radical with t-infix after first radical, indicating intensive reciprocal or reflexive.
| 'we destroy each other'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | VIII
| ''*itputtih''
| ''*ʔitputtih''
| ''*ʔitputtuhu''
| ''*u''-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating intensive reflexive.
| 'I destroy myself'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | IX
| ''*siptah''
| ''*ʔasiptah''
| ''*ʔasiptuhu''
| ''*s''-performative, indicating the causative of intransitive Stem I verbs.
| 'I make them strike'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | IX
| ''*sitpatah''
| ''*ʔasitpatah''
| ''*ʔasitpātuhu''
| ''*s''-performative with t-infix after first radical, indicating causative reciprocal or reflexive.
| 'I make them strike each other'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | X
| ''*sitputih''
| ''*ʔasitputih''
| ''*ʔasitputuhu''
| ''*s''-performative and ''*u''-mediopassive with t-infix after first radical, indicating causative reflexive.
| 'I make them strike themselves'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | XI
| ''*sipattah''
| ''*ʔasipattah''
| ''*ʔasipattuhu''
| ''*s''-performative with gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive causative.
| 'I make them destroy'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | XII
| ''*sitpattah''
| ''*ʔasitpattah''
| ''*ʔasitpattuhu''
| ''*s''-performative with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating the intensive causative reciprocal or reflexive.
| 'I make them destroy each other'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | XIII
| ''*sitputtih''
| ''*ʔasitputtih''
| ''*ʔasitpattuhu''
| ''*s''-performative and ''*u''-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating the intensive causative reflexive.
| 'I make them destroy themselves'
|}
=== Principle parts ===
There are three principle verb forms for each derivational stem; the '''adnominal''', '''conclusive''', and '''infinitive'''.  Different forms are used in different environments.  The adnominal modifies a noun, much in the way an English relative clause does.  It agrees with the case of the noun.  The conclusive comes sentence finally and signals the completion of a thought or action.  The infinitive is used before other verbs to modify them, or to signal sequential or complimentary action.  It is the only form that takes auxiliaries, such as the negative marker '''''*ɮan'''''.

Revision as of 17:27, 5 June 2020

Proto-Haïdic
Created byLimius
SettingAvrid
Native toFasser
EthnicityFasserman
Haïdic
  • Proto-Haïdic
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Proto-Haïdic is the reconstructed ancestor to the Haïdic language family.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Interdental Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyn-
geal 		Glottal
plain emphatic plain emphatic plain emphatic
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *p *t *t’ *k *k’ *ʔ
voiced *b *d *g
Fricative voiceless *θ *θ’ *s *s’ *x *ħ *h
voiced *ð *z *ɣ *ʕ
Lateral
fricative 		voiceless *ɬ *ɬ’
voiced *ɮ
Approximate *y *w

Verbs

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