Ilithian/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st | ! 1st | ||
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''- | | -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vida'' || ''-mida'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
| ''-ch'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''- | | ''-ch'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-tida'' || ''-hva'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd | ||
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''- | | ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-touda'' || ''-anta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st | ! 1st | ||
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || '' | | ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavida'' || ''jejugamida'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || '' | | ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetida'' || ''jejudžehvé'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd | ||
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || '' | | ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouda'' || ''jejuganta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st | ! 1st | ||
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || '' | | ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávida'' || ''ješventámida'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
| ''ješventách'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || '' | | ''ješventách'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátida'' || ''ješventáhvé'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd | ||
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || '' | | ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátouda'' || ''ješventánta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st | ! 1st | ||
| ''jeharejí, jeharý'' || ''jeharejeva'' || ''jeharejeme'' || ''jeharejemá'' || '' | | ''jeharejí, jeharý'' || ''jeharejeva'' || ''jeharejeme'' || ''jeharejemá'' || ''jeharejevida'' || ''jeharejemida'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
| ''jeharejech'' || ''jeharejeta'' || ''jeharejete'' || ''jehareješá'' || '' | | ''jeharejech'' || ''jeharejeta'' || ''jeharejete'' || ''jehareješá'' || ''jeharejetida'' || ''jeharejehvé'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd | ||
| ''jehareje'' || ''jeharejetou'' || ''jeharejen'' || ''jeharejeta'' || '' | | ''jehareje'' || ''jeharejetou'' || ''jeharejen'' || ''jeharejeta'' || ''jeharejetouda'' || ''jeharejenta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st | ! 1st | ||
| ''jášouši'' || ''jášouševa'' || ''jášoušeme'' || ''jášoušemá'' || '' | | ''jášouši'' || ''jášouševa'' || ''jášoušeme'' || ''jášoušemá'' || ''jášouševida'' || ''jášoušemida'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
| ''jášoušech'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušete'' || ''jášoušešá'' || '' | | ''jášoušech'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušete'' || ''jášoušešá'' || ''jášoušetida'' || ''jášoušehvé'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd | ||
| ''jášouše'' || ''jášoušetou'' || ''jášoušen'' || ''jášoušeta'' || '' | | ''jášouše'' || ''jášoušetou'' || ''jášoušen'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušetouda'' || ''jášoušenta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st | ! 1st | ||
| ''jebendhou'' || ''jebendhava'' || ''jebendhame'' || ''jebendhamá'' || '' | | ''jebendhou'' || ''jebendhava'' || ''jebendhame'' || ''jebendhamá'' || ''jebendhavida'' || ''jebendhamida'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
| ''jebendhech'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || '' | | ''jebendhech'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || ''jebendhetida'' || ''jebendhehva'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd | ||
| ''jebendhe'' || ''jebendhetou'' || ''jebendhan'' || ''jebendheta'' || '' | | ''jebendhe'' || ''jebendhetou'' || ''jebendhan'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhetouda'' || ''jebendhanta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 22:37, 1 September 2022
Affixes
TODO: optative endings
Infinitive -ti from -tey, like in Balto-Slavic
Primary endings Indicative
|
Secondary endings Indicative
|
Imperative endings
|
Verb classes
Past perfective comes from PIE perfects or root aorists
Nasal infix class
Infinitive: jugti = to join, to connect
Gerundive: jugtí (jest)
Participles:
- jungas, junganť = pres. active participle
- jungamin = passive participle
- jungšas, jungšanť = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
Present indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | jungů | jungava | jungame | jungé | jungavidé | jungamidé |
2nd | jundžeš | jundžeta | jundžete | jundžesé | jundžetidé | jundžehvé |
3rd | jundžet | jundžetou | jungant | jundžeté | jundžetoudé | junganté |
Secondary conjugation
Imperfect indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | jejugou | jejugava | jejugame | jejugamá | jejugavida | jejugamida |
2nd | jejudžech | jejudžeta | jejudžete | jejudžešá | jejudžetida | jejudžehvé |
3rd | jejudže | jejudžetou | jejugan | jejudžeta | jejudžetouda | jejuganta |
Future indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | jungšů | jungšava | jungšame | jungšé | jungšavidé | jungšamidé |
2nd | jungšaš | jungšata | jungšate | jungšasé | jungšatidé | jungšahvé |
3rd | jungšat | jungšatou | jungšant | jungšaté | jungšatoudé | jungšanté |
Imperative endings
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | - | jungava! | jungame! | - | jungavá! | jungamahá! |
2nd | jundže! jundžedhi! | jundžeta! | jundžete! | jundžese! | jundžetá! | jundžehvé! |
3rd | jundžetu! | jundžetou! | jungantu! | jundžetá! | jundžetouhá! | jungantá! |
-áti verbs
Infinitive: šventáti = to worship
Gerundive: šventátí (jest)
Participles:
- šventous, šventánť = pres. active participle
- šventámin = passive participle
- šventášas, šventášanť = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
Present indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | šventám | šventáva | šventáme | šventáj | šventávidé | šventámidé |
2nd | šventáš | šventáta | šventáte | šventásé | šventátidé | šventáhvé |
3rd | šventát | šventátou | šventánt | šventáté | šventátoudé | šventánté |
Secondary conjugation
Imperfect indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | ješventou | ješventáva | ješventáme | ješventámá | ješventávida | ješventámida |
2nd | ješventách | ješventáta | ješventáte | ješventášá | ješventátida | ješventáhvé |
3rd | ješventá | ješventátou | ješventán | ješventáta | ješventátouda | ješventánta |
Future indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | šventášů | šventášava | šventášame | šventášé | šventášavidé | šventášamidé |
2nd | šventášaš | šventášata | šventášate | šventášasé | šventášatidé | šventášahvé |
3rd | šventášat | šventášatou | šventášant | šventášaté | šventášatoudé | šventášanté |
Imperative endings
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | - | šventáva! | šventáme! | - | šventává! | šventámahá! |
2nd | šventá! šventádhi! | šventáta! | šventáte! | šventáse! | šventátá! | šventáhvé! |
3rd | šventátu! | šventátou! | šventántu! | šventátá! | šventátouhá! | šventántá! |
Preterite indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | šešventá | šešventáva | šešventáme | šešventáj | šešventávidé | šešventámidé |
2nd | šešventásta | šešventáta | šešventáte | šešventášé | šešventátidé | šešventáhvé |
3rd | šešventá | šešventátou | šešventár | šešventáté | šešventátoudé | šešventáré |
-ejeti
Infinitive: harejeti = to anger
Gerundive: harejetí (jest)
Participles:
- harejas, harejanť = pres. active participle
- harejamin = passive participle
- haréšas, haréšanť = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
Present indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | harejů | harejava | harejame | harejé | harejavidé | harejamidé |
2nd | hareješ | harejeta | harejete | harejesé | harejetidé | harejehvé |
3rd | harejet | harejetou | harejant | harejeté | harejetoudé | harejanté |
Secondary conjugation
Imperfect indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | jeharejí, jeharý | jeharejeva | jeharejeme | jeharejemá | jeharejevida | jeharejemida |
2nd | jeharejech | jeharejeta | jeharejete | jehareješá | jeharejetida | jeharejehvé |
3rd | jehareje | jeharejetou | jeharejen | jeharejeta | jeharejetouda | jeharejenta |
Future indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | haréšů | haréšava | haréšame | haréšé | haréšavidé | haréšamidé |
2nd | haréšaš | haréšata | haréšate | haréšasé | haréšatidé | haréšahvé |
3rd | haréšat | haréšatou | haréšant | haréšaté | haréšatoudé | haréšanté |
Imperative endings
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | - | harejeva! | harejeme! | - | harejevá! | harejemahá! |
2nd | hareje! harejedhi! | harejeta! | harejete! | harejese! | harejetá! | harejehvé! |
3rd | harejetu! | harejetou! | harejentu! | harejetá! | harejetouhá! | harejentá! |
Preterite indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | džehará | džeharéva | džeharéme | džeharejé | džeharévidé | džeharémidé |
2nd | džeharésta | džeharéta | džeharéte | džeharésé | džeharétidé | džeharéhvé |
3rd | džeharé, džehareje | džeharétou | džeharýr | džeharété | džeharétoudé | džeharýré |
-jeti
Infinitive: ašoušeti = to hear
Gerundive: ašoušetí (jest)
Participles:
- ašoušís, ašoušenť = pres. active participle
- ašoušemin = passive participle
- ašouššas, ašouššanť = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
Present indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | ašoušem | ašouševa | ašoušeme | ašoušé | ašouševidé | ašoušemidé |
2nd | ašoušeš | ašoušeta | ašoušete | ašoušesé | ašoušetidé | ašoušehvé |
3rd | ašoušet | ašoušetou | ašoušent | ašoušeté | ašoušetoudé | ašoušenté |
Secondary conjugation
Imperfect indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | jášouši | jášouševa | jášoušeme | jášoušemá | jášouševida | jášoušemida |
2nd | jášoušech | jášoušeta | jášoušete | jášoušešá | jášoušetida | jášoušehvé |
3rd | jášouše | jášoušetou | jášoušen | jášoušeta | jášoušetouda | jášoušenta |
Future indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | ašouššů | ašouššava | ašouššame | ašouššé | ašouššavidé | ašouššamidé |
2nd | ašouššaš | ašouššata | ašouššate | ašouššasé | ašouššatidé | ašouššahvé |
3rd | ašouššat | ašouššatou | ašouššant | ašouššaté | ašouššatoudé | ašouššanté |
Imperative endings
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | - | ašouševa! | ašoušeme! | - | ašouševá! | ašoušemahá! |
2nd | ašouše! ašoušedhi! | ašoušeta! | ašoušete! | ašoušese! | ašoušetá! | ašoušehvé! |
3rd | ašoušetu! | ašoušetou! | ašoušentu! | ašoušetá! | ašoušetouhá! | ašoušentá! |
Thematic root class
Infinitive: bensti = to bind
Gerundive: benstí (jest)
Participles:
- bendhas, bendhanť = pres. active participle
- bandhamin = passive participle
- benšas, benšanť = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
Present indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | bendhů | bendhava | bendhame | bendhé | bendhavidé | bendhamidé |
2nd | bendheš | bendheta | bendhete | bendhesé | bendhetidé | bendhehvé |
3rd | bendhet | bendhetou | bendhant | bendheté | bendhetoudé | bendhanté |
Secondary conjugation
Imperfect indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | jebendhou | jebendhava | jebendhame | jebendhamá | jebendhavida | jebendhamida |
2nd | jebendhech | jebendheta | jebendhete | jebendhešá | jebendhetida | jebendhehva |
3rd | jebendhe | jebendhetou | jebendhan | jebendheta | jebendhetouda | jebendhanta |
Future indicative
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | benšů | benšava | benšame | benšé | benšavidé | benšamidé |
2nd | benšaš | benšata | benšate | benšasé | benšatidé | benšahvé |
3rd | benšat | benšatou | benšant | benšaté | benšatoudé | benšanté |
Imperative endings
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | - | bendhava! | bendhame! | - | bendhavá! | bendhamahá! |
2nd | bendhe! | bendheta! | bendhete! | bendhese! | bendhetá! | bendhehvé! |
3rd | bendhetu! | bendhetou! | bendhantu! | bendhetá! | bendhetouhá! | bendhantá! |
Root athematic
- důti (to give): dedům, dedůš, dedůt, ..., dedůnt
- státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
- dhýti (to do): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt
- bháti (to say): bebhám, bebháš, bebhát, ..., bebhánt
- anešti (to get): anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
bhúti 'to be'
Infinitive: bhúti
Gerundive: bhútí (jest)
Participles:
- present jsas (m), jsanť (f)
- future bhúšas, bhúšanť
Present
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st | jesmi | jsva | jsme |
2nd | jesi | jsta | jste |
3rd | jest | jstou | jsant |
Forms beginning with js- are pronounced with [çs-] if not after a vowel. (The j is a reflex of PIE h₁.)
Future
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st | bhúšů | bhúšava | bhúšame |
2nd | bhúšaš | bhúšata | bhúšate |
3rd | bhúšat | bhúšatou | bhúšant |
Past ipfv.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st | bhúm | bhúva | bhúme |
2nd | bhúch | bhúta | bhúte |
3rd | bhú | bhútou | bhún |
Optative
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st | bhújám | bhújáva | bhújáme |
2nd | bhújáš | bhújáta | bhújáte |
3rd | bhúját | bhújátou | bhújánt |
Imperative
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st | - | bhúva! | bhúme! |
2nd | bhú! bhúdhi! | bhúta! | bhúte! |
3rd | bhútu! | bhútou! | bhúntu! |