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{{Infobox language
#redirect [[Tizian]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|name = Tizian
|nativename = ''tízimso''
|pronunciation=  /ˈtʰizimso/
|region = Talsym
|extinct = 220 v.T.
|familycolor=#e8ff00
|fam1= [[Zachydic languages|Zachydic]]
|fam2= [[Raxo-Talsmic languages|Raxo-Talsmic]]
|fam3= [[Talsmic languages|Talsmic]]
|script=Themsaran script
|iso3=qti
|notice=IPA
}}
 
{{ClassMeter
|Name      = Tizian
|NativeName = tízimso
|Type      = Fusional
|Alignment  = Nominative-accusative, head-marking
|adjective = first
|adposition = first
|adverb= mixed
|article= first
|relativeclause = first
|nounclause = first
|order = V2
 
|Tonal      = No
|Genders    = No
|Declined  = Yes
|Conjugated = Yes
|Case  = no
|Number = Yes
|Definiteness = Yes
|Gender = No
|Voice  = Yes
|Mood  = Yes
|Person = Yes
|Number = Yes
|Tense  = Yes
|Aspect = Yes
|}}
 
'''Tizian''' (''amysso tízimso'' /ˈʔamʉsso ˈtʰizimso/)
 
Inspirations: Welsh, Sanskrit, Burmese
==Phonology==
 
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="9"|Tizian consonants
|-
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Coronal
!  |Lateral
!  |Velar
!  |Radical
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| m m̥
| n n̥
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| p pˁ
| t tˁ
|
| k kˁ
| ʡ
| (ʔ)
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| b
| d
|
| g
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiceless aspirated</small>
| pʰ pˁʰ
| tʰ tˁʰ
|
| kʰ kˁʰ
| ʡʰ
|
|-
! |<small>voiced aspirated</small>
| bʱ
| dʱ
|
| gʱ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" style="" |Fricative/Affricate
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| f
| θ s tsˁ
| ɬ tɬˁ
| x
| ħ
| h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| v
| ð z
|
| ɣ
| ʕ
| (ɦ)
|-
! |<small>voiceless aspirated</small>
| pfʰ
| tθʰ sʰ tsˁʰ
| tɬʰ tɬˁʰ
| kxʰ
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiced aspirated</small>
| bvʱ
| dðʱ zʱ
| dɮʱ
| gɣʱ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| w ʍ
|
| l
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| r r̥
|
|
|
|
|}
 
Word-finally consonant aspiration is realized as aspirated or released consonants. Medial voiced aspirated consonants are prenasalized.
 
Some rather archaic dialects realize the radical consonants /ʡ ʡʰ ʕ ħ/ as /q qʰ χ qχʰ/.
 
===Consonant gradation===
Tizian employs grammatical consonant gradation, diachronically from tonal distinctions (namely alternation between unaspirated (commonly called "viscous") and aspirated ("dilute") consonants, of which the latter is marked with an acute accent (historical high tone), after the affected consonant) in nouns, adjectives and verbs. This gives Tizian a theoretical inventory of 50-odd consonants, exceeding Proto-Zachydic in its complexity.
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="28"|Consonant gradation
|-
!Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''w''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''th''!!''ð''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''xł''!!''λ''!!''ŧ''!!''š''!!''ž''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''q''!!''ħ''!!Ø, ''h''
|-
!"Viscous"
| /m/ || /p/ || /b/ || /f/ || /w/ || /v/ || /n/ || /t/ || /d/ || /θ/  || /ð/ || /s/ || /z/ || /r/ || /l/ || /tɬ/ || /dɮ/ ||/tʃ/ || /ʃ/ || /ʒ/ || /k/ || /g/ ||  /x/ || /ɣ/  || /ʡ/ || /ʕ/ || Ø
|-
!"Dilute"
| /m̥/ || /pʰ/|| /bʱ/||/pfʰ/|| /ʍ/|| /bvʱ/|| /n̥/ || /tʰ/|| /dʱ/||/tθʰ/ ||/dðʱ/|| /sʰ/|| /zʱ/|| /r̥/ || /ɬ/ || /tɬʰ/||/dɮʱ/
|colspan="2"|/tʃʰ/
|/dʒʱ/|| /kʰ/|| /gʱ/|| /kxʰ/|| /gɣʱ/|| /ʡʰ/|| /ħ/ || /h/
|}
 
''xł'', ''λ'' and emphatic consonants come from loanwords (especially Raxicisms).
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotacized</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotacized</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotacized</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ii''' /i˞(ˑ)/
|rowspan="2"| '''y''' /ɵ/
|rowspan="2"| '''yy''' /ɵ˞(ˑ)/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''uu''' /u˞(ˑ)/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"| '''e''' /æ/
|rowspan="2"| '''ee''' /æ˞(ˑ)/
|rowspan="2"| '''a''' /ɑ/
|rowspan="2"| '''aa''' /ɑ˞(ˑ)/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|}
 
==Nouns==
:''Main article: [[Tizian/Declension patterns]]
Four numbers are used in Tizian: generic, partitive, singulative and plurative. The generic number refers to an unspecified member or members of a set or to the whole set. The partitive number is used with quantifiers and also with the meaning "some X". Singulative and plurative respectively denote one and multiple specific items.
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="17"| '''Declension'''
|-
!scope="row"|Number→
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Generic
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Partitive
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
|-
!scope="row"|Indefinite
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|-Ø
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|''-ch''
|colspan="2"|''-s''
|colspan="2"|''-syr''
|-
!scope="row"|Definite
|colspan="2"|''-so''
|colspan="2"|''-sno''
|-
!scope="row"|1sg
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2sg
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.animate
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.inanimate
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1ex
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1in
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2pl
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.animate
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.inanimate
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|Impersonal
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|Relative
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
 
===Possession===
Possession is marked on the possessum with a possessive suffix ({{sc|possessum-suffix possessor}}) if and only if said possessum is definite.
 
Aspiration may be lost or gained in conjunct state: byrs /bʉrs/ "a cloud" > býrs /bʱʉrs/ "a cloud of..."
 
==Pronouns==
The first person singular can be used as an impersonal pronoun.
 
Besides their respective literal meanings, in contexts with unclear clusivity ''cho'' has a more "objective" connotation and ''wến'' a more intimate/"rhetorical" one.
 
*1sgv: nó
*2sgv: í
*3sgv.an: ðe
*3sgv.inan: ŧé
*1plv.ex: cho
*1plv.in: wéen
*2plv: sló
*3plv.an: ðu
*3plv.inan: ŧú
*3gen: ða
*3part: ti
*Impersonal: is
 
==Verbs==
Verbs display consonant gradation based on tense and subject agreement. The predesinential consonant is unvoiced resonant/aspirated plosive in the present, and changing this to voiced resonant/unaspirated plosive in the jussive or past tense: (''arlí'' /ar̥ɬi/: "I set up, prepare (transitive)"; ''arli'' /arli/: "that I may prepare")
 
Generic nouns take singular agreement if referring to an inanimate, and plural if animate.
 
==Split ergativity==
The ergative particle ''le'' is used before an ergative noun phrase. The default alignment is ergative, with 1st and 2nd person arguments inducing nominative/accusative alignment on both nouns and verbs; only 1st and 2nd person patients can be passivized, and only 3rd person agents can be antipassivized.
 
==Syntax==
===Word order===
Tizian is a mostly V2 language, i.e. in independent clauses the word order is most commonly SVO, but in dependent clauses will change to VSO. It will not be difficult to analyze Tizian as a topic prominent language in which the basic VSO word order changes to front the topic in independent clauses.
 
===Copulas===
The copula ''im'' literally means "to be an element/subset of", thus it turns the predicate into the generic number.
 
Equivalence of one entity to another, on the other hand, is expressed with a different copula ''vók''.
 
===Relative clauses===
The relativizer ''r(i)-'' and/or the relative pronominal suffixes are used only for the case of restrictive relative clauses. In non-restrictive relative clauses 3rd person resumptive pronouns are used as in a full clause; in the same vein, predicate adjectives are used as non-restrictive adjectives.
===Conjunctions===
*''i'' (''e'' before ''i''): and
*''wadee'': again, also
*''vynt'': also, too
*''el'': or
*''nu'': xor
*''ach'': but
 
[[Category:Talsmic languages]][[Category:Zachydic languages]]

Revision as of 16:25, 17 April 2014

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