|
|
| Line 154: |
Line 154: |
| ! Final | | ! Final |
| | colspan="9;" | || sh || s || ng || || i || || z || | | | colspan="9;" | || sh || s || ng || || i || || z || |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="90%;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2;" | !! rowspan="2;" | Ø !! colspan="8;" | Fortis !! colspan="8;" | Lenis
| |
| |-
| |
| ! p !! t !! k !! tz !! ts !! N !! L !! R !! b !! d !! g !! z !! s !! n !! l !! r
| |
| |-
| |
| ! a
| |
| | a || fa || ta || ka || sa || sha || nga || ya || za || ba || da || ga || ha || xa || na || la || ra
| |
| |-
| |
| ! e
| |
| | e || fe || te || ke || se || she || nge || ye || ze || be || de || ge || he || xe || ne || le || re
| |
| |-
| |
| ! o
| |
| | o || fo || to || ko || so || sho || ngo || yo || zo || bo || do || go || ho || xo || no || lo || ro
| |
| |-
| |
| ! i
| |
| | i || fi || chi || ki || colspan="2;" | shi || ngi || yi || zi || bi || ji || gi || colspan="2;" | xi || ni || li || ri
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ai
| |
| | colspan="2;" | ya || cha || kya || colspan="2;" | sha || nga || ya || za || bya || ja || gya || colspan="2;" | xa || nga || ya || za
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ei
| |
| | colspan="2;" | ye || che || kye || colspan="2;" | she || nge || ye || ze || bye || je || gye || colspan="2;" | xe || nge || ye || ze
| |
| |-
| |
| ! eu
| |
| | colspan="2;" | yo || cho || kyo || colspan="2;" | sho || ngo || yo || zo || byo || jo || gyo || colspan="2;" | xo || ngo || yo || zo
| |
| |-
| |
| ! u
| |
| | u || fu || su || pu || su || shu || mu || yu || zu || bu || zu || bu || fu || xu || nu || lu || ru
| |
| |-
| |
| ! au
| |
| | ua || fa || sua || pa || sua || shua || ma || yua || zua || bua || zua || ba || colspan="2;" | fa || nua || lua || rua
| |
| |-
| |
| ! oi
| |
| | ue || fe || sue || pe || sue || shue || me || yue || zue || bue || zue || be || colspan="2;" | fe || nue || lue || rue
| |
| |-
| |
| ! +C
| |
| | colspan="12;" | || VVC<sup><small>VL</small></sup> || ViC<sup><small>VL</small></sup> || n, m || u || rV
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Fin.
| |
| | colspan="4;" | || s || sh || ng || i || z || colspan="8;" |
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
Revision as of 08:10, 8 July 2021
Proto-Burunking
Consonants
| Nasal
|
m [m] |
n [n] |
|
|
| Aspirated Stop
|
p [pʰ] |
t [tʰ] |
k [kʰ] |
|
| Unaspirated Stop
|
b [b] |
d [d] |
g [g] |
|
| Fricative
|
|
s [s] |
|
h [h]
|
| Liquid
|
|
l [l]
r [r] |
|
|
Vowels
| High
|
i [i] |
u [u]
|
| Mid
|
e [e] |
o [o]
|
| Low
|
a [a] |
|
Phonotactics
In the earliest period the minimal syllable structure was a single vowel. The maximal structure was:
- sC1VC2s
- Syllables could begin with any single consonant or sp, sk, st.
- V could be any vowel.
- Syllables could end with single l, r, n, s or complex ls, rs, ns.
Several early processes changed this situation:
- Initial sp, sk, st and final ps, ks, ts became z [s] while s was [s̟].
- h was lost leading to the development of long vowels and diphthongs. This initially appears to have occurred between a non-high vowel and a high vowel, leading to the development of ai, au, ei, eu, oi which were later monophthongised. After lh, nh, rh became ll, nn, rr.
- The syllable-final consonants l, n, r, s, z altered in word-final and pre-consonantal position, becoming i, ng, z, sh, s in the former and u, n, -, i, - in the latter.
New Vowels
First h-loss:
|
hi |
hu
|
| a
|
ai > ɛː > ya |
au > ɔː > ua
|
| e
|
ei > eː > ye |
eu > oː > ue
|
| i
|
ii |
yu
|
| o
|
oi > øː > yo |
ou > oː > ue
|
| u
|
ui |
uu
|
Second h-loss:
|
ha |
he |
ho
|
| a
|
aa |
ae > ai |
ao > au
|
| e
|
ya |
ee |
eo > eu
|
| i
|
ya |
ye |
yo
|
| o
|
ua |
ue |
oo
|
| u
|
ua |
ue |
uo
|
Vowel affection:
|
_a |
_i |
_u
|
| a
|
|
e |
o
|
| e
|
|
i |
|
| i
|
e |
|
|
| o
|
|
u |
|
| u
|
o |
|
|
Syllables
|
|
p |
b |
t |
d |
k |
g |
x |
h |
sh |
s |
n |
N |
l |
L |
r |
R
|
| a
|
a |
fa |
ba |
ta |
da |
ka |
ga |
xa |
ha |
sha |
sa |
na |
nga |
la |
ya |
ra |
za
|
| e
|
e |
fe |
be |
te |
de |
ke |
ge |
xe |
he |
she |
se |
ne |
nge |
le |
ye |
re |
ze
|
| o
|
o |
fo |
bo |
to |
do |
ko |
go |
xo |
ho |
sho |
so |
no |
ngo |
lo |
yo |
ro |
zo
|
| i
|
i |
fi |
bi |
chi |
ji |
ki |
gi |
xi |
shi |
ni |
ngi |
li |
yi |
ri |
zi
|
| ya
|
ya |
bya |
cha |
ja |
kya |
gya |
xa |
sha |
nga |
ya |
za
|
| ye
|
ye |
bye |
che |
je |
kye |
gye |
xe |
she |
nge |
ye |
ze
|
| yo
|
yo |
byo |
cho |
jo |
kyo |
gyo |
xo |
sho |
ngo |
yo |
zo
|
| u
|
u |
fu |
bu |
su |
zu |
pu |
bu |
xu |
fu |
shu |
su |
nu |
mu |
lu |
yu |
ru |
zu
|
| ua
|
ua |
fua |
bua |
sua |
zua |
pua |
bua |
xua |
fa |
shua |
sua |
nua |
mua |
lua |
yua |
rua |
zua
|
| ue
|
ue |
fue |
bue |
sue |
zue |
pue |
bue |
xue |
fe |
shue |
sue |
nue |
mue |
lue |
yue |
rue |
zue
|
| uo
|
uo |
fuo |
buo |
suo |
zuo |
puo |
buo |
xuo |
fo |
shuo |
suo |
nuo |
muo |
luo |
yuo |
ruo |
zuo
|
| +C
|
|
iCVL |
:CVL |
nC, mC |
|
uC |
|
CC |
|
| Final
|
|
sh |
s |
ng |
|
i |
|
z |
|
Chronology
- p > f, tz > s, ts > sh
- Vowel affection
- diphthong change
- palatalisation
- velarisation