SamSkandinavisk pronouns: Difference between revisions
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===Personal pronouns=== | ===Personal pronouns=== | ||
The SamSkandinavisk personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, case, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun '''sig''' (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular '''du''' (you) and '''i''' (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, '''mig''' for example can mean both ''me'' or ''myself''. | The [[SamSkandinavisk]] personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, case, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun '''sig''' (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular '''du''' (you) and '''i''' (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, '''mig''' for example can mean both ''me'' or ''myself''. | ||
====Table of Personal pronouns==== | ====Table of Personal pronouns==== |
Latest revision as of 13:34, 31 October 2020
Personal pronouns
The SamSkandinavisk personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, case, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun sig (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular du (you) and i (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, mig for example can mean both me or myself.
Table of Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Nominative | Objective | Possessive: com./neut./pl. | Person | Nominative | Objective | Possessive: com./neut./pl. |
1st | jeg [jeɪ] | mig [meɪ] | min [miːn] / mitt [mɪtː] / mine [ˈmiːnə] | 1st | vi [viː] | oss [ɔsː] | vår [vɔːr] / vårt [vɔːʈ] / våre [ˈvɔːrə] |
2nd | du [duː] | dig [deɪ] | din [diːn] / ditt [dɪtː] / dine [ˈdiːnə] | 2nd | i [iː] | eder [ˈeːdər, eːr] | eders [ˈeːdəʂ, eːʂ] |
3rd Masc. | han [hanː] | hanem [ˈhɑːnəm] / ham [hamː] | hans [hanːs] | 3rd | de [deː] | dem [deːm] | deres [ˈdeːrəs] |
3rd Fem. | hon [hɔnː] | henne [ˈhɛnːə] | hennes [ˈhɛnːəs] | ||||
3rd Common | den [dɛnː] | den [dɛnː] | dens [dɛnːs] | ||||
3rd Neut. | det [dɛ] | det [dɛ] | dets [dɛtːs, dɛsː] | ||||
3rd Impers. | man [manː] | en [eːn] | ens [eːns] | ||||
(3rd Reflex.) | — | sig [seɪ] | sin [siːn] / sitt [sɪtː] / sine [ˈsiːnə] | (3rd Reflex) | — | sig [seɪ] | sin [siːn] / sitt [sɪtː] / sine [ˈsiːnə] |
Some possessive pronouns (for example 1st singular) are inflected similarly to adjectives, agreeing in gender and number with the item possessed.
The distinction between du and i is intended to be purely one of number. Du is to address a single person and i to address two or more people. There is no particular level of formality associated with either pronoun. Unlike with German du or French tu, SamSka du can be used to address adult strangers of any social rank.
Den is the equivalent of it used for common gender nouns. It is used for nouns when the grammatical gender is common and they have no physical gender. This could include inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals where the physical gender is not known or not relevant. For example a bok (book) would normally be referred to as den. But a hankatt (tomcat) might instead be referred to as han (he) because it has a known and relevant physical gender. Den may also be used as a gender neutral pronoun to talk about a person when the physical gender is not yet known or not considered relevant. This can be used in non-sexist language to avoid a preference for male or female.
The third person pronouns det, den and de also serve as demonstrative pronouns, roughly equivalent to English that and those, and as definite articles, equivalent to English the.
The reflexive pronoun is used when the object or possessive is identical to the grammatical subject of the sentence: han kysste sin hustru. "he kissed his (own) wife". han kysste hans hustru "he kissed his (somebody else's) wife"
Man the impersonal pronoun is used in a similar way to formal English "one", or more informally "you" or "they". It refers people in general but to no one in particular.
Interrogative Pronouns
hvad [ʍɑː(d)] what, whatever
hvar [ʍɑːr] where, how, which
hvardan [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] how
hvarför [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] what for, why
när [næːr] / hvarnär [ˌʍɑːrˈnæːr] when, whenever
hvarledes [ˌʍɑːrˈleːðəs] how
hvem [ʍɛmː] who, whom, which, which one
hvo [ʍoː] who
hvilken [ˈʍɪlːkən] which, which one, who, whom, what, how Neuter = hvilket; plural = hvilke.
hvis [ʍiːs] whose, of which, of whom
Demonstrative Pronouns
det [dɛ] that (neuter)
den [dɛnː] that (common)
de [deː] those (plural)
dette [ˈdɛtːə] this (neuter)
denne [ˈdɛnːə] this (common)
desse [ˈdɛsːə] these, such (plural)
där [dæːr] there, over there, at that place, yonder
dit [diːt] there, thither, yonder, that way, to that place
därfrå [ˌdæːrˈfrɔː] from there, thence, therefrom
då [dɔː] at that time, in that case, then
her [heːr] here, herein, this place
hit [hiːt] hither, here, to this place
Relative Pronouns
hvad [ʍɑː(d)] what
hvardan [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] as, like, such as
hvarför [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] why
hvem [ʍɛmː] that
hvilken [ˈʍɪlːkən] that, which, who, whom. Neuter = hvilket; plural = hvilke.
när [næːr] when, whenever, as
där [dæːr] where, which
den som [dɛnː sɔmː] the one that, who
dit [diːt] where
som [sɔmː] that, which, who, whom
Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners
all [alː] all, any, every, everyone
alle [ˈalːə] all, everyone, any, everybody
allesammen [ˌalːəˈsamːən] everybody, everyone, all of them / you / us, altogether
allt [alːt] all, everything, anything, the lot
allting [ˌalːˈtɪŋː] everything
alltsammen [ˌalːtˈsamːən] everything
annen [ˈanːən] other, another, others, else. Indefinite common = annen; indefinite neuter = annet; definite = andre.
enhver [ˌeːnˈʍeːr] each, every, all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone
hver [ʍeːr] each, every, all the, everybody, everyone
hverandre [ˌʍeːrˈanːdrə] each other, one another
ingen [ˈɪŋːən] none, nobody, no one, nothing. Neuter = inget; plural = inge
ingenting [ˌɪŋːənˈtɪŋː] nothing, naught
mange [ˈmaŋːə] Comparative = flere / mangere; superlative = flest / mangest. many, a lot
någen [ˈnɔːjən] any, anybody, anyone, some, somebody, someone, anything, something
någet [ˈnɔːjət] any, anything, some, something
själv [ʃɛlːv] oneself
somme [ˈsɔmːə] some
slik [sliːk] such