User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| *mek<br />*mik<sup>1</sup> || *unn || *uss || *sek<br />*sik<sup>1</sup> || *innu || * | | *mek<br />*mik<sup>1</sup> || *unn || *uss || *sek<br />*sik<sup>1</sup> || *innu || *ihwih | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *mīnah || *unnerah || *usserah || *sīnah || * | | *mīnah || *unnerah || *usserah || *sīnah || *innūrah || *ihwerah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative/instrumental | ! Dative/instrumental | ||
| *mih || *unnih || *ussih || *sih || *innwih || * | | *mih || *unnih || *ussih || *sih || *innwih || *ihwih | ||
|} | |} | ||
<small><sup>1</sup> – Unstressed variant</small> | <small><sup>1</sup> – Unstressed variant</small> |
Revision as of 09:59, 14 December 2013
- merger of overlong into long vowels
- *pūkō ( < *pūkô)
- d > þ / r_ / (represent /d/ as [þ] here for later word changes, cf. Go waurd, ON orð) but not after [l], [n], or [m]
- *wurþą ( < wurdą)
- d > ð / V_V (show /d/ = [ð] intervocalically)
- *nimiði ( < *nimidi)
- z > s
/ _#[unconditionally]- *gaisas ( < *gaizaz)
- s > h / _#
- *baisah ( < *baizaz) which later gives bērah
- ō > ā
- markā < *markō
- vowels [+nasal] > vowels [-nasal] [+length]
- *breustā ( < *breustą)
- γ > j / #_V, V_V
- *jaisīþi ( < **gaisīþi), skājah ( < *skōgaz)
- γ > v̄ / V_[+voiced +consonant]
- þ > h / _R
- *mahlā ( < *maþlą) which later gives māl
- ā > ē / [+dental +consonant +nasal]_#
- Spontaneous haplogy (sic).
- *nimði < *nimiði ( < *nimidi)
- f > hw / _V
- *hwehu ( < *fehu)
- þ > s [unconditionally]
- sat ( < *þat), wursā < *wurþā ( < *wurdą)
- d > n / nV_V
- annā ( < *andô)
- ă ĕ ŏ > Ø / _# (unless monosyllabic) (Short vowel deletion rule)
- If a word by result of the short vowel deletion becomes monosyllabic, lengthen the stem vowel for compensation.
- If a word by result of the aforementioned rule terminates in -w, it becomes -u.
- ĭ ŭ > e o / _#
- alo ( < *alu)
- s > h / _R
- j > Ø /#_V
- allā < *jallā ( < *gallō)
- exception j > ē / #_e for disyllabic words
- ēbā < *jebā ( < *gebā)
- h > Ø /V_C, with compensatory lenghtening of the preceding vowel
- mālā < *mahlā ( < *maþlą)
- s > z / V_V
- *keuzanā ( < *keusaną)
- b > v / V_V
- *averanā < *aberanā ( < *gaberaną), ēvā < *ēbā ( < *gebō )
- d > z / V_V
- māzēr < *māðēr ( < *mōdēr)
- z > r / V_V (unless following or preceding syllable already has r)
- *ekorana < *ekozana ( < *gekozanaz)
- h > Ø / #_V
- *ailah < *hailah ( < *hailaz)
- Words of three or more syllables may occasionally experience V > Ø / _#
- ai ei eu > ē ī iu when stressed
- ējum ( < *aigum, pres act 1pl of *aiganą), rīzanā ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), kiuranā ( < *keusaną)
- ērīs 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. avajs 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)
Status
Ending(s) | PG | Skā |
---|---|---|
a-stem masculine accusative singular | ą | ā |
a-stem masculine nominative singular | az | ah |
i-stem masculine accusative singular | į | ī |
i-stem nominative singular | iz | ih |
u-stem accusative singular | ų | ū |
u-stem nominative singular | uz | uh |
1st person singular present of verbs | ō | ā |
ō-stem adjective accusative singular | ǭ | ō |
ō-stem accusative plural | ōz | āh |
3rd person singular past of weak verbs | ē | ē |
a-stem dative singular | ai | ē |
short ja-stem neuter nominative singular | ją | jā |
short ja-stem masculine nominative singular | jaz | jah |
i-stem nominative plural | īz | īh |
long ja-stem masculine nominative singular | ijaz | jjah |
long ja-stem neuter nominative singular | iją | jjā |
3rd person singular past subjunctive | ī | ī |
adverb suffix | ô | ā |
genitive plural | ǫ̂ | ō |
ō-stem nominative plural | ôz | āh |
u-stem genitive singular | auz | auh (ōh) |
adverb suffix | ê | ē |
First person | Second person | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | *ek *ik1 |
*wet *wit1 |
*wīh *wih1 |
*sū | *jut | *jūh |
Accusative | *mek *mik1 |
*unn | *uss | *sek *sik1 |
*innu | *ihwih |
Genitive | *mīnah | *unnerah | *usserah | *sīnah | *innūrah | *ihwerah |
Dative/instrumental | *mih | *unnih | *ussih | *sih | *innwih | *ihwih |
1 – Unstressed variant
Example sentences
- sā hweū hwurhte sanā wulhwā hwure avajs
- þō fehū furhti þaną wulfą furi habaiþi.
- 'The cattle has fear of the wolf.'
- þō fehū furhti þaną wulfą furi habaiþi.
- sa wulhwā sā hweū ērīs
- sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *gheis-, cf. Goth. usgaisjan)
- 'The wolf terrorizes the cattle.'
- sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *gheis-, cf. Goth. usgaisjan)
A man says to another man…
This is in step 16 Skājamāl
— O, Hweho!
— Hweho?
— Hwehōh?!
— Ne, hweho!
— Hahā, hweho!