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==Mayal/Makaahiil==
In 1932, ''Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil'' ({{lang-so|Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil}}), a Somali scholar who studied at [[Al-Azhar University]], published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" ({{lang-ar|إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة}}; ''Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language'') in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by ''Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal''. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, {{Script/Arabic|ڎ}} for /ɖ/ and  {{Script/Arabic|گ}} for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ ({{lang|ar|ث}}), dhal ({{lang|ar|ذ}}), zāy ({{lang|ar|ز}}), ṣād ({{lang|ar|ص}}), ḍād ({{lang|ar|ض}}), ṭāʾ ({{lang|ar|ط}}), ẓāʾ ({{lang|ar|ظ}}), and ghayn ({{lang|ar|غ}}).
This writing convention relies on [[Arabic diacritics|vowel diacritics]].
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
|ʾalif<br>{{Script|Arab|الف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ا}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـا}}</span>
|
|
| - / {{IPA|/a/}}
| -
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel ''"aa"''.
|-
| bāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|باء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ب}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـب}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـبـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|بـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/b/}}
|b
|
|-
| tāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|تاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ت}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـت}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـتـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|تـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|t
|
|-
|thāʼ <br>{{Script|Arab|ثاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ث}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـث}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـثـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ثـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|jīm<br>{{Script|Arab|جيم}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ج}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـج}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـجـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|جـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|j
|
|-
|ḥāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|حاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ح}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـح}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـحـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|حـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ħ/}}
|x
|
|-
|khāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|خاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|خ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـخ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـخـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|خـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/χ/}}
|kh
|
|-
|dāl<br>{{Script|Arab|دال}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|د}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـد}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|
|-
|dhāl<br>{{Script|Arab|ذال}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ذ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـذ}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|dhā<br>{{Script|Arab|ڎا}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڎ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڎ}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic<br>Also historically represented by {{Script|Arab|ط}}
|-
|rāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|راء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ر}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـر}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/r/}}
|r
|
|-
|zāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|زاي}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ز}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـز}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/z/}}
|z
|
|-
|sīn<br>{{Script|Arab|سين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|س}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـس}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـسـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|سـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|s
|
|-
|shīn<br>{{Script|Arab|شين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ش}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـش}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـشـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|شـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|sh
|
|-
|ṣād<br>{{Script|Arab|صاد}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ص}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـص}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـصـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|صـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|ḍād <br>{{Script|Arab|ضاد}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ض}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـض}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـضـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ضـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|ṭāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|طاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ط}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـط}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـطـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|طـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|t, dh
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.<br>Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of {{Script|Arab|ڎ}}
|-
|ẓāʾ <br>{{Script|Arab|ظاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ظ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـظ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـظـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ظـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/d/}}~{{IPA|/z/}}
|d, z
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
|-
|ʿayn<br>{{Script|Arab|عين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ع}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـع}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـعـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|عـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ʕ/}}
| c
|
|-
|ghayn<br>{{Script|Arab|غين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|غ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـغ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـغـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|غـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ɣ/}}~{{IPA|/g/}}
|g
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|fāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|فاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ف}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـف}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـفـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|فـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/f/}}
|f
|
|-
|qāf<br>{{Script|Arab|قاف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ق}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـق}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـقـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|قـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/q/}}
|q
|
|-
|kāf<br>{{Script|Arab|كاف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ك}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـك}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـكـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|كـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|k
|
|-
|gāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|گاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|گ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـگ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـگـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|گـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|-
|lām<br>{{Script|Arab|لام}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ل}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـل}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـلـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|لـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/l/}}
|l
|
|-
|mīm<br>{{Script|Arab|ميم}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|م}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـم}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـمـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|مـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|m
|
|-
|{{Transl|jv|nun}}<br>{{Script|Arab|نون}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ن}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـن}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـنـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|نـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/n/}}
|n
|
|-
|wāw<br>{{Script|Arab|واو}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|و}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـو}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/w/}}<Br>{{IPA|/ɞ:/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ:/}}, {{IPA|/ʉ:/}}, {{IPA|/u:/}}
|w and oo, uu
|The letter ''wāw'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
|-
|hāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|هاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ه}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـه}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـهـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|هـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|h
|
|-
|yāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|ياء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ي}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـي}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـيـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|يـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/j/}}<Br>{{IPA|/e:/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ:/}}, {{IPA|/i:/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ:/}}
| y, ee, ii
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
|-
|hamzah<br>{{Script|Arab|همزة}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ء}}</span>
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
| ’
|
|}
As for vowels, in [[Somali phonology]], there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be [[Vowel length|short or long]]. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a [[vowel harmony]] rule. However, Somali orthography, neither [[Somali Latin alphabet]], nor Arabic alphabet, nor [[Osmanya alphabet]] distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.
A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.<ref name="Qutbi1961">Qutbi, A. Sh. A. “The Report of the Somali Language Committee, 1961.” Internet Archive, May 15, 1961. [https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961 https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961].</ref>
In Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil's orthographic convention, he added two new diacritics. For short vowel sounds [a], [u], and [i], [[Arabic diacritics]] are used. For long vowel sounds [a:], [u:], and [i:], similar to Arabic, the letters ''alif'' (ا), ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) respectively.
For the short vowel sound [e], Makaahil interpreted the sound to be in between [a] and [i], thus he proposed to combine "◌َ " (''Fatha'', [a]) and "◌ِ" and (''Dhamma'', [i]), and write "◌َِ". As for long vowel sound [e:], it'd be written as "◌َِ" followed by ''yāʾ'' (ي).<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! -a || -e || -i || -o || -u
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٗ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُ}}</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! -aa || -ee || -ii || -oo || -uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـا}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َِيـ / ◌َِي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|يـ / ي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٗو}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span>
|}
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif madda]]'' (آ) is used.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel in the beginning of words in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
! A || E || I || O || U || Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اُ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَِيـ / اَِي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اٝو}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|او}}</span>
|}
|}


Revision as of 07:23, 24 July 2023

Somali-like relative of Zanahi

Numerals

???? numerals
Symbol Cardinal number
1 cayn
2 dhow
3 taray
4 kodor
5 fangi
6 hash
7 hafti
8 casti
9 now
10 dhas
11 cayn oo dhas
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 sinti
200 dhow sinti
1000
2000

Somali-like Romlang

Verb conjugation of amaal "to love" - non-continuous tenses
Present Past Imperative Jussive
Indicative Subordinate Adjectival Affirmative Negative Adjectival
1S amaa ame amá amay amays amaý — áme
2S amaas ames amays áma ámes
3S amaa ame amay — áme
1P amaan amaan amayn — ameén
2P amaad amaad amayd amaád ameéd
3P amaan amaan amayn — ameén


German-like relative of Twench

Swadesh list

Abbreviations:

  • irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
  • pl. = plural
  • fam. = familiar
  • pol. = polite
  • arch. = archaic
No. English Unnamed
1Ijeu
2you (singular)tu (fam.); Els (pol.)
3heell
4wenaus
5you (plural)waus (fam.); Els (pol.)
6theyels
7thiszest(e)
8thatzell(e)
9herezei
10therelah
11whokei
12whatkeis
13whereond
14whenquand
15howkomment
16notpfass
17alltoot
18manymolt
19somealküne
20fewpfeuk(e)
21otheralter(e)
22oneün(e)
23twodaus
24threetreis
25fourquatter
26fivezink
27biggrand(e)
28longlong(e)
29widelarg(e)
30thickgross(e)
31heavylord(e)
32smallpfettitt(e)
33shortkort(e)
34narrowstrecht(e)
35thinmager(e)
36womanFemme
37man (adult male)Omme
38man (human being)Human; Pferson
39childEnfant
40wifeFemme; Spause
41husbandOmme; Spaus
42motherMader
43fatherPfader
44animalBest
45fishPfess
46birdEuzell
47dogKahn
48lousePfeugel
49snakeSerpent
50wormWerm
51treeArber
52forestBosch
53stickBaston
54fruitFrucht
55seedSemenze
56leafFülle
57rootRätzein
58barkSchohrtze
59flowerFlauer
60grassJerb
61ropeKurd
62skinPfiel
63meatKarn
64bloodSange
65boneOss
66fat (noun)Grass
67eggOb
68hornKorn
69tailKode
70featherPlüme
71hair Kaffel
72headTiest
73earOregel
74eyeUgel
75noseNahs
76mouthBocke
77toothDent
78tongueLeng
79fingernailOngel
80footPfied
81legGamb
82kneeJenogel
83handMahn
84wingAal
85bellyWenter
86gutsEntreils
87neckKoll
88backDoss
89breastSehn
90heartKuhr
91liverVikat
92drinkbeber, bebe, bebeu, bebüt
93eatmangar, mange, mangei, mangat
94bitemorder, morde, morseu, morst
95sucksükar, süke, sükei, sükat
96spitspütar, spüte, spütei, spütat
97vomitwumier, wumisse, wumei, wumeit
98blowsofflar, soffle, sofflei, sofflat
99breatherespeirar, respeire, respeirei, respeirat
100laughreider, reide, reiße, reist
101seeweder, wede, weiße, weist
102heareudier, eude, eudei, eudeit
103knowsaffer, saffe, saffeu, saft
104thinkpfensar, pfense, pfensei, pfensat
105smelluhler, uhle, uhleu, uhlt
106fearkriemer, kriem, kriemui, kriemt
107sleepdormier, dorme, dormei, dormeit
108liveweiber, weibe, weibeu, weibt
109diemuhrier, muhre, muhrei, muhreit
110killtütar, tüte, tütei, tütat
111fightlüchtar, lüchte, lüchtei, lüchtat
112huntkassar, kasse, kassei, kassat
113hitbatter, batte, batteu, battet
114cutkolpfar, kolpfe, kolpfei, kolpfat
115splitvender, vende, vendeu, vendet
116stabpünner, pünne, pünneu, pünnt

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toot human Esters nassen leber es equal in deintat es drechts. Els son wock reißon es konscenze endotat, es els deben wock ünalter in ün spirit de fradertat agier.

/toːt hʊˈmɑːn ˈɛstɐs ˈnasən ˈleːbɐ əs ɛˈkvɑːl ɪn daɪnˈtɑːt əs drɛçts ‖ ɛls zoːn vɔk ʁaɪˈsoːn əs konˈstsɛntsə əndoˈtɑːt | əs ɛls deːbən vɔk yːnˈaltɐ ɪn yːn ʃpiːʁɪt də ˌfʁɑːdɐˈtɒ̈ːt aˈɡiɐ/

German-like relative of Chelsian

Swadesh list

Abbreviations:

  • m. = masculine
  • f. = feminine
  • n. = neuter
  • c. = common (takes masculine or feminine gender according to referent)
  • w. = weak
  • irr. = irregular (declension/conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
  • pl. = plural
  • fam. = familiar
  • pol. = polite
No. English Chelsian
1Ieg
2you (singular)zu (fam.); Isse (pol.)
3heisser
4wenuhr
5you (plural)wuhr (fam.); Isse (pol.)
6theyisse
7thisister
8thatiller
9heresteich
10thereleich
11whoker
12whatkis
13whereüb
14whenquande
15howkome
16notnun
17allzuß
18manymültze (pl.)
19someälche (pl.)
20fewpfauch
21otheraltzer
22oneauns
23twozwo
24threetrehr
25fourquatzer
26fivekeink
27bigmann; gränd
28longlong
29widelaß; ampfel
30thickkrass
31heavygräb
32smallpfaul
33shortkurz
34narrowangst
35thinzinn
36womanViemen, -s (f.)
37man (adult male)Mähr, -s (m.)
38man (human being)Ome, -ns (m., w.)
39childPfarb, Pfärbe (m.)
40wifeViemen, -s (f.); Mülier, -s (f.)
41husbandMähr, -s (m.); Mährt, -e (m.)
42motherMaßer, -s (f.)
43fatherPfasser, -s (m.)
44animalBieste, -s (f.)
45fishPfesch, -es (m.)
46birdÄbe, -s (f.)
47dogKähn, -s (m.)
48lousePfeigel, -e (m.)
49snakeÄng, -es (m.)
50wormWerm (m.)
51treeArber, -s (m.)
52forestSilbe, -s (f.) (
53stickRahm, Rähme (m.)
54fruitFreug, -es (f.)
55seedGrahn, -e (n.)
56leafVöhl, -e (n.)
57rootRateich, -es (f.)
58barkKorzeich, -es (f.)
59flowerFluhr, -es (m.)
60grassGrame, -n (n., w.)
61ropeFäun, -s (m.)
62skinPfell, -es
63meatKare, -ns (f.)
64bloodSänge, -ns (m.)
65boneOss, össe (m.)
66fat (noun)Ateff, -s (m.)
67eggUb, -e (n.)
68hornKorn, -e (n.)
69tailKaute, -s (f.)
70featherPflume, -s (f.)
71hair Pfehl, -es (m.); (of head) Kaffel, -e (m.)
72headKafs, -es (n.)
73earÖhr, -s (f.)
74eyeOgel, -e (m.)
75noseNas, Näse (m.)
76mouthBucke, -s (f.)
77toothTent, es (m.)
78tongueLinge, -s (f.)
79fingernailUnge, -s (m.)
80footPfeht, -s (m.)
81legKrauer, -e (n.)
82kneeGehn, -e (n.)
83handMaan, -s (f.)
84wingAle, -s (f.)
85bellyWenter, -s (m.)
86gutsInsteine (n. pl.)
87neckKoll, -e (n.)
88backZerg, -e (n.)
89breastPfetz, -e (m.)
90heartKort, -e (n.)
91liverJecher, -e (n.)
92drinkbeber, bebe, beibe, beibs
93eateter, ete, iete, ies
94bitemorter, morte, mörse, mörs
95sucksuger, suge, süchse, sucht
96spitspuher, spuhe, spühe, spauß
97vomitwohmer, wohme, wöhme, wöhms
98blowflaher, flahe, flähe, flaß
99breathespeirer, speire, speirei, speiress
100laughreiter, reite, reise, reiß
101seeweter, wete, weite, weiß
102hearäuter, äute, äutei, äutess
103knowscheier, scheie, schei, scheiß
104thinkköchser, köchse, köchsei, köchsess
105smellohler, ohle, ohlei, ohless
106fearzehmer, zehme, zehmei, zehmess
107sleeptörmer, törme, törmei, törmess
108liveweiber, weibe, wichse, wicht
109diemöhrer, möhre, möhrei, mortz
110killnecher, neche, nechei, nechess
111fightpfunner, pfunne, pfunnei, pfunness
112huntkafter, kafte, kaftei, kaftess
113hitbatzer, batze, batzei, batzess
114cutsecher, seche, sechei, sechess
115splitteibter, teibte, teibse, teibs
116stabföter, föte, fosse, foss
117scratchschalpfer, schalpfe, schalpse, schalps
118digkaber, kabe, kabei, kabess
119swimnasser, nasse, nassei, nassess
120flywohler, wohle, wohlei, wohless
121walkpferger, pferge, pfierse, pfiers
122comewehner, wehne, wiene, went
123liejacher, jache, jachei, jachess
124sitseter, sete, siete, sess
125standsteher, stehe, steße, steß
126turnwerzer, werze, werzei, werzess
127fallkater, kate, käse, kas
128giveteher, tehe, teße, teß
129holdzener, zene, ziene, zent
130squeezepfremer, pfreme, pfrisse, pfress
131rubfrecher, freche, frechei, frechess
132washlahber, lahbe, lahbei, lahbess
133wipezerger, zerge, zirse, zers
134pulltreier, treie, trächse, tracht
135pushpfeller, pfelle, pfülse, pfuls
136throwjächer, jäche, jieche, jacht
137tieleger, lege, legei, legess
138sewsauer, saue, säue, sauß
139countnummerer, nummere, nummerei, nummeress
140sayteicher, teiche teichse, ticht
141singkaner, kane, kiene, kant
142playlauter, laute, läuse, laus
143floatfleußer, fleuße, fleußei, fleußess
144flowflauer, flaue, fläuchse, flaucht
145freezegehler, gehle, gehlei, gehless
146swellinflaßer, inflaße, inflaßei, inflaßess
147sunSuhl, -e (n.)
148moonLune, -s (f.)
149starStielle, -s (f.)
150waterAcke, -s (f.)
151rainPflübe, -s (f.)
152riverFlüme, -n (n., w.)
153lakeLach, Läche (m.)
154seaMahr, -e (n.)
155saltSaal, -s (m.)
156stonePfetter, -s (f.)
157sandRiene, -s (f.)
158dustPfüll, -es (m.)
159earthZerre, -s (f.)
160cloudNäube, -s (f.)
161fogNebel, -s (f.)
162skyKiel, -e (n.)
163windWent, -e (m.)
164snowNehb, -es (f.)
165iceGläche, -s (f.)
166smokeFuhm, Fühme (m.)
167fireVoch, Vöche (m.)
168ashKener, -s (m.)
169burnarter, arte, ärse, ars
170roadStraße, -s (f.)
171mountainMont, -s (m.)
172redrober
173greenwehrt
174yellowflahb
175whitealb
176blackneger
177nightNocht, -es (f.)
178dayTeie, -s (m.)
179yearAnn, Änne (m.)
180warmkalt
181coldfreikt
182fullpflien
183newnohb
184oldwesser
185goodbohn
186badmahl
187rottenpfütter
188dirtysört
189straightricht
190roundrossend
191sharpäcker
192dulljeebs
193smoothlehb
194wetaut
195drysick
196correctkorricht
197nearpfrochsen
198farlong
199righttester
200leftsenster
201atin; at
202inin
203withkun
204andes
205ifsei
206becausekeie
207nameNume, -n (n., w.)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Züße Omens naschen leibere es equale in Tinnesse es Jäureb. Isse son tie Rassune es Konscienze tußesse, es isse tieben aun altere in Spiritus tie Fraßerness ager.

TO BE NAMED

Tālu khōmīn fārum ya qōnum bi al adran ya al rakhīn talodban. Allāhus mānum ya shankam habēbahun, ya in kāna warākun korbansan tabi bēhun.

IPA: [taːlu kʰoːmiːn faːɾum ja ʕoːnum bi‿al ʕadɾan ja‿al rakʰiːn talodban ‖ aɫːaːhus maːnum ja ʃaŋkam habeːbahun | ja iŋ‿kaːna waɾaːkun koɾbansan tabi beːhun]

Gloss: all-M-CONSTR person.M-PL-GEN free-M-ACC and equal-M-ACC in the dignity.F-GEN and the right.M-PL-GEN MID-give_birth-3PM.SUBJ. Allah-NOM reason.M-ACC and conscience.F-ACC give-PST-3SM.SUBJ-3PM.OBJ, and that like brother.PL-GEN act MID-be-3PF on-3PM.OBJ.

Item Meaning Etymology
tāl- all Romance tot- and Germanic all-. Influenced by Arabic kull-.
-u- masculine singular Latin -us. Influenced by Arabic nominative singular ending -u(n). The singular nature of this word is influenced by Arabic usage.
-∅ construct form Arabic.
khōm- person Arabic qawm "people". The lack of a definite article after the determiner "all" is influenced by Germanic.
-ī- masculine plural Latin -ī, Arabic -īn. Considered to come from an earlier form *-uy-, where -u- is the masculine vowel and *-y- is the original plural marker. This hypothetical *-y- is a backformation from the plural endings and is additionally influenced by Esperanto -j.
-n genitive Repurposing of Arabic tanween, particularly in the triptote genitive ending -in. Also influenced by oblique endings in -n in various languages, such as the Amharic and Esperanto accusatives, German dative plural, etc. The placement of this word in the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
fār- free German frei and Arabic ħurr- (and its Portuguese descendant forro).
-u- masculine singular See above.
-m accusative Latin -m (in -um, -am, -em). This usage of the accusative is influenced by Arabic.
ya and Gothic jah. Influenced by Persian yā "or".
qōn- equal Corruption of Proto-Germanic *ebn- (the ancestor of English even) through a hypothetical development *ebn- > *eun- > *ōn-, with a sporadic ʕ- inserted.
-u- masculine singular See above.
-m accusative See above.
bi in Arabic bi- and fī (both of which can mean "in"). The primary meaning is spatial. The usage of spatial "in" to mean "in terms of" is influenced by English.
al the (definite article) Arabic al-. Also influenced by Spanish el. Its usage in this generic sense is influenced by Arabic.
adr- dignity Influenced by English dignity and Arabic sharaf.
-a- feminine singular Latin -a. Influenced by Arabic -a(h), pausal form of the feminine ending -at-.
-n genitive Influenced by various oblique forms ending in -n such as German -en (dative plural + masculine accusative singular of adjectives + oblique forms of weak nouns/adjectives) and Esperanto -n (accusative). This usage of the genitive is influenced by Arabic.

Iberian Celtic lang

No. English
1 I mi
2 you (singular) tu
3 he
4 we nis
5 you (plural) sis
6 they
7 this
8 that
9 here
10 there
11 who quien
12 what que
13 where
14 when quan
15 how
16 not ne
17 all welho
18 many elo
19 some negos
20 few
21 other alho
22 one ono
23 two duo
24 three tris
25 four quiodres
26 five quinque
27 big maro
28 long siro
29 wide
30 thick tievo
31 heavy
32 small beco
33 short berro
34 narrow ango
35 thin
36 woman biena
37 man (adult male) vero
38 man (human being) duenho
39 child maco
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother madre
43 father adre
44 animal milo
45 fish esco
46 bird
47 dog con
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm preme
51 tree prieno
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit
55 seed silo
56 leaf
57 root
58 bark rosco
59 flower
60 grass guelta
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat chigo
64 blood cruevo
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair vuelto
72 head queño
73 ear closta
74 eye
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth dante
78 tongue tanguad
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink
93 to eat
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name

Descendent of Old Latin

No. English
1 I mu
2 you (singular) tu
3 he gio
4 we nox
5 you (plural) gox
6 they giox (m.); giax (f.)
7 this xicce
8 that isto
9 here xic
10 there eve
11 who quex
12 what que
13 where cove
14 when quando
15 how quan
16 not ne
17 all guabrix
18 many moltox (m.); moltax (f.)
19 some
20 few pocox; pokax
21 other alio
22 one gueno (m.); guena (f.)
23 two dúox (m.); dúax (f.)
24 three trix
25 four quattor
26 five chinque
27 big mangro
28 long luango
29 wide lato
30 thick
31 heavy
32 small
33 short
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman femna
37 man (adult male) guero
38 man (human being) huamne
39 child
40 wife femna
41 husband guero
42 mother matre
43 father patre
44 animal
45 fish pesci
46 bird agui
47 dog cane
48 louse
49 snake serpiante
50 worm ghiarmi
51 tree arbre
52 forest selgua
53 stick
54 fruit pomo
55 seed
56 leaf folio
57 root
58 bark
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat carne
64 blood
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg ogo
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair
72 head
73 ear
74 eye guaclo
75 nose naso
76 mouth
77 tooth diante
78 tongue dengua
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink bivre, bivo, beve
93 to eat giadre, giado, gede
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit guamre, guamo, gome
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see guedere, guedio, guise
102 to hear odire, odio, odigue
103 to know groscre, grosco, grogue
104 to think
105 to smell sentire, sianto, sentigue
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live guigre, guigo, guige
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun sol
148 moon lona
149 star
150 water aqua
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea mare
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth tiarra
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky celo
163 wind ghianto
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain muante
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white albo
176 black negro
177 night noapte
178 day día
179 year anno
180 warm
181 cold
182 full pleno
183 new nogo
184 old seno
185 good dueno
186 bad malo
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry secco
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at a
202 in en
203 with con
204 and e
205 if
206 because
207 name nome

Blank Swadesh list

No. English
1I
2you (singular)
3he
4we
5you (plural)
6they
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)
38man (human being)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye
75nose
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81leg
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92drink
93eat
94bite
95suck
96spit
97vomit
98blow
99breathe
100laugh
101see
102hear
103know
104think
105smell
106fear
107sleep
108live
109die
110kill
111fight
112hunt
113hit
114cut
115split
116stab
117scratch
118dig
119swim
120fly
121walk
122come
123lie
124sit
125stand
126turn
127fall
128give
129hold
130squeeze
131rub
132wash
133wipe
134pull
135push
136throw
137tie
138sew
139count
140say
141sing
142play
143float
144flow
145freeze
146swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name

Blank Swadesh list

No. English
1I
2you (singular)
3he
4we
5you (plural)
6they
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)
38man (human being)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye
75nose
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81leg
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92to drink
93to eat
94to bite
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to see
102to hear
103to know
104to think
105to smell
106to fear
107to sleep
108to live
109to die
110to kill
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hit
114to cut
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk
122to come
123to lie
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn
127to fall
128to give
129to hold
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to sing
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name

Blank Swadesh List (WikiMedia Format)

No. English
1 I
2 you (singular)
3 he
4 we
5 you (plural)
6 they
7 this
8 that
9 here
10 there
11 who
12 what
13 where
14 when
15 how
16 not
17 all
18 many
19 some
20 few
21 other
22 one
23 two
24 three
25 four
26 five
27 big
28 long
29 wide
30 thick
31 heavy
32 small
33 short
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman
37 man (adult male)
38 man (human being)
39 child
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother
43 father
44 animal
45 fish
46 bird
47 dog
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm
51 tree
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit
55 seed
56 leaf
57 root
58 bark
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat
64 blood
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair
72 head
73 ear
74 eye
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth
78 tongue
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink
93 to eat
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
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182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
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187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name

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Units of time -
English
second
minute
hour
day
week
month
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Time adverbs -
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now
then
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly
later
always
often
sometimes
rarely
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ever
still, yet
already
today
tonight
yesterday
last night
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before yesterday
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this week
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Mayal/Makaahiil

In 1932, Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil (Template:Lang-so), a Somali scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University, published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" (Template:Lang-ar; Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language) in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.[1]

Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, Template:Script/Arabic for /ɖ/ and Template:Script/Arabic for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ (ث), dhal (ذ), zāy (ز), ṣād (ص), ḍād (ض), ṭāʾ (ط), ẓāʾ (ظ), and ghayn (غ).

This writing convention relies on vowel diacritics.

Somali Arabic Alphabet
Name Forms Sound represented Latin equivalent Notes
Isolated Final Medial Initial
ʾalif
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script - / /a/ - ʾalif has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel "aa".
bāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /b/ b
tāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /t/ t
thāʼ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /s/ s Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
jīm
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /d͡ʒ/ j
ḥāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /ħ/ x
khāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /χ/ kh
dāl
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script /d/ d
dhāl
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script /d/ d Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
dhā
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script /ɖ/ dh Additional letter not present in Arabic
Also historically represented by Template:Script
rāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script /r/ r
zāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script /z/ z
sīn
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /s/ s
shīn
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /ʃ/ sh
ṣād
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /s/ s Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
ḍād
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /d/ d Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
ṭāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /t/, /ɖ/ t, dh Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of Template:Script
ẓāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /d/~/z/ d, z Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
ʿayn
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /ʕ/ c
ghayn
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /ɣ/~/g/ g Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
fāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /f/ f
qāf
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /q/ q
kāf
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /k/ k
gāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /ɡ/ g Additional letter not present in Arabic.
lām
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /l/ l
mīm
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /m/ m
Template:Transl
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /n/ n
wāw
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script /w/
/ɞ:/, /ɔ:/, /ʉ:/, /u:/ 		w and oo, uu The letter wāw serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
hāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /h/ h
yāʾ
Template:Script 		Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script Template:Script /j/
/e:/, /ɛ:/, /i:/, /ɪ:/ 		y, ee, ii The letter yāʾ serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
hamzah
Template:Script 		Template:Script /ʔ/ ’

As for vowels, in Somali phonology, there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be short or long. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a vowel harmony rule. However, Somali orthography, neither Somali Latin alphabet, nor Arabic alphabet, nor Osmanya alphabet distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.

A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.[2]

In Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil's orthographic convention, he added two new diacritics. For short vowel sounds [a], [u], and [i], Arabic diacritics are used. For long vowel sounds [a:], [u:], and [i:], similar to Arabic, the letters alif (ا), wāw (و), and yāʾ (ي) respectively.

For the short vowel sound [e], Makaahil interpreted the sound to be in between [a] and [i], thus he proposed to combine "◌َ " (Fatha, [a]) and "◌ِ" and (Dhamma, [i]), and write "◌َِ". As for long vowel sound [e:], it'd be written as "◌َِ" followed by yāʾ (ي).[1]


Vowel diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
-a -e -i -o -u
Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic
Long vowels in Somali Arabic Alphabet
-aa -ee -ii -oo -uu
Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic

Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of alif (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that wāw (و), and yāʾ (ي) would be preceded by alif instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, alif madda (آ) is used.[1]

Vowel in the beginning of words in Somali Arabic Alphabet
Short vowels Long vowels
A E I O U Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu
Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic

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  1. ^ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AhmadSheikh
  2. ^ Qutbi, A. Sh. A. “The Report of the Somali Language Committee, 1961.” Internet Archive, May 15, 1961. https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961.
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