Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions

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==History==
==Outline History==
===Old Bźatga===
The Latin alphabet was introduced to Veśŕa by Irish monks in about the 8th century and was quickly adapted to writing Old Bźatga.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2;"| Short Vowels !! colspan="2;" | Long Vowels !! colspan="2;"  | Diphthongs !! colspan="6;"  | Consonants
|-
| width="50;" |''a'' || width="50;" |  /a/ || width="50;" | ''á'' || width="50;" | /aː/ || width="30;" | ''ia'' || width="70;" | /ea > ia/ || width="50;" | ''p'' || width="50;" | /p/ || width="50;" | ''b'' || width="50;" | /b/ || width="50;" | ''u'' || width="50;" | /β/
|-
| ''e'' || /ɛ/ || ''é'' || /eː/ || ''ie'' || /ie/ || ''t'' || /t/ || ''d'' || /d/ || ''z'' || /ð̠/
|-
| ''i'' || /ɪ/ || ''í'' || /iː/ || ''ua'' || /oa > ua/ || ''c'' || /k/ || ''g'' || /g/ || ''i'' || /j/
|-
| ''o'' || /ɔ/ || ''ó'' || /oː/ || ''uo'' || /uo/ || ''m'' || /m/ || ''n'' || /n/ || ''s'' || /s/
|-
| ''u'' || /ʊ/ || ''ú'' || /uː/ || rowspan="3;" colspan="2;" | || ''l'' || /l/ || ''r'' || /r/ || ''h'' || /h/
|-
| rowspan="2;" colspan="2;" | || ''áe'' || /ɛː/ || colspan="6;" rowspan="2;" |
|-
| ''óe'' || /ɔː/
|}
 
The loss of distinctive vowel quantity during the Old Bźatga period led to the following vowel system: ''a, e, é, i, o, ó, u'', where ''é, ó'' represent /e, o/. Marked ''í, ú'' were often used to represent sequences of ''ii, uu'', e.g. ''dúo'' "black", ''ríe'' "kings". Iotisation continued to be marked with ''i'' after the consonant, e.g. Bźatga was written ''Briatéga'', ModBź. ''brańa'' "foul" was written ''brania'' (but in earlier texts also ''braina'' or ''brainia'').
 
Nominal Inflection
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! width="100;" | ''donia'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo''
|-
| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''donia'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo''
|-
| Asg.
|-
| Gsg. ||''donie''
|-
| Dsg. || ''doniu''
|-
| Npl. || ''donii'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || ''prédoue''
|-
| Apl. || ''doniu''  || ''prédu''
|-
| Gpl. || ''donia'' || ''moría'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''prédúa''
|-
| Dpl. || ''donioua'' || ''moreua''
|}
 
==Phonological History==
===Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)===
===Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)===
* '''Short vowels remain in stressed syllables:''' ''a, e, i, o, u''
* '''Short vowels remain in stressed syllables:''' ''a, e, i, o, u''

Revision as of 15:59, 20 March 2021

Outline History

Old Bźatga

The Latin alphabet was introduced to Veśŕa by Irish monks in about the 8th century and was quickly adapted to writing Old Bźatga.

Short Vowels Long Vowels Diphthongs Consonants
a /a/ á /aː/ ia /ea > ia/ p /p/ b /b/ u /β/
e /ɛ/ é /eː/ ie /ie/ t /t/ d /d/ z /ð̠/
i /ɪ/ í /iː/ ua /oa > ua/ c /k/ g /g/ i /j/
o /ɔ/ ó /oː/ uo /uo/ m /m/ n /n/ s /s/
u /ʊ/ ú /uː/ l /l/ r /r/ h /h/
áe /ɛː/
óe /ɔː/

The loss of distinctive vowel quantity during the Old Bźatga period led to the following vowel system: a, e, é, i, o, ó, u, where é, ó represent /e, o/. Marked í, ú were often used to represent sequences of ii, uu, e.g. dúo "black", ríe "kings". Iotisation continued to be marked with i after the consonant, e.g. Bźatga was written Briatéga, ModBź. brańa "foul" was written brania (but in earlier texts also braina or brainia).

Nominal Inflection

donia "man" more "sea" prédo
Nsg. donia more prédo
Asg.
Gsg. donie
Dsg. doniu
Npl. donii mori prédoue
Apl. doniu prédu
Gpl. donia moría prédúa
Dpl. donioua moreua

Phonological History

Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)

  • Short vowels remain in stressed syllables: a, e, i, o, u
  • Long vowels and diphthongs in stressed syllables:
Proto-Celtic Common Brittonic
ā, au
ai ɛː
ei
eu, ou ɔː
ī
oi
ū
  • Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
    • short vowels lowered: o > ɔ (merges with a), i > e, u > o
    • long vowels shortened
  • Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
    • voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
    • voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
    • m >
    • s > h
    • st > ss

Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)

Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written.

  • Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
    • a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː
  • Diphthonisation before CC or C + non-high vowel
    • ɛː > ea > ia
    • eː > ie
    • ɔː > oa > ua
    • oː > uo
  • Vocalisation of ɣ
    • Intervocalic ɣ > w after o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)
    • Intervocalic ɣ > j after other vowels
    • ɣC > jC (note ɣj already j)
    • Cɣ > Cw, Cj depending on the quality of the preceding vowel
  • Vocalisation of -h-
    • medial -h- (from s) becomes j before front vowels (i, e etc), w before u and is lost before a, o.
      • esa, eso > iːa, iːo
      • ese, esi > ɛːje, ɛːji
    • final -h- (from s) is lost
  • Merger of v, ṽ and w
    • v (from PrC. b), (from PrC. m) and w (from PrC. w, g, h) merge into a single sound, probably the bilabial fricative β
    • metathesis of Cβ as uC
    • vocalisation of βC > uC

Old Bźatga (8th to 12th centuries)

Defined as the period from the first written records to the phonemicisation of iotisation.

  • Metathesis of VrC > rVC
    • new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
  • Loss of vowel quantity
    • all long vowels become short, creating an 8 vowel system.
    • aː, ɛː, ɔː merge with their short counterparts, a, ɛ, ɔ
    • eː, oː create new short vowels e, o, merging with existing ɪ, ʊ as ê, ô (note ɪjV, V become ijV, V.
    • iː, uː create new short vowels i, u
    • the new vowel system:
  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
e
o
ə
ɛ
ɔ
a
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
  • Iotisation
    • semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
    • tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
    • does not affect bilabials p, b, m
    • βj remains word-initially but becomes j medially.
    • note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
  • Merger of semivowels
    • sequences ij, ji, , βu merge into a single vowel i or u
    • iV > jV, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
    • oβi > oi

Middle Bźatga (12th to 16th centuries)

Defined as the period in which syncope phonemicised iotised consonants to the period of renewed contact with the outside world.

  • Syncope
    • intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
  • Palatalisation
    • consonants preceding i are palatalised
    • t, d > ts, dz
    • n, l, r > ń, ĺ, ŕ

Modern Bźatga (16th century to Present)

Following the Middle Bźatga period, phonology has remained fairly stable but there has been a significant amount of analogical levelling in the inflectional paradigms, along with a considerable growth in borrowed words, particularly of a scientific and technological nature. The modern period also saw the replacement of the archaic, formal written language with a vernacular form and the creation of the modern spelling system.

Examples

Brythonic wesanteinos brigantiːnos
Monopthongisation wesanteːnos brigantiːnos
Vowel reduction wesanteːnəs brigantiːnəs
Lenition wehanteːnəs briɣantiːnəs
Comp. Lengthening wehaːteːnəs briɣaːtiːnəs
Diphthonisation wehaːtienəs
Vocalisation of ɣ, h wiːaːtienə brijaːtiːnə
Merger of v, ṽ, w βiːaːtienə
Methathesis of r
Loss of vowel quantity βiatienə brijatinə
Merger of high vowels
Iotisation βiaćenə
Merger of semivowels βjaćenə bŕatinə
Syncope βjaćnə bŕatnə
Palatalisation
Bźatga vjaćna bźatna

Vowels

PC Brythonic + Length General Initial -w, -lC, -bC -jC j- w-
a a a a a au aCʲ ja va
ā
ā ā ā
au
ai ɛː ia1
ɛː2
ʲa ja jau eCʲ je vja
e e e e ve
e
ei ē ie1
ē2
ʲe je ʲeu iCʲ vje
ê eu i
i i i
ī i i ju vi
ī ī
o o o o o ou oCʲ jo vo
ɔː
eu ɔː ɔː
ou
oi ō ō ô vo uCʲ
u u u
ū u u u ju u
ū ū u
  1. before a back vowel in next syllable
  2. before a front vowel in next syllable

Consonants

PC Initial +j +i Medial +j +i Geminate
p (kʷ) p pj b bj p
t t ć ŝ d ģ t
k c ć g ģ c
b (gʷ) b bj v j b
d d ģ z ź d
g g ģ j/v j g
m m mj v j m
n n ń ń n ń ń n
l l ĺ ĺ l ĺ ĺ l
r r ź ź r ź / ŕ ź / ŕ r
s s ś ś - j s
j j-, -
w v, - v j

Consonant Clusters

Inital Medial
tl ĺ zl
tn zn
tr tr dr
tri, trj ć ģ
kl ĺ ĺ
kn ń ń
kr cr gr
ks ś
kt ć
dl ĺ zl
dm zv
dn zn
dr dr zr
gl ĺ ĺ
gn ń ń
gr gr ź
lp, lt, lk up, ut, uc
lb, ld, lg v, l, v
mp, nt, nk ~p, ~t, ~k
mb, nd, ng ~b, ~d, ~g
rp, rt, rk rVp, rVt, rVk
rb, rd, rg rVv, rVz, rVv
sɸ, sw zv v
st śt s
sti, stj ść ś
stl, str sl, sr sl, sr
sk śc śc
ski, skj ść ść
skl, skr sl, sr sl, sr
sm, sn zn _m, _n
smi, sni źńi
sl, sr zl, zr _l, _r
sli, sri źĺi, źi